CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the Study

The use of remote control has emerged as a solution that has put an end to operators having

direct contact with appliances and equipment. Remote-controlled devices are devices that send

digitally-coded pulses to control functions such as power, volume, temperature, etc. Remote-

controlled devices are usually small wireless handheld objects that have buttons for adjusting various

settings for television channel, track number and volume. In the earlier times remote control used

ultrasonic tones but remote control has evolved as new technologies emerge over recent years to

include Infrared Radio (IR) frequency, voice control, and motion sensor-enabled capabilities

(Josephine, 2017). In this project, a Remote controlled audio/video (AV) switch is designed and

constructed using various technologies.

The major technology used in home remote controls is IR light. The signal between a remote

control and the device (AV switch) it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which the human

eye cannot see. The transmitter in the remote control sends out pulses of infrared light when the user

presses a button on the remote control. A transmitter is often a Light Emitting Diode (LED) which is

built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The receiver in the device recognizes the

pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly. Radio frequency (RF) remote control is used to

control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the remote control device.

(Josephine, 2017)

An AV switch is a device that takes more than one video and audio sources as input and sends

them to a single output, a standard AV switch would allow people connect a game console, DVD

player, cable box, etc. into a single input in a television. Some television usually have one AV (audio-

video)input and only one device can be connected to it and a user may want to connect his DVD

player, game console to the television but would stress to always carry out the disconnection of the

1
currently used device. The AV switch is a solution to problems like that because it takes multiple

audio and video sources from different places and selects one of them as a single input to the

television (TV). Thus, switching from different devices is made easier by being controlled with a

remote and not being directly operated by the user. This project is on a remote controlled audio/video

4-load switch which allows for conveniently connecting up to four different signals to one signal-

receiving device. It switches one audio-visual signal without loss of quality or degradation from four

different load wirelessly using a remote device.

1.2. Aim and Objectives

1.2.1 Aim

The aim of this project is to design and construct a 4-load remote-controlled AV switch.

1.2.2 Objectives

The specific objectives of this project are as follows;

i. To design an AV switch with four (4) loads;

ii. To construct the AV switch;

iii. To test the 4-load remote-controlled AV switch.

1.3. Justification

The importance of a wireless remote control puts an end to the need of the operator to be in

direct contact with the AV Switch and eliminates the stress of always going to switch each load

manually. It is also important because it would allow people connect a game console, DVD player,

cable box, etc. into a television with one AV input.

1.4. Scope Of Study

This project is limited to the design and construction of a 4-load remote-controlled AV switch.

2
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Overview of AV Switch

An Audio/video switch (AV switch) is a consumer component used in a home, its purpose is to

receive audio and video signals from a number of sources and sends them as a single input such that

the audio is played by the loudspeaker and it routes the video to displays such as a television or video

projector. Inputs may come from a satellite dish, radio, DVD players, Blu-ray Disc players or video

game consoles. The AV Switch input source selection, are set by a remote controller or a common

switch which is manually controlled (Prakashan, 2019).

2.1.1. Types of AV Switch

A. Manual AV Switch

The manual audio/video switch is operated with direct contact by the user. The AV switch

source selection is controlled by a common switch. This type of AV Switch is cheaper but gets

damaged over time due to constant physical operation.

B. Automatic AV Switch

The automatic audio/video switch is typically remote controlled using Infrared (IR) light, the

remote control consist of a transmitter usually an LED, the transmitter sends out pulses of infrared

light once a button on the remote control is pressed and the AV switch receives the signal and

recognizes the pattern and acts accordingly. It is more expensive than the manual AV switch and also

lasts longer.

2.2. Remote Control System

Remote control is an electronic device used to operate another device from a distance, usually

wirelessly. A remote control is primarily a convenience feature for the user, and can allow operation

3
of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls (Greenfield, 2011.)

