( a + b ) ⋅ ( a 2 − ab + b 2 ) = a 3 + b3

Fórmulas de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (Página 1 de 3) http://www.geocities.com/calculusjrm/ Jesús Rubí M.

θ
sin α + sin β = 2sin (α + β ) ⋅ cos (α − β )
Gráfica 4. Las funciones trigonométricas inversas

( a + b ) ⋅ ( a3 − a 2 b + ab 2 − b3 ) = a 4 − b 4
Fórmulas de sin cos tg ctg sec csc 1 1
∞ ∞
arcctg x , arcsec x , arccsc x :

sin α − sin β = 2 sin (α − β ) ⋅ cos (α + β )

0 0 1 0 1 2 2

( a + b ) ⋅ ( a 4 − a 3b + a 2 b 2 − ab3 + b 4 ) = a 5 + b5
Cálculo Diferencial 30 12 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 2 4 1 1

( a + b ) ⋅ ( a5 − a 4 b + a 3b 2 − a 2 b3 + ab 4 − b5 ) = a 6 − b 6 cos α + cos β = 2 cos (α + β ) ⋅ cos (α − β )

45 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
e Integral VER.6.8 60 3 2 12 3 1 3
3
1 1
∞ ∞
2 2 3
Jesús Rubí Miranda ([email protected])
cos α − cos β = −2 sin (α + β ) ⋅ sin (α − β )
2 2

( a + b ) ⋅ ⎜ ∑ ( −1) a n− k b k −1 ⎟ = a n + b n ∀ n ∈
2
90
⎛ n ⎞
1 0 0 1
⎡ π π⎤
http://www.geocities.com/calculusjrm/ k +1
y = ∠ sin x y ∈ ⎢− , ⎥
1 1

⎝ k =1 ⎠
1

⎣ 2 2⎦
impar

sin (α ± β )
2 2

( a + b ) ⋅ ⎜ ∑ ( −1)
⎛ ⎞ y = ∠ cos x y ∈ [ 0, π ] tg α ± tg β =
VALOR ABSOLUTO
⎧a si a ≥ 0 a n − k b k −1 ⎟ = a n − b n ∀ n ∈
0

k +1
cos α ⋅ cos β
n

a =⎨ ⎝ k =1 ⎠ π π
par
⎩−a si a < 0 y = ∠ tg x y∈ −
-1
arc ctg x

sin α ⋅ cos β = ⎡sin (α − β ) + sin (α + β ) ⎦⎤

arc sec x

a = −a 2⎣
, arc csc x
1

+ an = ∑ ak
SUMAS Y PRODUCTOS 2 2
-2
-5 0 5

a ≤ a y −a ≤ a a1 + a2 + y = ∠ ctg x = ∠ tg y ∈ 0, π
sin α ⋅ sin β = ⎣⎡cos (α − β ) − cos (α + β ) ⎦⎤
n
1 IDENTIDADES TRIGONOMÉTRICAS
sin θ + cos 2 θ = 1
1
k =1
a ≥0 y a =0 ⇔ a=0
∑ c = nc y ∈ [ 0, π ]
x 2

y = ∠ sec x = ∠ cos 1 + ctg 2 θ = csc 2 θ

cos α ⋅ cos β = ⎣⎡cos (α − β ) + cos (α + β ) ⎦⎤
n 2

∏a = ∏ ak
1

ab = a b ó
1
k =1

⎡ π π⎤ tg 2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ
∑ ca = c ∑ ak
n n
x
y = ∠ csc x = ∠ sen y ∈ ⎢− , ⎥
2
tg α + tg β
k =1 k =1

sin ( −θ ) = − sin θ
k n n
1
⎣ 2 2⎦ tg α ⋅ tg β =
a+b ≤ a + b ó ∑a ≤ ∑ ak ctg α + ctg β
k =1 k =1
k

