Divine Grace School: Learning Module No. 2

DIVINE GRACE SCHOOL
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Ilang-ilang St. Maligaya Park Subd. Novaliches Quezon City
(+632)7369-47-42 * [email protected]
LEARNING MODULE NO. 2

Subject: General Biology 1
Grade 12 – Adler and Newton
Week: 3-4 First Semester - Midterm
Name: ________________________________ Grade level: ___________ Strand: _________

Subject Teacher: _______________________
I. Instruction and Focus Question
Good day! This module is your guide in accomplishing this lesson on 2 Types of Cell.
Read carefully and do the activities as you go through the pages. You are expected to
finish this module within 2 weeks.
Focus question to be answered at the end of the module:
a. What are the two types of cell?
b. How do these two types of cell differ from each other?
c. How does cell contribute to human body’s complexity?
II. Expectations
Quarter TITLE: You will learn:

1. Prokaryotic Vs. eukaryotic a. identify the basic characteristics
1 2. Cell Types and mode of reproduction of
3. Cell Modifications prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
that classify them in the currently
recognized Kingdoms.
b. Identify cell organelles and match
them with their specific role and
function within the cell
EXPECTED LEARNING COMPETENCIES: (MELC)

• distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their distinguishing features
• classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the function(s) of each
• describe some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions
III. Pre-Test
Instructions: Read and analyze the given question. Answer it substantially in 3-5 sentences.
Write your answer on the space provided.
Question: What determines whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
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GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MODULE 2- WEEK 3-4 1

IV. Discussions and Activities
The first cells to appear on Earth were prokaryotic cells. A prokaryote is an organism
made of a single prokaryotic cell. The earliest prokaryotes may have arisen more than 2.5 billion years
ago. Bacteria are prokaryotes. They are very small cells with a simple structure. Prokaryotes do not
have a nucleus. This means that their DNA is not enclosed in a membrane inside the cell. Instead,
prokaryotes have a single loop of DNA that floats in the cell’s cytoplasm. Protein-making bodies
called ribosomes also form part of the cytoplasm. Like all cells, prokaryotes have a cell membrane.
All prokaryotes also have a cell wall surrounding the cell membrane. The cell wall helps provide
support and protection for the cell. Some prokaryotes are enclosed by an additional layer. This layer
is called the capsule. The capsule has a sticky surface area, so it allows prokaryotes to cling to
surfaces, such as your skin and your teeth. Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells.
They all have a cell membrane, ribosomes, and DNA as prokaryotic cells do. However, the DNA of
eukaryotic cells does not float freely in the cytoplasm. Instead, it is found in the nucleus, an internal
compartment bound by a cell membrane. The nucleus is one kind of organelle found in eukaryotic
cells. Organelles are structures that perform specific functions. Most organelles are surrounded by
a membrane. Some organelles have membranes that form channels which help transport substances
from one part of the cell to another part of the cell.
Eukaryotes are organisms made of one or more eukaryotic cells. The earliest
eukaryotes, like the first prokaryotes, were single-celled organisms. They arose about 1 billion years
later than the earliest prokaryotes. Later, multicellular eukaryotes arose. Every type of multicellular
organism that exists is made up of eukaryotic cells.
https://www.monroecti.org/cms/lib/PA03000492/Centricity/Domain/143/prokaryote_vs_eukaryote_
worksheet.pdf
Cell Types
When you consider the complexity of the human body, it is no surprise that there are hundreds of
different types of cells. Below is a small selection of human cell types:
Stem cells
Stem cells are cells that are yet to choose what they are going to become. Some differentiate to
become a certain cell type, and others divide to produce more stem cells. They are found in both the
embryo and some adult tissues, such as bone marrow.
Bone cells
There are at least three primary types of bone cell:
Osteoclasts, which dissolve bone.

Osteoblasts, which form new bone.
Osteocytes, which are surrounded by bone and help communicate with other bone cells.
Blood cells
There are three major types of blood cell:
red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body

white blood cells, which are part of the immune system
platelets, which help blood clot to prevent blood loss after injury

Muscle cells
Also called myocytes, muscle cells are long, tubular cells. Muscle cells are important for a huge range
of functions, including movement, support, and internal functions, such as peristalsis — the movement
of food along the gut.
Sperm cells
They are motile, meaning that they can move. They achieve this movement by using their tail
(flagellum), which is packed with energy-giving mitochondria.
Sperm cells cannot divide; they only carry one copy of each chromosome (haploid), unlike the majority
of cells, which carry two copies (diploid).
Female egg cell

Compared with the sperm cell, the female egg cell is a giant; it is the largest human cell. The egg cell
is also haploid so that the DNA from the sperm and egg can combine to create a diploid cell.
Fat cells
Fat cells are also called adipocytes and are the main constituent in adipose tissue. They contain stored
fats called triglycerides that can be used as energy when needed. Once the triglycerides are used up,
the fat cells shrink. Adipocytes also produce some hormones.
Nerve cells
Nerves cells are the communication system of the body. Also called neurons, they consist of two major
parts — the cell body and nerve processes. The central body contains the nucleus and other
organelles, and the nerve processes (axons or dendrites) run like long fingers, carrying messages far
and wide. Some of these axons can be over 1 meter long.
Endothelial Cells
Endothelial cells form the inner lining of the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system structures.
They make up the inner layer of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and organs including the brain,
lungs, skin, and heart. Endothelial cells are responsible for angiogenesis or the creation of new blood
vessels. They also regulate the movement of macromolecules, gases, and fluid between the blood
and surrounding tissues as well as help manage blood pressure
Cancer Cells
Unlike all of the other cells listed, cancer cells work to destroy the body. Cancer results from the
development of abnormal cell properties that cause cells to divide uncontrollably and spread to other
locations. Cancer cell development can originate from mutations stemming from exposure to
chemicals, radiation, and ultraviolet light. Cancer can also have genetic origins such as chromosome
replication errors and cancer-causing viruses of the DNA.
Cancer cells are allowed to spread rapidly because they develop decreased sensitivity to anti-growth
signals and proliferate quickly in the absence of stop commands. They also lose the ability to undergo
apoptosis or programmed cell death, making them even more formidable.
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319669#how-are-sperm-cells-made
https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388

Guided Generalization
Key Points
• There are two kinds of Cell: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell
• Considering the complexity of the human body, there are hundreds of different types of cells.
V. Post Test
Direction: Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast the structure of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.

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DIVINE GRACE SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LEARNING MODULE NO. 2

Name: __________________________ Grade level: _ Strand: _____

I. Instruction and Focus Question

Quarter TITLE: You will learn:

EXPECTED LEARNING COMPETENCIES: (MELC)

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MODULE 2- WEEK 3-4 1

Osteoclasts, which dissolve bone.

red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MODULE 2- WEEK 3-4 2

Female egg cell

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MODULE 2- WEEK 3-4 3

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1- MODULE 2- WEEK 3-4 4

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