NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectros
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectros
NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectros
History of NMR
1920-1930: physics begins to grasp the concepts of
electron and nuclear spin
1936: C. J. Gorter (Netherlands) attempts to study 1H
and 7Li NMR with a resonance method, but fails
because of relaxation
1945-1946: E. M. Purcell (Harvard) and F. Bloch
(Stanford) observe 1H NMR in 1 kg of paraffin at 30
MHz and in water at 8 MHz, respectively
Schematic Diagram of NMR Spectrometer
Auto sampler
1. Sample Holder
- 5 mm glass tube is used, which can hold 0.4 ml liquid
- microtubes are used for low volume
2. Magnet
- the heart of NMR (accuracy and quality of the instrument
is
dependent on its strength)
Resolution increases with increase in the applied field
strength
Three types of magnets can be used
Conventional Magnet (30 -60 MHz)
Evolution of NMR Instrument Permanent or electromagnet ( 60 ,90, 100 MHz)
Super conducting solenoids (high resolution)
Relationship between Bo and frequency (Larmor Frequency
equation)
Solvents
Characteristics of Solvents
- chemically inert solvent is used
- solvents should be magnetically isotopic in
nature (2H = Deuterium)
- free from any hydrogen (1H)
- solvent should be able to dissolve the sample
in a reasonable quantity (approximately
10 % or more)
NMR Principle