Week MEDIA

INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

TYPES OF MEDIA

 Codes, Conventions and Genres

 Print Media, Broadcast Media, Online Media

Media and Information Literacy

Work Sheet
Quarter 1/Week 4

YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

Developer

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

TOPIC 1: Codes, Conventions and Genre of Media

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
After the end of this module, you are expected to be able to identify different types of
media. Compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the
different types of media (print, broadcast, online (new media).

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL/S:
 Discussion presented in the worksheet

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION:

All media messages are constructed, this is the first principle of media literacy. Today
the capacities of human mind aided by technology enable the process called construction of
media and information messages. The media employ more than words to construct a more
complex reality of society. Film and broadcast communication use the language of the
camera, the tools and techniques of editing, and the power of words - mas dialogue and
narration - to capture the world of a story, deliberately making choices on what and what not
to include, what to highlight, and what should serve as backdrop. The first step to fully
appreciating the constructedness of media and information messages is to take the route
of disassembling.
Constructions create representations. Representations are the construction in any
media of certain aspects of reality and the constitutive elements that make up reality -
people, places, time or historical period, objects, ways of life and even identities.
Representation is a way of presenting reality again. Media texts present reality as it
intentionally chooses, writes, composes, frames, edits, lights, crops, filters scores through
music, and engineers the sound, so that what we see are entirely constructed and artificial
versions of the reality we perceive. It is important to keep this in mind: every media message,
every media form, or media text, whether it is a printed advertisement prominently lining the
streets we pass through to the television show we watch every day these are
representations of how reality is perceived by its creator or producer, rendered into codes
and conventions readable to the audience who in turn read or consume that version of reality.
All media messages are constructed using a particular set of codes and conventions.
Every medium has its own codes and conventions. Codes are systems of signs that when
put together create meaning. Conventions are generally established and accepted of doing
something (e.g. at the end of a romantic comedy the male and female are united by love and
live happily ever after). Codes and conventions are complex and elaborate; and are tied to
the concept of genre. Hybrid films employ codes and conventions associated with two or
more genres.
Types of Code Meaning Sample
Technical Codes Ways in which equipment is used Camera techniques, framing,
to tell the story depths of fields, lighting etc.
Symbolic Codes Show what is beneath the surface Objects, setting, body
of what we see language, clothing, color, etc.
Written Codes Use of language style and textual Headlines, captions, speech
layout bubbles, language style, etc.

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

The word “genre” is a French word which means “kind” or “class”. The original Latin
word is “genus” and means a class of things that can be broken down into subcategories.
Genres can usually be identified through the sharing of: 1) Character type; 2) Iconography;
3)Plots; 4) Props; 5) Location; 6) Music and soundtracks; and 7) Narratives and story lines.
The primary genres that media creators and producers invoke are the following:
entertainment, news, information, education, and advertising.
News are stories that have critical importance to community and national life. Like
the storytelling of fictional dramas, news stories are also told following the basic structure of
beginning, middle, and end. News are expected to be objective, comprehensive, and bias-
free. At present there are five (5) major divisions of news stories: hard or straight news,
feature, soft news, investigative news, and opinion. The inverted pyramid shows the
acceptable structure of the news story that is told objectively - with the base on top and the
narrowest and the pointed section at the bottom observing the 6Ws - who was involved,
what happened, where did it happen, why did it happen, when did it happen, how did it
happen. Newspaper are records of history. It is a major source of information for a large
number of readers.It allows presentation of detailed messages which can be read at reader’s
conveyance. Television is believed to be the most authoritative, influential, exciting medium
for reaching very large audience. It combines visual images, sound, motion, and colour to
achieve viewer’s empathy. Internet is a worldwide medium that provides means of
exchanging information through a series of interconnected computers. It is a rapidly growing
medium of information. It provides sophisticated graphic user interface to users.

Concise recounting of details

Supporting facts, evidence, key quotes from
major personalities supporting explanations

Additional quotes and

alternative explanation
Other
relevant
information

Advertisements are messages that are created to sell a product or a service.

Advertising messages can either be commercial in nature, information-laden, usually
advancing a cause, or an advocacy. Information is all about the raw materials that
circulates around us and from where news as another genre is generated. Infomercial,
derived from the words “information” and “commercials” combine, combine the need to
inform or educate and the intent to sell a product. Advocacy groups use infomercials to send
messages campaigning in behalf of a stand, a position regarding an issue that affects the
community or the nation. What is being sold is the advocacy and what is asked from the
audience is the support or a kind of buy-in to a program, even a movement for long-term
refrom.

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

Entertainment derived from the French word “entretenir” which means “to hold the
attention, keep busy, or amused.” The genre of entertainment programming in the broadcast
industries and entertainment news writing speaks much about how the genre is creatively
realized in the current media industry. Entertainment grabs the audience’s attention to
present something that will make them comfortably entertained, while generating
pleasurable feelings of being satisfied with the cumulative effect of the story, the production
numbers, and the visuals. Turow (2009, 47) identified four (4) sub genres of entertainment -
festivals, gaming, drama and comedy. Each of those four sub-genres can still be broken
down into more subcategories as the table illustrates.
GENRE ENTERTAINMENT
Sub genre Festival Drama Gaming Comedy

Second-level Parades Workplace Sports Situation

sub genre Comedy
Third-level sub Secular Parades Dramas about Professional Work-based
genre Professionals Sports sitcoms
Fourth-level sub Nonrecurring Hospital dramas NFL Football Hospital-based
genre secular parades sitcom
In the context of media and information literacy, information has come to mean the
wide and almost infinite array of materials and texts we encounter in the internet. Some use
pieces of information for our education or to make our lives better and easier. We gather
information as part of our daily lives, based on needs whether personal or professional.