∑ ( ak + bk ) = ∑ ak + ∑ bk
x

cos ( −θ ) = cos θ
n n

k =1 k =1
k n n n
Gráfica 1. Las funciones trigonométricas: sin x ,
tg ( −θ ) = − tg θ
FUNCIONES HIPERBÓLICAS
k =1 k =1 k =1
ex − e− x
∑(a − ak −1 ) = an − a0
cos x , tg x :
sinh x =
EXPONENTES
a p ⋅ a q = a p+q
sin (θ + 2π ) = sin θ
n
2
2
e x + e− x
k =1

cos (θ + 2π ) = cos θ
k

= a p−q cosh x =
∑ ⎣⎡ a + ( k − 1) d ⎦⎤ = 2 ⎣⎡ 2a + ( n − 1) d ⎦⎤
ap 1.5

(a ) tg (θ + 2π ) = tg θ
n
aq n
2
=a sinh x e x − e − x
1

k =1
tgh x = =
= (a + l ) sin (θ + π ) = − sin θ
p q pq

cosh x e x + e− x
(a ⋅b)
0.5

= a ⋅b
n

cos (θ + π ) = − cos θ e x + e− x
0
p p p

ctgh x = =
∑
2
⎛a⎞ 1− r a − rl
tg (θ + π ) = tg θ
1
ar k −1 = a = tgh x e x − e − x
-0.5

⎜ ⎟ = p
p n n

1− r 1− r
ap
⎝b⎠
-1

sin (θ + nπ ) = ( −1) sin θ

k =1

( )
sech x = =
∑
b sen x
1 2
a p/q = a p = + cosh x e x + e − x
-1.5
cos x n

cos (θ + nπ ) = ( −1) cos θ

n
q 1 2 tg x
k n n -2

k =1

k = ( 2n3 + 3n 2 + n )
csch x = =
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

∑
2 n

tg (θ + nπ ) = tg θ
1 2
sinh x e x − e − x
LOGARITMOS
log a N = x ⇒ a x = N
n
2 1 Gráfica 2. Las funciones trigonométricas csc x ,

log a MN = log a M + log a N →

sin ( nπ ) = 0
k =1

∑ k 3 = ( n 4 + 2n3 + n 2 )
6 sec x , ctg x :

→ [1, ∞
sinh :

cos ( nπ ) = ( −1)
n

= log a M − log a N
1
M 2.5
cosh :
→ −1,1
k =1

( 6n5 + 15n4 + 10n3 − n )

n
log a

∑ tg ( nπ ) = 0
4 2

− {0} → −∞ , −1 ∪ 1, ∞
N
log a N r = r log a N =
n tgh :
4 1 1.5

k
⎛ 2n + 1 ⎞
+ ( 2n − 1) = n π ⎟ = ( −1) → 0 ,1]
k =1
1 ctgh :
log a N = =
30
1+ 3 + 5 + sin ⎜
log b N ln N
⎝ 2 ⎠
0.5 n

− {0} → − {0}
2 sech :

n! = ∏ k
log b a ln a 0

log10 N = log N y log e N = ln N ⎛ 2n + 1 ⎞

π⎟=0
n csch :
cos ⎜
-0.5

k =1
⎝ 2 ⎠
-1

a ⋅ ( c + d ) = ac + ad ⎛n⎞
Gráfica 5. Las funciones hiperbólicas sinh x ,
⎛ 2n + 1 ⎞
ALGUNOS PRODUCTOS
⎜ ⎟= , k≤n
-1.5

π⎟=∞
⎝ k ⎠ ( n − k )!k !
tg ⎜
n! csc x

( a + b) ⋅ ( a − b) = a − b
cosh x , tgh x :
⎝ 2 ⎠
-2 sec x
ctg x

( x + y ) = ∑ ⎜ ⎟ xn−k y k
-2.5

⎛n⎞
2 2 5

( a + b ) ⋅ ( a + b ) = ( a + b ) = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8

⎛ π⎞
sin θ = cos ⎜ θ − ⎟
n 4

k =0 ⎝ k ⎠
n
2 Gráfica 3. Las funciones trigonométricas inversas
⎝ 2⎠
( a − b ) ⋅ ( a − b ) = ( a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
3

