Module 1 (part 2)

Introduction to Globalization
Nation-States and Globalization

Typologies of Globalization global environmental crises such as Climate

Change.
6 Typologies
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
 Economic Globalization
FLOW- It refers to the lifting of barriers and easing
1. Political Globalization of rules governing interstate commerce, human
2. Cultural Globalization flow, and accessibility to communication and
information services.
3. Financial Globalization
Main arguments on flow:
4. Technological Globalization
 The worth of global trade grew into several
5. Ecological Globalization folds compared to what it was half a century
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION ago.
 Many people were lifted from poverty
It refers to the growing interdependence of global coming from the developing economies
economies due to the increasing cross-border such as China, India, and other emerging
exchange of goods and services, flow of market economies courtesy of the open
investment, and rapid diffusion of technology. market system.
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION  Advanced Industrialized Economies
welcome the influx of immigrants and
It refers to the enlargement of the global migrant workers which contributed hugely in
governance system and international organizations the GDP growth of their respective
in terms of its influence, power, size, and countries.
complexity.  Trade agreements of regional significance
but global impact were relentlessly pursued
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
paving the way for a system that fosters
It refers to the ability of a dominant culture to global cooperation and prosperity such as
penetrate in a unique but localized culture resulting EU in Europe, ASEAN in Southeast Asia,
to the possible fusion of these two cultures. NAFTA in North America, APEC in the Asia-
Pacific.
FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION  More democratize and cheap access to
It refers to the interconnection of global financial communication services and information
system which covers financial investment, goods with specific reference to the birth of
monetary exchanges and equity market. internet.

TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION FRICTION- The conflict, disparity, and crisis

generated by the open market system paved the
This is made possible due to the innovation and way for the existence of friction as a metaphor of
popularization of technological devices and digital globalization.
social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter,
Instagram, Tiktok, etc. Main arguments on friction:

ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION  Job markets in the advanced economies

significantly weakened as capitals suddenly
It refers to the concerted efforts exerted by nations moved to developing economies with
states and other non-state actors across the globe cheaper access to labor cost resulting to the
to address the problems and challenges wrought by decline of income earned by the Middle
Class in the First World.
  Trade war between US and China. ideology that pervades its political
 Terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda and ecosystem but embraces market capitalism
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) took in governing its economic operation.
advantage of borderless world using the
DISLOCATION- Individuals, business
available means of technology in sowing
organizations, and state economies that cannot
public fear.
keep pace with global changes due to
 Scandalous income gap between the rich
technological, economic and other factors will be
and the middle class (The 1% vs the 99%).
displaced.
 Non-white people receive racial slur and
harassment from people of white skin in Main arguments on dislocation:
America.
 Jobs created during the First, Second, and
 Cyberwar as the 5th domain of war.
Third Industrial Revolutions will be replaced
ACCELERATION- It refers to the exponential by automation unless the labor market will
growth of technological capacity in furthering a new acquire new level of skills attuned to the
height of globalization to which human being will Fourth Industrial Revolution.
co-exist with intelligent machines which may lead to  Small firms will be eaten up by the Big
generation of enormous wealth but with threat of Businesses.
massive dislocation.  Local markets are severely affected by the
influx of cheap foreign goods as a result of
 Acceleration as a metaphor of globalization
bilateral or multilateral trade agreements.
also covers the problem of global population
and global warming to which the pacing of CONNECTIVITY- It refers to the establishment of
these crises accelerate which continuously infrastructures that enhance global competitiveness
threaten extinction of human being and mid the expanding international market capitalistic
other species. system.
Main arguments on acceleration Global connectivity has two (2) important
dimensions:
 The increasing evolution of technology such
as the artificial intelligence.  HARD INFRASTRUCTURE: This covers
 Creation of new jobs which require new sets the construction of world-class airports,
of competencies and Skills. bridges, harbors, roads, and the like.
 Can intelligent machines outperform human  SOFT INFRASTRUCTURE: This connotes
being? the importance of the education system and
 New technologirequirel requie less efficient internet access.
dependence on petroleum-based energy.
Main arguments on connectivity:
 Data security is the main risk.
 Singapore has the best airport in the world
(Changi Airport)
 Global warming is a clear and present  China reveals the review of Silk Road
danger which requires extraordinary global through One Belt, One Road
cooperation especially that of USA and  Countries adjudged with the most innovative
China. and competitive economies have also the
best education systems in the world.
DISRUPTION- Start-up innovations are likely to
outperform branded products over markets they
dominated for a long time.
Examples of which would be Uber, Netflix, Air Bnb,
and driverless cars.

 China is the biggest disruption in the global

economic system having a communism