2.2.1. Types of Remote Control System

A. Infrared Remote Control

Infrared remote control (IR remote control) uses light, and it requires line of sight to operate

the destination device.

B. Voice Control

The voice control is also known as the ultrasonic remote control. The most common voice

control is the street lights switch along the staircase corridor. This voice control is simple, sometimes

do not even need a specialized remote control, maybe just a loud whistle or simply speak louder.

C. Radio Remote Control

Radio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of

radio signals transmitted by the remote control device (Windsor, 2018).

2.3. Overview of Audio Connectors and Video Connectors

Audio connectors and video connectors are electrical connectors (or optical connectors) - plugs

and sockets - for carrying audio signal and video signal. Audio interfaces and video interfaces define

physical parameters and interpretation of signals. For digital audio and digital video, this can be

thought of as defining the physical layer, data link layer, and most or all of the application layer. For

analog audio and analogue video these functions are all represented in a single signal specification like

NTSC or the direct speaker-driving signal of analog audio. Physical characteristics of the electrical or

optical equipment includes the types and numbers of wires required, voltages, frequencies, optical

intensity, and the physical design of the connectors. Any data link layer details define how application

data is encapsulated (for example for synchronization or error-correction) (Holstein, 2020).

4
 Some types of connectors are used by multiple hardware interfaces; for example, RCA

connectors are defined both by the composite video and component video interfaces, but DVI is the

only interface that uses the DVI connector. This means that in some cases not all components with

physically compatible connectors will actually work together (Holstein, 2020).

Some of these connectors, and other types of connectors, are also used at radio frequency (RF)

to connect a radio or television receiver to an antenna or to a cable system; RF connector applications

are not further described here. Analog A/V connectors often use shielded cables to inhibit radio

frequency interference (RFI) and noise. For efficiency and simplicity, the same codec or signal

convention is used by the storage medium. For example, VHS (Video Home System) tapes can store a

magnetic representation of an NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) signal, and the

specification for Blu-ray Discs incorporates PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), MPEG-2 (Moving Picture

Export Group 2), and DTS (Digital Theater System). Some playback devices can re-encode audio or

video so that the format used for storage does not have to be the same as the format transmitted over

the A/V interface (which is helpful if a projector or monitor cannot handle a newer codec) (Holstein,

2020).

2.3.1. Types of Audio/Video Cable

A. HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)

HDMI is the next best level because HDMI combines digital video (DVI) and Multi-Channel

Audio, and more – all into one convenient cable. HDMI is the first interface to carry high-definition

video (720p & 1080i or standard video formats).

HDMI sends uncompressed digital and audio signals across a highest-available-speed interface

from source to display up to 5Gbps, a HDTV requires only half. The benefit of HDMI is its ability to

send a large amount of data across a long wire at a very high speed. Since high-definition, high-

resolution video and audio is sampled at the highest possible rates, the result is sharper, clearer, more

5
accurate reproduction of the source material than what analog signals and conversions from the digital

signals and conversions from the digital signal can accommodate (Holstein, 2020).

Plate 2.1. HDMI

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

B. DVI (Digital Visual Surface)

DVI is a digital interface standard to convert analog signals into digital signals to

accommodate both analog and digital monitors. The standard specifies a single plug and connector

that encompass both the new digital and legacy VGA interfaces, as well as digital-only plug connector

(Holstein, 2020).

Plate 2.2 VGA

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

6
C. S-Video(Super Video)

S-video is a technology for transmitting video signals over a cable by dividing the video

information into two separate signals: one for color (chrominance) and the other for brightness

(luminance). In order for a device to send signal using S-video cable, it must support s-video output

and the device receiving the signal must have an S-video input jack (Holstein, 2020).

D. BNC

The BNC (Bayonet Neill Concelman) connector is a very common type of RF connector used

for terminating coaxial cable.