π⎞
+ xk ) = ∑
arcsin x , arccos x , arctg x :
⎛
( x1 + x2 +
2
2

( x + b ) ⋅ ( x + d ) = x 2 + ( b + d ) x + bd x1n1 ⋅ x2n2 cos θ = sin ⎜ θ + ⎟

n! 1

⎝ 2⎠
n
xknk 4

( ax + b ) ⋅ ( cx + d ) = acx 2 + ( ad + bc ) x + bd sin (α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

0
n1 ! n2 ! nk !
-1

( a + b ) ⋅ ( c + d ) = ac + ad + bc + bd
3

π = 3.14159265359… cos (α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

CONSTANTES -2

( a + b ) = a3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b3
senh x

e = 2.71828182846…
2
-3

tg α ± tg β
cosh x

tg (α ± β ) =
tgh x

( )
3 -4

( a − b ) = a 3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3 1 ∓ tg α tg β
1 -5 0 5

TRIGONOMETRÍA FUNCIONES HIPERBÓLICAS INV

sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 , ∀x ∈

3

sen θ = cscθ =
( a + b + c ) = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
( )
0

sen θ
CO 1

cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

( a − b ) ⋅ ( a + ab + b ) = a − b
2

cosh −1 x = ln x ± x 2 − 1 , x ≥ 1
HIP -1
arc sen x

cosθ = secθ = 2 tg θ
arc cos x

cosθ
CA 1
tg 2θ =
( a − b ) ⋅ ( a 3 + a 2 b + ab 2 + b3 ) = a 4 − b 4
arc tg x
2 2 3 3

1 ⎛1+ x ⎞
-2

1 − tg 2 θ
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

sen θ CO tgh −1 x = x <1

HIP
ln ⎜ ⎟,
tgθ = = ctgθ = 2 ⎝1− x ⎠
( a − b ) ⋅ ( a 4 + a 3b + a 2 b 2 + ab3 + b 4 ) = a 5 − b5 cosθ CA tgθ sin 2 θ = (1 − cos 2θ )
1

1 ⎛ x +1⎞
1
ctgh −1 x = ln ⎜ ⎟, x >1
( a − b ) ⋅ ⎜ ∑ a n − k b k −1 ⎟ = a n − b n
⎛ ⎞ π radianes=180 2 ⎝ x −1⎠
cos 2 θ = (1 + cos 2θ )
2
∀n ∈
n

⎝ k =1 ⎠
1
⎛ 1 ± 1 − x2 ⎞
1 − cos 2θ sech −1 x = ln ⎜ ⎟, 0 < x ≤ 1
2
tg 2 θ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
1 + cos 2θ
x
⎛1 x2 + 1 ⎞
HIP
CO
csch −1 x = ln ⎜ + ⎟, x ≠ 0
θ ⎜x x ⎟⎠
⎝
CA
 http://www.geocities.com/calculusjrm/
∫ tgh udu = ln cosh u
Fórmulas de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (Página 2 de 3) Jesús Rubí M.

( uv ) = u + v
∫ e du = e
IDENTIDADES DE FUNCS HIP d dv du DERIVADA DE FUNCS HIPERBÓLICAS INTEGRALES DE FUNCS LOG & EXP
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 sinh u = cosh u
∫ ctgh udu = ln sinh u
d du u u

( uvw ) = uv + uw + vw
dx dx dx
1 − tgh 2 x = sech 2 x au ⎧a > 0
∫ a du = ln a ⎨⎩a ≠ 1 ∫ sech udu = ∠ tg ( sinh u )
d dw dv du dx dx

ctgh 2 x − 1 = csch 2 x cosh u = sinh u

d ⎛ u ⎞ v ( du dx ) − u ( dv dx )
u
dx dx dx dx d du

sinh ( − x ) = − sinh x ⎜ ⎟= ∫ csch udu = − ctgh ( cosh u )

∫ ua du = ln a ⋅ ⎜⎝ u − ln a ⎟⎠
au ⎛ 1 ⎞
−1
dx dx
dx ⎝ v ⎠ tgh u = sech 2 u
cosh ( − x ) = cosh x
d du

