Physics-L3 Electromagnetism

Chap 1: Review on Electrostatics

Gulyaz Najafova
Chap 2: Magnetostatics
Chap 3: Induction
Chap 4: Maxwell equations
Chap 5: Dielectric media and applications
Chap 6: Conducting media and applications Alihuseyn Dovlatov
Chap 7: Magnetic media and applications
 Chapter 1: Electrostatics

• Charges-coulomb law forces and fields. Superposition

• Approach with fields lines and geometry
• Electric fields created by discrete and continuous charges
distribution
• Calculation of fields created by geometric shapes
• Electrostatic potential and energy- Gauss theorem
Electric charge Amber

The word "electric" is derived from the Greek

word elektron, meaning amber.

as early as 600 b.c.

Benjamin Franklin suggested calling these two kinds of
charge negative and positive
Benjamin Franklin
1706-1790

Modern explanation

M
Show the demonstration

Example 1

Example 2
 Electric Charge Is Conserved

The first principle of conservation of charge:

The algebraic sum of all the electric
charges in any closed system is constant.

The second important principle is:

The magnitude of charge of the electron
or proton is a natural unit of charge.
Conductors and Insulators
 Capacitors
Any two conductors separated by an insulator (or a vacuum)
form a capacitor.
 Capacitors
Any two conductors separated by an insulator (or a vacuum)
form a capacitor.

The capacitance C of the capacitor:

The SI unit of capacitance is called one farad (1 F)

The Permittivity of Vacuum is
denoted by and is equal to:
(if insulating part is the vaccum)
 Capacitors
Any two conductors separated by an insulator (or a vacuum)
form a capacitor.

The capacitance C of the capacitor:

The SI unit of capacitance is called one farad (1 F)

The Permittivity of Vacuum is
denoted by and is equal to:
(if insulating part is the vaccum)

• Relation between current and voltage

I.2) Electric charges

A neutral body get electrization and acquires an electric charge Q (in coulomb C)

N is an integer

e= elementary charge:

Elementary particles 52 pm

Electron:

Proton:

Neutron

≈ fm
Electrons are responsible of the electrization: there are lighter than protons and also
protons can not escape from the strong interaction in the nucleus.

Dynamical properties: a≈qE/m with |qp|=|qe|=q

Stronger for electrons

Body charged positively: lack of electrons

Body charged negatively: excess of electrons

 Electrons are responsible of the electrization: there are lighter than protons and also
protons can not escape from the strong interaction in the nucleus.

Dynamical properties: a≈qE/m with |qp|=|qe|=q

Stronger for electrons

Body charged positively: lack of electrons

Body charged negatively: excess of electrons

In friction experiment, the electric charge Q is usually between milliCoulomb (mC) and
microCoulomb (µC)

How many electrons ?

Q=10-3 C gives N= Q/(-e) = 6.25 1015 electrons
Q=10-6 C N=6.25 1012 electrons
Electrostatic pendulum

Equilibrium
Electrostatic pendulum

Electrostatic force
with a charged stick

Equilibrium
Electrostatic pendulum

Electrostatic force
with a charged stick

New equilibrium position

Equilibrium
Electrostatic pendulum

Electrostatic force
with a charged stick

New equilibrium position

Equilibrium
Approximation of ponctual point or charge

Usually done in mechanics

We assume the body being a

material point (usually the center
of mass) where all the mass stands

Can be done in electrostatics……

electrostatics of ponctual charge

Valid if charge distribution is spherical

and size of object small compared to
distance of « observation »
Lenght
Is made of infinitesimal length dx electric charge dq.

dx

dq=λdx. With λ the electric charge density in C/m

 Lenght
Is made of infinitesimal length dx electric charge dq.

dx

dq=λdx. With λ the electric charge density in C/m

Total charge Q is obtained by

𝑄=∫ 𝜆𝑑𝑥= 𝜆∫ 𝑑𝑥=𝜆 𝐿

If λ is uniform
Surface
Is made of infinitesimal surface dS=dxdy of electric charge dq.

With σ the (surface) electric charge density in C/m2:

Surface
Is made of infinitesimal surface dS=dxdy of electric charge dq.