ENHANCEMENT ACTIVITY/OUTCOME:

Perform the following as directed. Write/Encode your answers in your Answer Sheets.

Activity 1 My Entertainment Log

Entertainment Title Genre

My Favorite Television
Show

My Favorite Singer and

Song

My Favorite Movie

My Favorite Social Media

App

My Favorite Online Game

My Favorite Book

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

Activity 2 News Story Structure

Using the model of inverted pyramid , analyze the structure of the news story.
Present your answer in an inverted pyramid form.(use inverted pyramid in the discussion for
your reference)

Headline Article from Philippine Star

Gov’t Troops Kill 4 More BIFF Men

By Patricia Lourdes Viray (philstar.com) Updated March 8, 2015

MANILA, PHILIPPINES - Four members of the Bangsamor Islamic Freedom Fighters were killed
during a series of fire-fights with government troops in Shariff Saydona, Maguindanao last Saturday
night.
This brings the total number of killed BIFF members to 18 since Friday night according to
the military.
On the other hand, nine soldiers were wounded on separate attacks ofthe bandit group last
Friday.
According to a report, military troops were engaged with the group of Filipino terrorist
Basit Usman.
rd
“I sent a small-sized patrol composed of the 63 Force Recon Company led by Capt. Bernardo
st
and the Special Operations Platoon 8 led by 1 Lt. Duligues to track down the 20-man group of Usman.
My troops surprised the enemy and engaged with them in a firefight, ” Marine Batallion Landing
Teacm-8 commanding officer Lt. Col. Willy MAnalang said.
The marines overwhelmed the bandits and forced them to flee after a 15-minute heavy fire-
fight. A 60mm mortar and a US M-14 rifle were recovered from the bandits.
One of the dead BIFF members was wearing a Special ACtion Force uniform.
th
“ I believe that these bandits were among those who butchered the members of the 55 SAC
(Special Action Company) in Tukanalipao last January Despite their crimes, we will turn them over to
the community leaders to be given decent Islamic burial,” Manalang explained.
A number of 44 police commandos were killed during a bloody encounter with the BIFF and Moro
Islamic Liberation Front at Brgy. Tuklanipao in Mamasapano, Maguindanao last January 25. Some of the
weapons and personal belongings of the commando were said to have been taken by the bandits.
The Armed Forces of the Philippines recently launched an all-out offensive against the BIFF
to protect the communities affected by the group’s attacks in Mindanao.
The military aims to end the assault this weekend to allow displaced residents in
Maguindanao and Cotabato to return to their home.

Source: Viray, Patricia Lourdes. 2015.“Gov’t troops kill 4 more BIFF men.” Last modified September
19,2015;http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2015/03/08/1431389/gov’t-troops-kill-4-more-biff-men.

Were all sides presented?___________________________________________________

What are the implications of reporting on military operations against the Bangsa

Moro?____________________________________________________________________

TOPIC 2: Print, Broadcast and Digital (New) Media

Media is the term we use to refer to different types of media that provide us with
important information and knowledge. Media has always been part of our society. As time
passed, people came up with different modes to provide news to the public. Based on the
type of medium, their role maybe different, but they all exist to communicate to the audience

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

and affect their perceptions. Today, we don’t have to travel oceans or wait for a pigeon to get
the latest news. You can classify media in three main categories.

Print Media - media consisting of paper and ink, reproduced in a printing process that is
traditionally mechanical. This type of media used to be the only way of delivering information
to the public. For the generations of the 80’s and 90’s, print media was the only media of
entertain. People relied on newspapers and magazines to learn everything, from recipes and
entertainment news to important information about the country or the world. Print media
includes:

 Books; Newspaper; Magazine; Journal; Newsletter; Gazette; Pamphlet; Brochure;

Flyers and Leaflet

Broadcast Media - media such as radio and television that reach target audiences using
airwaves as the transmission medium. Broadcasting media includes videos, audios, or
written content that provides important or entertaining information shared by different
methods:

 Radio; Television; Film

New Media - content organized and distributed on digital platform. Nowadays, we are relying
on the Internet to get the news a lot more often than traditional news sources. Websites
provide information in the form of video, text and audio. We can even choose the way we
want to receive the news. Types of Internet media include

 Internet; Social networks or websites; Online forums; Podcast

We use different types of media to find out news, learn new things, and entertain
ourselves. With the advance in technology, we can choose the type of media we want to use,
no matter the time or place.

Activity 3. True or False. Write true if the statement if the underlined concept is true. If it is
false, write the correct concept on the blank to make the statement true.

________1. The radio has two frequencies: AM where news is frequently aired, and PM
where songs are played.

________2. The director supervises the actors so they can execute their roles well.

________3. A parental Guidance rating means that children can watch a TV show without
their parent’s permission.

_______4. A newspaper can be a broadsheet or a template.

_______5. A computer user can connect to the Internet using Wi-Fi.

Media and Information Literacy

 Week MEDIA
INFORMATION YVONNE JEORGETTE D. AGALOOS

4 LITERACY

Activity 4. Classify the following media formats on the table below.

Books newspaper television Youtube magazine social network

radio memeography newsletter cellphone Journals film/movie
Print Broadcast New Media

Activity 5: Using the same news item presented in activity 2, compare and contrast how this
one particular issue or news could be presented through the different types of media (print,
broadcast, online (new media).

NEWS REPORT
More BIFF Men
Kill 4 More BIFF MenGov’t Troops Kill 4 More BIFF Men

PRINT BROADCAST ONLINE

Congratulations anak! You may now proceed to the next topic.

Media and Information Literacy