( u ) = nu dx
v2 u

= ln tgh u
tgh ( − x ) = − tgh x ∫ ue du = e ( u − 1)
dx dx 1
d n n −1 du

ctgh u = − csch 2 u
d du u u 2

sinh ( x ± y ) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y ∫ ln udu =u ln u − u = u ( ln u − 1)

dx
dx dx INTEGRALES DE FRAC

∫ u 2 + a 2 = a ∠ tg a
= ⋅ sech u = − sech u tgh u
cosh ( x ± y ) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
dF dF du

∫ log
d du

( u ln u − u ) = ( ln u − 1)
(Regla de la Cadena) du 1 u
udu =
dx du dx dx dx 1 u
tgh x ± tgh y
tgh ( x ± y ) =
= csch u = − csch u ctgh u = − ∠ ctg
du 1 d du a

∫ u log a udu = 4 ⋅ ( 2log a u − 1)

ln a ln a
1 ± tgh x tgh y
1 u
dx dx du

∫ u 2 − a 2 = 2a ln u + a ( u > a )
dx dx u2
1 u−a
a a
sinh 2 x = 2sinh x cosh x =
dF dF du DERIVADA DE FUNCS HIP INV

∫ u ln udu = 4 ( 2ln u − 1)
du
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x
2 2

senh −1 u = ⋅
dy dy dt f 2′ ( t ) ⎪⎧ x = f1 ( t )
∫ a 2 − u 2 = 2a ln a − u ( u < a )
dx dx du d 1 du u2
1 + u 2 dx 1 a+u
= = donde ⎨
tgh 2 x = f1′( t ) ⎪⎩ y = f 2 ( t )
dx du
±1 ⎧+
⎪ si cosh u > 0
2 2
2 tgh x
1 + tgh 2 x
∫ sin udu = − cos u
cosh −1 u = ⋅ , u >1 ⎨
dx dx dt d du
-1 INTEGRALES DE FUNCS TRIGO
u 2 − 1 dx ⎪⎩− si cosh u < 0
sinh 2 x = ( cosh 2 x − 1)
∫ cos udu = sin u
-1
dx INTEGRALES CON

∫
DERIVADA DE FUNCS LOG & EXP

( ln u ) =
1
= ⋅ tgh −1 u = ⋅ , u <1 = ∠ sin
d du dx 1 du d 1 du du u
1 − u 2 dx
∫ sec udu = tg u
a2 − u2
cosh 2 x = ( cosh 2 x + 1)
2
a

( log u ) =
1 dx u u dx dx
⋅ ctgh u = ⋅ , u >1
2

∫ csc udu = − ctg u

= −∠ cos
d log e du d −1 1 du
cosh 2 x − 1 1 − u 2 dx
u

( )
2
tgh 2 x =
2

( log a u ) = a ⋅ a > 0, a ≠ 1
dx

∫ sec u tg udu = sec u

dx u dx
du ⎪⎧− si
∫
cosh 2 x + 1 sech −1 u > 0, u ∈ 0,1
a

sech −1 u = ⋅ ⎨ = ln u + u 2 ± a 2
d log e du d ∓1 du
u 1 − u 2 dx ⎪⎩ + si sech −1 u < 0, u ∈ 0,1 u 2 ± a2
tgh x =
( e ) = eu ⋅ ∫ csc u ctg udu = − csc u
sinh 2 x dx u dx dx
cosh 2 x + 1
∫ u a 2 ± u 2 = a ln a + a 2 ± u 2
d u du
csch −1 u = − ⋅ , u≠0
∫ tg udu = − ln cos u = ln sec u
du1 u

( a ) = a u ln a ⋅
d 1 du
e x = cosh x + sinh x u 1 + u 2 dx
dx dx

∫ ctg udu = ln sin u

dx

∫ u u 2 − a 2 = a ∠ cos u
e − x = cosh x − sinh x
d u du

( u ) = vu v −1
dx dx du 1 a

∫ sec udu = ln sec u + tg u

INTEGRALES DEFINIDAS, PROPIEDADES
+ ln u ⋅ u v ⋅
OTRAS d v du dv Nota. Para todas las fórmulas de integración deberá
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
= ∠ sec
∫ csc udu = ln csc u − ctg u
dx dx dx agregarse una constante arbitraria c (constante de 1 u
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
∫ { f ( x ) ± g ( x )} dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx ± ∫ g ( x ) dx
⇒ x=
DERIVADA DE FUNCIONES TRIGO integración).