With σ the (surface) electric charge density in C/m2:

Total charge Q is obtained by

𝑄=∬ 𝜎 𝑑𝑆=σ ∬ 𝑑𝑆=𝜎𝑆

If σ is uniform
Volume
Is made of infinitesimal volume dV=dxdydz of electric charge dq.

With ρ the (volumic) electric charge density in C/m3:

Volume
Is made of infinitesimal volume dV=dxdydz of electric charge dq.

With ρ the (volumic) electric charge density in C/m3:

Total charge Q is obtained by

𝑄=∭ 𝜌 𝑑𝑉=𝜌 ∭ 𝑑𝑉=𝜌𝑉

If ρ is uniform
Infinitesimal volumes and surfaces cylindric and polar coordinates
dS=rdθdz

dV=rdrdθdz

dV=drdS
=r2dr sinθdθ dφ

dS=rdθ rsinθdφ dS=rdθdr

= r2sinθdθ dφ

Advices
Review L0: Tutorial of second semester
Mathematical tools for Physics
 Coulomb’s Law

A torsion balance of the type used by

Coulomb to measure the electric force

Charles Coulomb
1736-1806

The magnitude of the electric force between

two point dtarges is directly propor-
tional to the product of the dtarges and
inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.
Electric Force
Coulomb Force

Repulsion of electric charges: (q1,q2)>0 or (q1,q2)<0

r
q1 q2

Attraction of electric charges (q1<0, q2>0) or (q1>0 and q2<0)

r
q1 q2
Dielectric permittivity (ε) is the ability of a substance to hold
an electrical charge

Dielectric permittivity of vaccum

If medium is not the vaccum we use the substitution:

εr (vaccum) =1
εr (air)=1.0001
εr (water)=80
Due to the polarisability of the medium (local presence of electric dipoles)

εr indicates the sensibility to the action of an electric field

 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0

q1
M

Then we put a charge q1 at point M at a distance r from P, the force felt by q1 due to q0 is
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0

We remove charge q1
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0

q2
M

Then we put a charge q2 at M at a distance r from P, the force felt by q2 due to q0 is

 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0

We remove charge q2
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0

qN
M

Then we put a charge q3 at M at a distance r from P, we look the force felt by q3 due to q0.

We remove charge q3…………….until qN-1 and we remove qN-1.

Then we put a charge qN at M at a distance r from P, we the force felt by qN due to q0 is

0
 WHAT IS THE ELECTRIC FIELD ???
P We consider an electric charge q0 at point P
q0
What is the invariant in that experiment ?

It exist one quantity induced by the existence of q0 that modifies the space-properties
Electric field

q1>0 q2<0
r

Force felt by particule 2 due to electric field 1

q1>0
q2<0
Electric field

q1>0 q2<0
r

Force felt by particule 2 due to electric field 1

q1>0

q2<0
 Electric field Lines

In the planes…

q1>0 q2<0

r r
Electric potential and energy
Work of an electric force
We move an electric charge q in a region
(q) where lives an electric field E(M)

⃗ ⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑀 𝑀 ′

Elementary work δW over distance dr (between M and M’)

Work of an electric force
We move an electric charge q in a region
(q) where lives an electric field E(M)

⃗ ⃗
𝑑𝑟 = 𝑀 𝑀 ′

Elementary work δW over distance dl (between M and M’)

Total work W over path AB

Circulation of electric field along path AB

Relation with the energy

Conservation of energy
Relation with the energy

Conservation of energy

The total energy change is zero and the change of kinetic energy is the opposite of
the change of potential energy
Relation with the energy

Conservation of energy

The total energy change is zero and the change of kinetic energy is the opposite of
the change of potential energy

We know from kinetic energy theorem that the work of the system is equal to the change
of kinetic energy

The work is the opposite of the change of

Potential energy
Connection between electric field and potential energy

And with
Connection between electric field and potential energy

And with

We can connect the potential energy to a quantity called electric potential

Connection between electric field and potential energy

And with

We can connect the potential energy to a quantity called electric potential

Defined as :
Example:
Lets consider an electric field created by a charge q0.
(q)
Example:
Lets consider an electric field created by a charge q0.
(q) ZOOM
Example:
Lets consider an electric field created by a charge q0.
(q) ZOOM

zero
 Potential created by an electric charge q0

Unit: Volt

Usually we take the following convention to find the value of the constant:
At infinity, the effect of potential should be zero.

