Digital Communications I: Modulation and Coding Course: Term 3 - 2008 Catharina Logothetis
Digital Communications I: Modulation and Coding Course: Term 3 - 2008 Catharina Logothetis
Digital Communications I: Modulation and Coding Course: Term 3 - 2008 Catharina Logothetis
Term 3 - 2008
Catharina Logothetis
Lecture 7
Last time we talked about:
Another source of error due to filtering
effect of the system:
Inter-symbol interference (ISI)
The techniques to reduce ISI
Pulse shaping to achieve zero ISI at the
sampling time
Equalization to combat the filtering effect of
the channel
Lecture 7 2
Today, we are going to talk about:
Some bandpass modulation schemes used
in DCS for transmitting information over
channel
M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM
How to detect the transmitted information
at the receiver
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection
Lecture 7 3
Block diagram of a DCS
Digital modulation
Channel
Digital demodulation
Lecture 7 4
Bandpass modulation
Bandpass modulation: The process of converting
a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform where its
amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of
them, are varied in accordance with the transmitting
data.
Bandpass signal:
2 Ei
si (t ) = gT (t ) cos( ω c t + (i − 1)∆ ω t + φ i (t ) ) 0 ≤ t ≤ T
T
ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
z1
r (t ) = z
z Decision
circuits m̂
ψ N (t ) (ML detector)
T z N
∫ 0 zN
Lecture 7 6
Coherent detection
Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at the
receiver:
Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in
the received signal.
The oscillators at the receiver which generate
Lecture 7 7
Coherent detection ..
Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) are
implemented at the receiver for carrier phase
estimation ( α ≈ αˆ ).
I branch
2 Ei 2
r (t ) = gT (t ) cos( ω i t + φ i (t ) + α ) + n(t ) cos( ω ct + αˆ )
T T
PLL
Used by
Oscillator 90 deg. correlators
2
sin ( ω c t + αˆ )
T
Q branch
Lecture 7 8
Bandpass Modulation Schemes
Lecture 7 9
One dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation:
2 Ei
si (t ) = cos( ω c t + φ )
T
On-off keying (M=2):
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1, , M “0” “1”
s2 s1
2
cos( ω c t + φ ) ψ 1 (t )
ψ 1 (t ) = 0 E1
T
ai = Ei
Lecture 7 10
One dimensional mod.,…
M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM)
2
si (t ) = ai cos( ω c t )
T
4-PAM:
si (t ) = aiψ 1 (t ) i = 1, , M “00” “01” “11” “10”
2 s1 s2 s3 s4
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω c t ) − 3 Eg − Eg 3 Eg
ψ 1 (t )
T 0 Eg
ai = (2i − 1 − M ) E g
= E g ( 2i − 1 − M )
2 2
Ei = s i
( M 2 − 1)
Es = Eg
3
Lecture 7 11
Example of bandpass modulation:
Binary PAM
Lecture 7 12
One dimensional mod.,...–cont’d
Coherent detection of M-PAM
ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫
ML detector
r (t ) (Compare with M-1 thresholds) m̂
0
Lecture 7 13
Two dimensional modulation,
demodulation and detection (M-PSK)
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
2 Es 2π i
si (t ) = cos ω c t +
T M
si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1,, M
2 2
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω ct ) ψ 2 (t ) = − sin ( ω ct )
T T
2π i 2π i
ai1 = Es cos ai 2 = Es sin
M M
2
Es = Ei = s i
Lecture 7 14
Two dimensional mod.,… (MPSK)
BPSK (M=2)
ψ 2 (t )
“0” “1”
8PSK (M=8)
s1 s2
ψ 2 (t )
− Eb Eb ψ 1 (t ) s3 “011”
“010” “001”
s4 s2