Plate 2.3. Male 50 ohm BNC connector

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

E. XLR

XLR connector plugs and sockets are used mostly in professional audio and video electronics

cabling applications. XLR connector are also known as Cannon plugs after their original

manufacturer. They are used for analog or digital balanced audio with a balanced line. Digital audio

interfaces and interconnects with the AES/EBU (Audio Engineering Society/European Broadcasting

Union) interface also normally use an XLR connector (Holstein, 2020)

7
 Plate 2.4. XLR3 cable connectors, female on left and male on right

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

F. RCA

RCA connectors, also known as phono connectors or phono plugs, are used for analog or

digital audio or analog video. These were first used inside pre–World War II radio-phonographs to

connect the turntable pickup to the radio chassis. They were not intended to be disconnected and

reconnected frequently, and their retaining friction was quite sufficient for their original purpose.

Furthermore, the design of both cable and chassis connectors was for minimum cost. Initially intended

for audio-frequency connections only, the RCA plug was also used for analog composite video and

non-critical radio-frequency applications (Holstein, 2020)

Plate 2.5. RCA Plugs for composite video (yellow) and stereo audio (white and red)

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

8
Uses of RCA

In the most normal use, cables have a standard plug on each end, consisting of a central male

connector, surrounded by a ring. The ring is often segmented to provide spring gripping pressure when

mated. Devices mount the socket (female jack), consisting of a central hole with a ring of metal

around it. The ring is slightly larger in diameter and longer than the ring on the plug, allowing the

plug's ring to fit tightly over it. The jack has a small area between the outer and inner rings which is

filled with an insulator, typically plastic (very early versions, or those made for use as RF connectors,

used ceramic).

The connector was initially used for audio signals. As with many other connectors, the RCA

has been adopted for other uses than originally intended, including as a DC power connector, an RF

connector, and as a connector for loudspeaker cables. Its use as a connector for composite video

signals is extremely common, but provides poor impedance matching. RCA connectors and cable are

also commonly used to carry S/PDIF-formatted digital audio (Sony/Philips Digital Interface), with

plugs colored orange to differentiate them from other typical connections (Rich, 2010).

Connections are made by pushing the cable's plug into the female jack on the device. The

signal-carrying pin protrudes from the plug, and often comes into contact with the socket before the

grounded rings meet, resulting in loud buzz if the audio components do not share a common ground

and are powered while making connections. Continuous noise can occur if the plug partially falls out

of the jack, breaking the ground connection but not the signal. Some variants of the plug, especially

cheaper versions, also give very poor grip and contact between the ground sheaths due to their lack of

spring action. They are often color-coded, yellow for composite video, red for the right audio channel,

and white or black for the left channel of stereo audio. This trio (or pair) of jacks can be found on the

back of almost all audio and video equipment. One or more sets are often found on TV sets to

facilitate connection of camcorders, other portable video sources and video game consoles (Henry,

2013).

9
2.4. Components Required For A Remote-Controlled AV Switch

2.4.1. Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. Resistors are mainly used to resist a certain amount of current flow, terminate

transmission lines, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages and bias active elements in an electronic

circuit. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power in form of heat, may

likely be used as part of motor controls or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances

that only change a little with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to

adjust circuit elements for example, volume control or a lamp dimmer, etc. (Harder, 2014).

Plate 2.6. Resistor

Source: (Harder, 2014)

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current

flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes, and energy is released

in form of photons. The color of the light is determined by the energy needed for electrons to cross the

band gap of the semiconductor (Edwards, 2019).

Plate 2.7 Light Emitting Diode

Source: (Edwards, 2014)

10
Capacitor

A capacitor is a passive electronic component with two terminals, it stores electrical energy in

an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance (Duff and Wilmer 2016) Additional

uses include power conditioning, coupling or decoupling of signal, filtering of electrical noise and

remote sensing. Due to its varied applications, capacitors are used in a wide range of industries and

have become a vital part of everyday life (Richard, 2017)

Plate 2.8. Capacitor

Source: (Richard, 2017)

Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS)

integrated circuit chip. A microcontroller consists of one or more processor cores (CPUs) along with

memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric

RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is included usually on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.

Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications. They are used in automatically controlled

products and devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools and other embedded

systems (Shirrif, 2016).

11
 Plate 2.9 Arduino Uno Microcontroller

Source: (Cole, 2018)

Transformer

A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical

circuit to one or more circuits. Transformers are used for increasing alternating voltages at low current

(Step Up Transformer) or reducing the alternating voltage at high current (Step Down Transformers).

(Frederick, 1942).

Plate 2.10 Transformer

Source: (Benedict, 2017)

Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or

multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. Relays are used where it is necessary

12
 to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal. The traditional form of a relay uses an

electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other operating principles have been invented, such as

the solid-state relays which controls with the use of semiconductor properties without relying on

moving parts. Relays are sometimes used to protect electrical circuits from overload or fault (Calvert,

2008)

Plate 2.11. Relay

Source: (Andrew, 2011)

Diode

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current in only one direction it

has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction and a high resistance in the other direction. A

semiconductor diode is the most commonly used type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor

material with a p-n junction connected to two electrical terminals (Turner, 2013).

Diodes can be used as:

i. Rectifiers

ii. Switches

iii. Voltage Regulators

The fundamental property of a diode is its tendency to act as a conductor in only one direction (Rouse,

2015).

13
 Plate 2.12. Diode

Source: (Rouse, 2015)

Transistor

Transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical

power. It is composed of a semiconductor material usually with three terminals in order to connect to

an external circuit. A current or voltage applied to one pair of the transistors terminals controls the

current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than

the controlling (input) power. The transistor has an essential property called gain which is the ability

of a transistor to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger

signal at another pair of terminals that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively the transistor can be

used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of

current is determined by other circuit elements (Thomas, 2007).

Plate 2.13 Transistor

Source: (Thomas, 2007)

Infrared Receiver Module

Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by the remote control.

Here, TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver module. It is capable of receiving signals up to 38 KHz

(Lawal, 2019). The received signal is being sent to the arduino for further processing as show in the

14
Figure 2.14 below.

Plate 2.14. Infrared signal modulation

Source: (Lawal, 2019)

Plate 2.15 IR Receiver

Source: (Louis, 2019)

Voltage Regulator (LM7805)

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. IC 7805 is used here. It is a 5V regulator. It regulates the rectified 12V to 5V. This 5V is

supplied to the whole circuit. The L78XX Series of fixed voltage regulators are designed with thermal

overload protection that shuts down the circuit when subjected to an excessive power load condition

(Fink and Beatty, 1978). The figure 2.16 below shows the voltage regulator

Plate 2.16. Voltage Regulator

Source: (Holstein, 2020)

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1. Overview

This chapter is aimed at describing the various sub-systems and sub-circuits that make up the

complete system design. It includes the overall system specifications and the various sub-systems

specifications. It also provides the analysis of the components used in the design. This chapter

describes the methods employed in the implementation and the design of each of the sub-systems in

the audio/video switch. This is a simple type of remote controlled audio/video switch by using

Infrared (lR) light communication. In this project a 4-load AV switch has been designed for various

audio-visual devices such MP3/CD/DVD player including Blu-ray/HD DVD, video game consoles,

computer sound card etc. that can be automatically controlled by a remote. It gives lot of comfort to

the user since we can operate it by staying at one place.

We can select any of the devices by using this remote within the range of 400 foots. This

section consists of the circuit description of the audio/video switch with 4-loads. A key is pressed on

the remote it generates the corresponding pulse signals, and these signals are received by the receiver

unit.