( sin u ) = cos u ∫ a − u du = 2 a − u + 2 ∠ sen a

a a

∫ sin
b b b
d du a2
udu =
− sin 2u
u 2 u

∫ cf ( x ) dx = c ⋅ ∫ f ( x ) dx c ∈
( )
2a 2 2 2

b 2 − 4ac = discriminante
a a a 2u 1

( cos u ) = − sin u
dx dx

exp (α ± i β ) = e ( cos β ± i sin β ) si α , β ∈

∫ cos udu = 2 + 4 sin 2u ∫ u ± a du = 2 u ± a ± 2 ln u + u ± a
b b
2 4
α
d du

∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
2
a a 2 2 u 2 2 a 2 2
2 u 1

( tg u ) = sec2 u
dx dx

∫ tg udu = tg u − u
b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
LÍMITES

lim (1 + x ) x = e = 2.71828... e au ( a sin bu − b cos bu )

d du a a c MÁS INTEGRALES

∫e
2

∫ ctg udu = − ( ctg u + u ) sin bu du =

1 b a

( ctg u ) = − csc2 u
dx dx

∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
x →0
a 2 + b2
a b au

⎛ 1⎞
d du
e au ( a cos bu + b sin bu )
2

lim ⎜1 + ⎟ = e
∫ u sin udu = sin u − u cos u ∫e
x a

cos bu du =
⎝ x⎠
( sec u ) = sec u tg u m ⋅ ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ M ⋅ ( b − a )
dx dx
x →∞
a

a2 + b2
∫ u cos udu = cos u + u sin u
au
d du b

⇔ m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] , m, M ∈
=1
( csc u ) = − csc u ctg u ∫ sec u du = 2 sec u tg u + 2 ln sec u + tg u
sen x dx dx a
lim 1 1
x →0
3

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ g ( x ) dx
d du
1 − cos x
x

∫ ∠ sin udu = u∠ sin u + 1 − u

=0
INTEGRALES DE FUNCS TRIGO INV

( vers u ) = sen u
dx dx b b

⇔ f ( x ) ≤ g ( x ) ∀x ∈ [ a , b ] f '' ( x0 )( x − x0 )
lim ALGUNAS SERIES
x →0
2

f ( x ) = f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 )( x − x0 ) +
d du

∫ ∠ cos udu = u∠ cos u − 1 − u

a a
x
ex −1
2

=1
∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx si a < b
dx dx 2
lim

∫ ∠ tg udu = u∠ tg u − ln 1 + u f ( n ) ( x0 )( x − x0 )
x →0 DERIV DE FUNCS TRIGO INVER b b 2!
x −1
( ∠ sin u ) =
x
=1 ⋅ + +
2 n
a a
d 1 du

∫ ∠ ctg udu = u∠ ctg u + ln 1 + u

1 − u 2 dx
lim : Taylor
x →1 ln x

∫ adx =ax f '' ( 0 ) x 2

∫ ∠ sec udu = u∠ sec u − ln ( u + u )
dx INTEGRALES n!

( ∠ cos u ) = − f ( x ) = f (0) + f ' ( 0) x +

2

⋅
f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
∫ af ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx
DERIVADAS
∆y −1
Dx f ( x ) =
d 1 du
= lim = lim 1 − u 2 dx
f ( n) ( 0 ) x n
2
df
∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
dx 2!