However, in some case it could be different. A potential with non-zero value can
be imposed at a given distance (for instance with capacitors)
Relation between Electric field and Electric Potential

But a total differential function dV can be written

With the help of the gradient operator
Relation between Electric field and Electric Potential

But a total differential function dV can be written

With the help of the gradient operator

Finaly

Electric Potential
Electric Field
Equipotential lines
(electric potential) V2 < V 1

V1
Space region
where the
potential V is
constant

Field lines
(electric field)

Field Lines are perpendicular to equipotential lines

Electric field created by superposition of charges

Superposition: electric field created by two charges

q1>0 q2<0

r r
Electric field created by two charges

Field lines

q1 and q2 equal and <0

q1 and q2 opposite
Electric field created by two charges

Field lines
Equipotential lines

q1 and q2 equal and <0

q1 and q2 opposite
Superposition of N electric charges

M
Continuous charges distribution

Calculation of the total field produced by charge distribution

Order of magnitude of distance between charge

distance from charge to the center of mass

Calculation of the total field produced by charge distribution

Order of magnitude of distance between charge

distance from charge center of mass

If r >> d, we can assume a continuous charge distribution

Calculation of the total field produced by charge distribution
1. We consider first elementary field produced by element dx of charge dq
M
r

2. Total field is the sum of the field created by all elements dqi
M
ri

Can be written as an integral form

ELECTRIC FIELD
For a lineic distribution we have an integral
r M

For a surface distribution we have a double integral

For a volumic distribution we have a triple integral

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
For a lineic distribution we have an integral
r M

For a surface distribution we have a double integral

r
V

For a volumic distribution we have a triple integral

V
Symmetries of the electric field
Cylindrical symmetry

Infinite cylinder
…..
Infinity of middle of cylinder

F(r,θ,z)=F(r)
Spherical symmetry

F(r,θ,φ)=F(r)

Any axis that goes through the center

Part 2. Exercise 1: Electric field created by a charged wire
Application in Biology-Biophysics

0.34 nm

Phosphorus atoms with negative charge

Modelisation with Physics -e at altitude of each base pair

-e -e
-2e
-e λ=-2e/d
d=0.34 nm -2e
-e = -2. 1,6 10-19/ 3.4 10-10
-2e = 1.06 10-9 C/m
-e
-2e
-e -e
-2e
After Calculations using integration
Expression of the electric field in the plane cutting the middle
of the stick of size 2a:

The electric field vector is perpendicular to the

axis given by the wire

Limit case of infinite wire (with 2a >> z):

It exists an infinity of symmetry planes
The electric field is perpendicular to the wire everywhere
Interpretation in terms of Field lines !!

ZOOM on
field lines
created by
two charges

Orientation of
Electric field vector is
parallel to the field lines
Interpretation in terms of Field lines !!

ZOOM on
field lines
created by
two charges

Orientation of
Electric field vector is
parallel to the field lines
Summary of Electric Field Lines
Finite wire Infinite wire

1/z dependence
About the electric potential at distance z in the middle of the wire: two methods of calculation

Finite wire 1) By integrating the electric field

with

and dr =dz
2) By calculating the potential created by all small elements

Both cases are not easy to achieve. We give the results for your information….
Easier for infinite wire

The integration of electric field is easy

We have to find constant

So we define a given z0 for which the potential is zero V(z0)=0

We can find a value for the constant and we obtain finally for V(z)
Steps of calculations

Crown
R1, internal radius
R2 external radius

Disc
R1 → 0

Infinite Plan ∞
R1 → 0 ↑
R2 → ∞ →∞
Interests
Example 1: The plane capacitor

Will be seen in details….

2 plans….