3.2. Design Concept

The remote controlled AV switch system uses remote control to switch from one signal input

to another for example, signal from DVD to signal from Game to signal from StarTimes etc. The

remote control generate IR (infrared) signals in form of lights whenever a button is pressed on it. This

signal is series of events that causes the controlled device to carry out a command. The generated

signal will be picked up and decoded by IR receiver and convert the light signal pulses back into the

electrical signals. It then passes this signal to the microcontroller that was programmed thus, switches

the relays from one signal input to another.

16
 The whole system can be classified into two distinct subsystems namely the hardware

subsystem and the software subsystem. The hardware subsystem is made up of physical components

that are used in the design and implementation of the project while the software subsystem deals with

the computer programs that govern, control and co-ordinate the hardware subsystem.

These two subsystems were integrated together to form the device. Prior to the actual physical

set-up of all components, the system was simulated and tested to check the effects of possible flaws in

the system. The simulation was carried out using Proteus application package which is used for

executing a design model. After successful simulation, the system was built and tested to confirm that

the design was correct and the system is functioning as expected.

3.3. System Design

The system design goes into more details about how the whole project works. It describes how

the hardware and software subsystems work and their respective components.

The hardware part comprises of the physical parts of the design which can be seen. The major

hardware components contained in this project are:

i. Arduino

ii. Voltage Regulator (LM7805)

iii. IR receiver module

iv. Resistors

v. Capacitors

vi. Diode

vii. Relay (12Vdc, 100mA)

viii. Step down Transformer (AC 220/240 50 Hz to 12 V).

17
3.3.1. The Power Supply Unit

The microcontroller hardware components are powered from a +5 V dc, regulated power

supply. The power supply unit consists of the following components as shown in Figure 3.1 A 240/12

V ac Step-Down transformer, Full-wave bridge rectifier which comprises of four diodes, A 5V dc

regulator and a 25 V/ 2200 μ F electrolytic capacitor. From the ac mains supply, 240 V gets to the

transformer. The 240 V is stepped down to 12 V and the bridge rectifier rectifies the voltage source

that is, conversion of AC to DC. Rectification is necessary for the purpose of converting AC to DC in

order to supply power to the electronic devices. The rectifier converts alternating voltage into a

pulsating but non alternating waveform and the capacitor smoothens out the pulsations. There is a

regulator in the circuit for regulating and maintaining a stable dc output. The regulator used is the

LM7805 model which provides +5 V regulated dc for the microcontroller present in the circuit. And

the 12V is used to drive the relays in the circuit.

Design of the transformer

A center-tapped step-down transformer was used, the reason for using a center-tapped

transformer is because of its high efficiency in rectification and it has a lesser ripple factor than a

normal transformer. The voltage at the primary side is 240 V while the voltage at the secondary is 12

V. The number of turns at the primary and secondary were obtained from calculations,

The EMF equation of a transformer is

Φm =maximum flux in (Wb) (3.1)

T
T= Time period= 4 (3.2)

18
 Average rate of change of flux =
Φm ( T4 ) = 4×fΦm (3.3)

Where F= Frequency

1
T=
F (3.4)

Form factors = Rms value/average value =1.11

Rms value = 1. 11×( 4×fΦm ) = 4. 44fΦm (3.5)

Therefore, The number of turns at the primary and secondary is calculated henceforth. The RMS emf

induced in primary of a transformer is

Ep=4.44 fΦ mNp (3.6)

Where Ep is the RMS emf induced in the primary

Ep
Np=
f is the frequency, 4.44 fΦm (3.7)

Where Φm is the magnetic flux in the core of the transformer

Np is the number of turns in the primary

Φm= Magnetic flux density ( Bm ) ¿ Area of the core

Ep=240V , f =50 Hz (3.8)

19
 −4
Magnetic flux density is assumed to be 1 and Area of the core loss is taken to be 28×10 , The

number of turns is obtained from

Ep 240
Np= =Np=
4 . 44 fΦm 4 . 44×50×28×10−4
¿386 .1 turns
The number of turns at the secondary is obtained using the equation below,
Vp Np
=
Vs Ns (3.9)
240 v Np
=
12 v Ns
Np 20
= =
Ns 1
∴= 20:1
Vp Np
=
Vs Ns (3.10)

Vs×Np 12×386 .1
Ns= = =19. 31 turns
Vp 240
Therefore the number of turns in the primary is 386 .1 turns and the number of turns in the

secondary 19 .31 turns and that was what brought about the value for the turn ratio which is 20:1

,that is the number of turns In the primary is higher than the number of turns in the secondary.

