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    Algebra

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    ADEBIMPE BABAJIDE
    The document provides rules and examples for algebra including the quadratic formula, factoring polynomials, and arithmetic operations. It also covers exponents, radicals, logarithmic rules, and common errors to avoid in algebra. Logarithmic functions and their properties are defined.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Algebra

    Uploaded by

    ADEBIMPE BABAJIDE
    12 views18 pages
    The document provides rules and examples for algebra including the quadratic formula, factoring polynomials, and arithmetic operations. It also covers exponents, radicals, logarithmic rules, and common errors to avoid in algebra. Logarithmic functions and their properties are defined.

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    All about Algebra in Mathematics

    Original Title

    algebra

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    The document provides rules and examples for algebra including the quadratic formula, factoring polynomials, and arithmetic operations. It also covers exponents, radicals, logarithmic rules, and common errors to avoid in algebra. Logarithmic functions and their properties are defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views18 pages

    Algebra

    Uploaded by

    ADEBIMPE BABAJIDE
    The document provides rules and examples for algebra including the quadratic formula, factoring polynomials, and arithmetic operations. It also covers exponents, radicals, logarithmic rules, and common errors to avoid in algebra. Logarithmic functions and their properties are defined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 18

    Basic Rules for

    Algebra
    &
    Logarithmic Functions
    Quadratic Formula: Example:
    If p( x) = ax 2 + bx + c , a ≠ 0 and 0 ≤ b 2 − 4ac , If p( x) = x 2 + 3x − 1 =0, with a=1, b=3, and c=-1, then p(x)
    − b ± b 2 − 4ac − 3 ± 13
    then the real zeroes of p are x = . =0 if x =
    2a 2
    Special Factors: Examples:
    x 2 − a 2 = ( x − a)( x + a) x 2 − 9 = ( x − 3)( x + 3)
    x 3 − a 3 = ( x − a)( x 2 + ax + a 2 ) x 3 − 8 = ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
    x 3 + a 3 = ( x + a)( x 2 − ax + a 2 ) x 3 + 27 = ( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9)
    Binomial Theorem Examples:

    ( x + a) 2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2 ( x + 3) 2 = x 2 + 2( x)(3) + 32 = x 2 + 6 x + 9
    ( x − a) 2 = x 2 − 2ax + a 2 ( x − 5) 2 = x 2 − 2( x)(5) + 52 = x 2 − 10 x + 25
    ( x + a)3 = x 3 + 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x + a 3 ( x + 2)3 = x 3 + 3( x) 2 (2) + 3( x)(2) 2 + 23 = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
    ( x − a)3 = x 3 − 3ax 2 + 3a 2 x − a 3 ( x − 1)3 = x 3 − 3( x) 2 (1) + 3( x)(1) 2 − 13 = x 3 − 3 x 2 + 3 x − 1
    Factoring by Grouping Example:

    acx 3 + adx 2 + bcx + bd = ax 2 (cx + d ) + b(cx + d ) = 3x 3 − 2 x 2 − 6 x + 4 = x 2 (3 x − 2) − 2(3x − 2) =


    (ax 2 + b)(cx + d ) ( x 2 − 2)(3x − 2)

    Arithmetic Operations:

    ⎛a⎞
    ⎜ ⎟
    a c ad + bc a+b a b ⎝ b ⎠ = a ÷ c = a × d = ad
    ab + ac = a(b + c) + = = +
    b d bd c c c ⎛ c ⎞ b d b c bc
    ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝d ⎠

    ab + ac a(b + c) ⎛a⎞
    ⎛ b ⎞ a b ab a − b ⎛ −1⎞ a − b b − a = =b+c, ⎜ ⎟
    a⎜ ⎟ = × = =⎜ ⎟ = a a ⎝b⎠ = a ÷ c = a×1 = a
    ⎝c⎠ 1 c c c − d ⎝ −1⎠ c − d d − c
    a≠0 c b 1 b c bc
    a a b a c ac
    = ÷ = × =
    ⎛b⎞ 1 c 1 b b
    ⎜ ⎟
    ⎝c⎠

    The Math Center ■ Valle Verde ■ Tutorial Support Services ■ EPCC 1


    Exponents and Radicals

    ( a)
    x
    ax ⎛a⎞ ax
    = a x− y =
    m
    a0 = 1 , a ≠ 0 ⎜ ⎟ am = a =
    n m
    n n

    ⎝b⎠
    y
    a bx
    1
    a− x =
    ax
    (a )x y
    = a xy a =a
    1
    2 n
    ab = n a ∗ n b

    ⎛a⎞ n
    a
    a a =a
    x y x+ y
    (ab )x
    =ab x x n
    a =a
    1
    n n ⎜ ⎟=
    ⎝b⎠ n
    b

    Algebraic Errors to Avoid:


    a a a 1
    ≠ + To see this error, let a, b, and, x all equal to 1. Then, ≠ 2.
    x+b x b 2
    x2 + a2 ≠ x + a To see this error, let x = 3 and a = 4. Then, 5 ≠ 7 .
    a − b( x − 1) ≠ a − bx − b Remember to distribute the negative signs. The equation should be
    a − b( x − 1) = a − bx + b
    ⎛x⎞ To divide fractions, invert and multiply. The equation should be
    ⎜ ⎟ x x
    ⎝ a ⎠ ≠ bx
    b a a = a = ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ = x
    b b ⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠ ab
    1
    − x2 + a2 ≠ − x2 − a2 We can’t factor a negative sign outside of the square root.
    a + bx This is one of many examples of incorrect cancellation. By applying
    ≠ 1 + bx
    a a + bx a bx bx
    the properties above, the equation should be = + = 1+ .
    a a a a
    (x )
    2 3
    ≠ x5 In this case we multiply the exponents, then the correct equation is
    ( x 2 )3 = x 2 x 2 x 2 = x 2 + 2 + 2 = x 6

    LOGARITHMIC RULES

    Logarithmic function y = log a x , defined by x = a y


    Common logarithm log x = log10 x
    Natural logarithm ln x = log e x
    Log Properties
    log a a x = x ; a log a x = x
    log a (MN ) = log a M + log a N
    log a (M / N ) = log a M − log a N
    log a (M ) = N (log a M )
    N

    Change of base formulas log x


    log b x =
    log b
    ln x
    logb x =
    ln b

    The Math Center ■ Valle Verde ■ Tutorial Support Services ■ EPCC 2

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