Example 2: Biological membrane

Membrane is made of phospholipids that can be
neutral or charged negatively. Assuming 1 over 10
molecules is charged and its surface is
S=60 Angström squared (10-10 m)2 we can estimate th
electric surface density (2 membranes)

σ=Q/S = -2e/(10 S) = -2*1.6 10-19 /10 / 60 10-20

=-32/600≈ -0.053 C/m2
Results in the case of infinite plane

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Electric field is constant and
perpendicular to the plane
Interpretation in terms of field lines:

plane is an infinite sum of infinte wires

ZOOM on two nearest wire s

+
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Interpretation in terms of field lines: Vision from the top
to the bottom (3 wires)

plane is an infinite sum of wires

+ + +
ZOOM on two nearest wires

+
+
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
Interpretation in terms of field lines: Vision from the top
to the bottom (3 wires)

plane is an infinite sum of wires

+ + +
ZOOM on two nearest wires

+
+
+
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
 Electric flux
No charge inside box, Zero net charge inside box, No charge inside box,
zero flux inward flux cancels outward inward flux cancels outward flux.
flux.

Doubling tbe enclosed Doubling tbe box dimensions

A box containing a
charge does not change the flux.
charge
doubles the flux.
 Conclusion:
1. Whether there is a net outward or inward electric flux through a
closed surface depends on the sign of the enclosed charge.

2. Charges outside the surface do not give a net electric flux through
the surface.

3. The net electric flux is directly proportional to the net amount of

charge enclosed within the surface but is otherwise independent of
the size of the closed surface.
Flux of a Uniform Eledric Field

Φ=𝐸𝑆 Φ=𝐸𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑
Flux of a Nonuniform Electric Field
 Step by step to the Gauss’s Law
1. We place this charge at the center of an
imaginary spherical surface with radius R.

The flux is independent of the radius R of the sphere. It

depends only on the charge q enclosed by the sphere.
 Step by step to the Gauss’s Law
1. We place this charge at the center of an
imaginary spherical surface with radius R.

2. Point Charge Inside a Nonspherical Surface

 Gauss's Law
The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total (net) electric
charge inside the surface, divided by

dS

r2
Volume
Delimited by a Karl Friedrich Gauss
closed surface 1777-1865
 Gauss's Law
The total electric flux through a closed surface is equal to the total (net) electric
charge inside the surface, divided by

dS

r2
Volume
Delimited by a Karl Friedrich Gauss
closed surface 1777-1865

A point charge outside a closed surface that encloses no charge. If an

electric field line from the external charge enters the surface at one
point, it must leave at another.
 Electric dipole Moment
Let's place an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field
The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform
external electric field is zero.
But the two forces don't act along the same
line, so their torques don't add to zero.
 Electric dipole Moment
Let's place an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field
The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform
external electric field is zero.
But the two forces don't act along the same
line, so their torques don't add to zero.

The product of the charge q and the separation d

is the magnitude of a quantity called the electric
dipole moment, denoted by p:

p = qd The units of p are (C . m).

(magnitude of electric dipole moment)
 Electric dipole Moment
Let's place an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field
The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform
external electric field is zero.
But the two forces don't act along the same
line, so their torques don't add to zero.

The product of the charge q and the separation d

is the magnitude of a quantity called the electric
dipole moment, denoted by p:

p = qd The units of p are (C . m).

(magnitude of electric dipole moment)

𝒑 =𝒒 ⃗
⃗ 𝒅
The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity and its direction is along the dipole axis
from the negative charge to the positive charge as shown in picture.
 Electric dipole Moment
Let's place an electric dipole in a uniform external electric field
The net force on an electric dipole in a uniform
external electric field is zero.
But the two forces don't act along the same
line, so their torques don't add to zero.

The product of the charge q and the separation d

is the magnitude of a quantity called the electric
dipole moment, denoted by p:

p = qd The units of p are (C . m).

(magnitude of electric dipole moment)

𝒑 =𝒒 ⃗
⃗ 𝒅
The electric dipole moment is a vector quantity and its direction is along the dipole axis
from the negative charge to the positive charge as shown in picture.

(torque on an electric dipole, in vector form)