Design of the Load Resistor and Filtering Capacitor in the Power Supply Unit

Using the ohms law, after using the multimeter to check for the current passing through the

power circuit which is 12mA

V =IR (3.11)

I=12 mA
V =12 v
V 12
R= =
I 0 .012
=1 K Ω
20
 The value of our electrolytic capacitor is 25 V/ 2200 μ F because during the rectification

process the circuit was connected to an oscilloscope so while increasing the value of the capacitor it

was noted that the wave form completely became a smooth straight line , therefore the value of the

capacitor that smoothened the wave form was about 2200 μ F and that was the reason a 2200 μ F

capacitor was used

Figure 3.1. Power Supply Unit

3.3.2. IR Receiver Unit

In this unit an arduino is used as a microcontroller to control the relay.The arduino, just like the

computer, however can only handle information written in the most simple coding system possible

(binary notation). The binary alphabet has only two components: 1 and 0. At any given time a single

bit in the microcontroller can represent either 1 or 0. The software programs needed for the proper

functioning of the system are programmed into the arduino microcontroller. The circuit is also

interfaced with the other hardware components for effective functioning of the whole system. The

21
maximum voltage allowed by the microcontroller is 5V, therefore a voltage regulator (LM7805)

transistor is used to realize a voltage of 5V.

There are twelve single pole double throw (SPDT) relays. Three are used for the signals from

each gadget (i.e. left audio L right audio R and video V) are connected to the output ports of the

arduino microcontroller. The relay requires 12 volts at a current of around 100 mA, which cannot be

provided by the microcontroller, each pin can provide a maximum of 40mA, this output signal is not

capable of driving a relay directly so we are using current driver, the transistor act as the current driver

which amplifies the current to around 100mA.The relay is used to operate the external solenoid

forming part of a locking device or for operating any other electrical devices. Normally the relay

remains off. As soon as the pin of the microcontroller goes high, the relay operates (switches). A diode

is placed in parallel to the relay’s inductance coil to prevent back EMF (Electromotive Force) from

damaging transistor when the relay is de-energized. The LEDs are also used in the circuit to indicate

the load currently being displayed on the TV. When one relay load circuit is closed it opens other relay

load circuits thus, only one audio-visual output is produced.

Design for the Resistor used in protecting the LED indicator for various loads

V = (Power Source) – (Voltage Drops) (3.12)

= 5 V −1 .8 V =3. 2 V

The 5V used above as the power source is the voltage supplied by the voltage regulator after it

has been regulated, 1.8v is used as the voltage drop at each diode because the value stated is the

minimum voltage required for each diode, therefore using ohms law the value for resistors used in

protecting the Light Emitting Diodes is determined which is calculated below and gave the value of

914 Ω each which is approximated to 1000 Ω . After testing for current using the multimeter the

current (I) from the Arduino is 35mA

22
 I=35 mA
V =5V −1.8V
=3.2V
V =IR
V 3.2
R= = =914Ω
I 0.0035

The 1k Ω resistor is used so that the current will not be drawn completely from the Arduino,

Therefore a lower value of the resistor will be less suitable and thus, a higher value is used.