QPSK (M=4) Es
ψ 2 (t ) “110” s“000”
1
s 2“01” “00”
s1 s5 ψ 1 (t )
“111” “100”
Es
s6 s8
ψ 1 (t )
“101” s7
s3 “11” “10”
s4
Lecture 7 15
Two dimensional mod.,…(MPSK)
Coherent detection of MPSK
ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
r (t ) z1 φˆ Compute Choose m̂
arctan
ψ 2 (t ) z2 | φ i − φˆ | smallest
T
∫ 0
z2
Lecture 7 16
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (M-QAM)
2 Ei
si (t ) = cos( ω c t + ϕ i )
T
si (t ) = ai1ψ 1 (t ) + ai 2ψ 2 (t ) i = 1, , M
2 2
ψ 1 (t ) = cos( ω c t ) ψ 2 (t ) = sin ( ω c t )
T T
2( M − 1)
where ai1 and ai 2 are PAM symbols and Es =
3
(− M + 1, M − 1) (− M + 3, M − 1) ( M − 1, M − 1)
( − M + 1, M − 3) ( − M + 3, M − 3) ( M − 1, M − 3)
( ai1 , ai 2 ) =
(− M + 1,− M + 1) (− M + 3,− M + 1) ( M − 1,− M + 1)
Lecture 7 17
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
16-QAM
ψ 2 (t )
“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
s1 s2 3
s3 s4
s13 s14 -3
s
15 s
16
“0100” “0101” “0111” “0110”
Lecture 7 18
Two dimensional mod.,… (M-QAM)
ψ 1 (t )
T z1
ML detector
∫ 0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)
r (t ) Parallel-to-serial
m̂
converter
ψ 2 (t )
T z2
ML detector
∫ 0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)
Lecture 7 19
Multi-dimensional modulation, demodulation &
detection
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK)
2 Es 2 Es
si (t ) = cos( ω i t ) = cos( ω c t + (i − 1) ∆ ω t )
T T
∆ω 1
∆f = =
2π 2T
ψ 3 (t )
M
si (t ) = ∑
j= 1
aijψ j (t ) i = 1, , M s3
Es
2 Es i = j
ψ i (t ) = cos( ω i t ) aij = s2
T 0 i≠ j ψ 2 (t )
Es
2
E s = Ei = s i s1
Es
ψ 1 (t )
Lecture 7 20
Multi-dimensional mod.,…(M-FSK)
ψ 1 (t )
T z1
∫ 0
z1 ML detector:
r (t ) = z
z Choose
the largest element m̂
ψ M (t ) in the observed vector
T z M
∫ 0 zM
Lecture 7 21
Non-coherent detection
Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in phase with the
received carrier
Less complexity compared to coherent
Lecture 7 22
Non-coherent detection …
Differential coherent detection
Differential encoding of the message
The symbol phase changes if the current bit is
different from the previous bit.
2E
si (t ) = cos( ω 0t + θ i (t ) ) , 0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1,...,M
T
θ k (nT ) = θ k ((n − 1)T ) + φ i (nT )
φi
Symbol index: k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Data bits: mk 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Diff. encoded bits 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 s2 0 s1 ψ 1 (t )
Symbol phase: θ k π π π 0 0 π π π
Lecture 7 23
Non-coherent detection …
Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.
assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch during
two symbol intervals.
correlates the received signal with basis functions
Lecture 7
ψ 124
(t )
Non-coherent detection …
Optimum differentially coherent detector
ψ 1 (t )
T
r (t )
∫ 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T
Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector
T
r (t )
∫ 0
Decision m̂
Delay
T
Lecture 7 25
Non-coherent detection …
Energy detection
Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals
(e.g. M-FSK)
Lecture 7 26
Non-coherent detection …
Non-coherent detection of BFSK
2 / T cos(ω 1t )
T z11
( )2
∫
0 2 2
z11 + z12
2 / T sin(ω 1t )
T z12
r (t )
∫
0
( )2 + z (T )
Decision stage:
m̂
2 / T cos(ω 2 t ) if z (T ) > 0, mˆ = 1
z 21 if z (T ) < 0, mˆ = 0
T
( )2 -
∫
0
2 2
2 / T sin(ω 2t ) z 21 + z 22
T z 22
∫
0
( )2
Lecture 7 27