( ∠ tg u ) = ∫ ( u ± v ± w ± ) dx = ∫ udx ± ∫ vdx ± ∫ wdx ±

= u∠ sec u − ∠ cosh u

∫ ∠ csc udu = u∠ csc u + ln ( u + )

dx ∆x →0
⋅ + +
(c) = 0
d 1 du
1 + u 2 dx
: Maclaurin

∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu ( Integración por partes )

u2 − 1
d

( ∠ ctg u ) = −
dx n!
⋅ ex = 1 + x + + + + +
( cx ) = c
dx d 1 du x 2 x3 xn
1 + u 2 dx = u∠ csc u + ∠ cosh u
∫ u du = n + 1
d
u n+1
du ⎧+ si u > 1 n ≠ −1
dx 2! 3! n!

( ∠ sec u ) = ± + + ( −1)
( cx n ) = ncx n−1
x 2 n −1
⋅ ⎨ sin x = x − + −
∫ sinh udu = cosh u
dx

( 2n − 1)!
n −1
n
d 1 INTEGRALES DE FUNCS HIP x 3 x5 x 7
u u 2 − 1 dx ⎩− si u < −1
∫u
d
= ln u
∫ cosh udu = sinh u
dx 3! 5! 7!
du ⎧− si u > 1
du

(u ± v ± w ± ) = ± ± ± ( ∠ csc u ) = ∓ + ( −1)
dx
x 2 n− 2
⋅ ⎨ cos x = 1 − + − +
( 2n − 2 ) !
d 1 x2 x4 x6 n −1

u u 2 − 1 dx ⎩+ si u < −1
∫ sech udu = tgh u
d du dv dw
dx 2! 4! 6!

( cu ) = c ( ∠ vers u ) =
dx dx dx dx

ln (1 + x ) = x − + + ( −1)
2

∫ csch udu = − ctgh u

⋅ + −
n −1 x
d du d 1 du x2 x3 x 4 n

2u − u 2 dx
2

∫ sech u tgh udu = − sech u

dx dx dx 2 3 4 n

+ + ( −1)
2 n −1
∠ tg x = x − + −
x3 x 5 x 7 n −1 x

2n − 1
∫ csch u ctgh udu = − csch u
3 5 7
Fórmulas de Cálculo Diferencial e Integral (Página 3 de 3) http://www.geocities.com/calculusjrm/ Jesús Rubí M.
ALFABETO GRIEGO
Mayúscula Minúscula Nombre Equivalente

Α α
Romano
1 Alfa A
Β β
Γ γ
2 Beta B

∆ δ
3 Gamma G
4 Delta D
Ε ε
Ζ ζ
5 Epsilon E

Η η
6 Zeta Z
7 Eta H
Θ θ ϑ
Ι ι
8 Teta Q

Κ κ
9 Iota I
10 Kappa K
Λ λ
Μ µ
11 Lambda L

Ν ν
12 Mu M

Ξ ξ
13 Nu N

Ο ο
14 Xi X

Π π ϖ
15 Omicron O
16 Pi P
Ρ ρ
Σ σ ς
17 Rho R

Τ τ
18 Sigma S
19 Tau T
Υ υ
Φ φ ϕ
20 Ipsilon U

Χ χ
21 Phi F
22 Ji C
Ψ ψ
Ω ω
23 Psi Y
24 Omega W

NOTACIÓN
sin Seno.
cos Coseno.
tg Tangente.
sec Secante.
csc Cosecante.
ctg Cotangente.
vers Verso seno.
arcsin θ = sin θ Arco seno de un ángulo θ .
u = f ( x)
sinh Seno hiperbólico.
cosh Coseno hiperbólico.
tgh Tangente hiperbólica.
ctgh Cotangente hiperbólica.
sech Secante hiperbólica.

Funciones de x , u = u ( x ) , v = v ( x ) .
csch Cosecante hiperbólica.
u, v, w

= {…, −2, −1,0,1, 2,…}

Conjunto de los números reales.
Conjunto de enteros.

Conjunto de números racionales.

c
Conjunto de números irracionales.

= {1, 2,3,…} Conjunto de números naturales.

Conjunto de números complejos.