For a TIP41B Transistor

I C =6 A

I B =2 A

The current from Arduino ( I ) =35 mA

Current gain ( β ) is obtained as:

β=
I C
=
6A
=3
I B
2A
(3.13)

Amplified current gain is obtained as:

I×β=35 mA×3=105 mA (3.14)

105 mA is used to drive the relay

β 3 3
α= = = =0 .75
1+β 1+3 4
(3.15)

23
 α=
I C

I E

∴ I =α × I
C E

I 6
¿ I =α = 0. 75 =8
C
E

(3.16)

I =I +I
E C B

(3.17)
=6+ 2=8

24
Figure 3.2. Circuit Diagram of the remote-controlled AV switch

25
3.4. Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation (BEME)

This section shows the detailed breakdown for the money spent during the construction of the

4-load Remote-Controlled AV switch.

Table 3.1 BEME for the construction of the 4-Load Remote-Controlled AV Switch

Ite Description Qty Material Total cost (#)

m rate
no
1 IR module 1 1000 1000

2 10K resistor 3 50 150

3 Relay 12 200 2400

4 Av socket 15 200 3000

5 Arduino 1 3000 3000

6 Connecting wire 1 200 200

7 220 ohms 5 50 250

8 25V/2200uF 1 200 200

9 LED 8 30 240

10 1N4001 diodes 20 50 1000

11 Regulator 7505 1 100 100

12 Transformer 1 900 900

13 Switch 1 150 150

14 Vero board 1 300 300

15 1k 5 50 250

16 Casing 1 2000 2000

17 Ac plug 1 200 200

18 16 inch TV 1 15000 15000

19 AV cable cords 2 750 1500

20 Miscellaneous 19000

Total 50840

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Overview

This chapter provides the results obtained from the tests performed on the system to inspect its

operational capability and provide discussion on the results from the test.

4.2. Testing and Validation

The testing of the circuit design was carried out while the project was implemented on the

printed circuit board. On completion of the construction, an appropriate test and assessment of the

component connections were carried out.

i. The components were checked for their values and proper orientation using multimeter and were

found to be correct

ii. The power supply was tested using multimeter to ensure that it gives the expected voltages of

+5V and +12V and it tested positive as shown in table 4.2. Before IC was inserted into the

socket, power was applied into the board and the voltages were measured at the IC power points

(voltage and ground pins).

iii. The testing of the relay voltages. The power was then removed from the board, and the IC were

inserted into the socket, checking the proper orientation. Power was again applied to the board

and the expected voltages were monitored.

iv. The code was uploaded on the device and plugged. The remote control was checked by pressing

the assigned buttons and the code each button generated was viewed on the serial monitor of

Arduino IDE and recorded. This is shown in table 4.3. When the assigned buttons were pressed

the status of green LEDs changed to show the switching of inputs signal. This is shown in table

4.1.

Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show the connection of TV, AV switch and Startime Decoder.

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Table 4.1: State of green LEDs when remote control was pressed

BUTTON Led1Status Led 2 Led 3 Led 4

Status Status Status

1 ON OFF OFF OFF
2 OFF ON OFF OFF
3 OFF OFF ON OFF
4 OFF OFF OFF ON
Power OFF OFF OFF OFF

Plate 4.1 Connection of the multiple input sources

Plate 4.2 The display of the selected input

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4.3 Measurement

The input voltage from the primary side of the transformer is 220V, the output voltage 1 is the

rectified voltage that has been stepped down is 12V and output voltage 2 is the regulated voltage of

5V as shown in table 4.2 below.

Table 4.2: Power supply unit Voltages

Input voltage(V) Output Voltage 1(V) Output

Voltage 2(V)
220 12 5

The load switching is performed by pressing the button on the remote assigned to the load as

shown in Table 4.3. The button code for each button using the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development

Environment) application.

Table 4.3: Load switching

BUTTON Button Code Function

1 50167935 StarTimes
2 50151615 DVD
3 50184255 GAME
4 50143455 DSTV
Power 50153655 OFF

29
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

In this work, the design and construction of a remote control for AV switch application has

been achieved. A transmitter system (the handheld remote), which comprises of encoder, multiplexer,

push buttons, etc. has been developed which when operated, sends a signal to the receiver system.

This receiver system receives and processes the signal from the transmitter, then turn switch signal

inputs. The receiver system, upon receiving signal from the transmitter switches between input loads.

Incorporating a coding system, allows switching of signal only when certain conditions are met,

thereby providing security for appliances and the aim achieved. The experimental results showed that

the AV switch selects the gadget whose output was to be displayed on the TV correctly when the right

button was pressed on the remote.

5.2 Recommendation

Though the main objective of this project was achieved, the following can be done to improve

on this project.

i. Digital display may be included to so as to show the connected input signal.

ii. A solid state relay may be used to increase the switching speed.

30
 REFERENCE

Calvert, James (2001). "Inside Transformers". University of Denver. Archived from the original on
May 9, 2007. Retrieved May 19, 2007.

Donald Fink, Wayne Beatty(1978) Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers Eleventh edition,
pp 7-30.

Duff, Wilmer (2016) . A Text-Book of Physics (4th ed.). Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p.
361. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

Harder, Douglas Wilhelm (2014). "Resistors: A Motor with a Constant Force (Force Source)".

Holstein (2020) Cable-Organizer “Types of audio and video cables” pp 23-50.

Margaret Rouse (2015) Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of

Waterloo. Retrieved 9 November 2015.

The (Pre-) History of the Integrated Circuit: A Random Walk, Lee, Thomas H. IEEE Solid-State
Circuits Society Newsletter (3, April 2007) pp 12-13.

Mbunwe Muncho Josephine (2017). Advances in science, Technology and Engineering Systems
Journal Vol 2. pp 154-164.

Nirali Prakashan (2019). Audio-Video Engineering. ISBN 978-81-906396-7-5. Retrieved 14

December 2019.

Tech Etymology: TV Clicker, Rebecca Greenfield. Greenfield Magazines April 8, 2011. Pp 20.

Sophia Windsor (2018) “3 main types of remote control and their applications”.

Shirriff, Ken (2016). "The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors". IEEE Spectrum.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Turner, L. W. (2013). Electronics Engineer's Reference Book, 4th Ed. Butterworth-Heinemann.

pp. 8.14–8.22.

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 APPENDIX

The Arduino Program

#include <IRremote.h> //including infrared remote header file

#define code1 50167935 // code received from button 1

#define code2 50151615 // code received from button 2

#define code3 50184255 // code received from button 3

#define code4 50143455 // code received from button 4

#define code5 50153655 // code received from “power button” 0

int RECV_PIN = 11; // the pin where you connect the output pin of IR sensor

IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);

decode_results results;

// unsigned int value;

// digitalWrite(ledPin, digitalRead(ledPin)^1);

void setup()

Serial.begin(9600);

// Start the LCD

irrecv.enableIRIn(); // Start the IR receiver

pinMode(5, OUTPUT);

pinMode(6, OUTPUT);

pinMode(7, OUTPUT);

pinMode(8, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

32
 digitalWrite(7,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

void loop()

if (irrecv.decode(&results)) {

unsigned int value = results.value;

switch(value) {

case code1:

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

digitalWrite(7,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

delay(50);

digitalWrite(5,HIGH);

break;

case code2:

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

digitalWrite(7,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

delay(50);

digitalWrite(6,HIGH);

break;

case code3:

33
 digitalWrite(5,LOW);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

digitalWrite(7,LOW);

delay(50);

digitalWrite(7,HIGH);

break;

case code4:

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

digitalWrite(7,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

delay(50);

digitalWrite(8,HIGH);

break;

case code5:

digitalWrite(5,LOW);

digitalWrite(6,LOW);

digitalWrite(7,LOW);

digitalWrite(8,LOW);

break;

irrecv.resume(); // Receive the next value

Serial.println(value);

delay(100);
}

34