UNIT-4

Digital Satellite Television:

It consists of the different components like:
• LNB
• Tuner
• Receiver and FEC
• MPEG Decoder
• Video DRAM
• EPROM
• Microprocessor

Digital Satellite Television Block Diagram

LNB: Low noise block down converter.
LNB is the receiving device mounted on satellite dishes used for satellite TV
reception.
which collects the radio waves from the dish and convert them to a signal.
Tuner: It is an electronic device it is used for varying the frequency to which a
radio or television is tuned.
Receiver and FEC:
Receiver receives the transmitted signal from satellite.
FEC (forward error correction) it is a method for obtaining error control in data
transmission.
In which the source (transmitter) tend redundant data and the destination
(receiver) recognizes only the portion. of the data.

MPEG Decoder:
Motion picture Experts Group. MPEG uses loss compression, the decoded images
are not 100% identical to the original.
MPEG is a standard file format for compressing video images to that they can be
stored or sent by email move easily.
In most cases however the differences are not easily detectable.
Software or hardware that decompresses and render MPEG encoded data.

Video DRAM:
Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a type of semiconductor memory.
It typically used for the data (or) program code needed by a computer processor
to function.

EPROM:
Erasable program read only memory this memory. that does not lose its data when
the power supply is cut-off

Місroprocessor:
Microprocessor are a mass storage device and they are also an advanced form of
computer.
Direct-To-Home (DTH):
DTH can be defined as:
The reception of satellite programmers with a personal dish at individual home.
DTH does not require the local cable operator and put the broadcaster directly in
touch with the consumer.

HISTORY:
The first person who invented the technology for DTH was sir ARTHURE
CLARLES CLARKE, a british inventor in late 1946.
The DTH service was first proposed in INDIA in 1996, but was not approved due
to concern over national security.
Finally, 2000 DTH service was allowed and Doordarshan was first to start

MAIN PARAMETER OF DTH

DTH network consist of
• Broadcasting center.
• Satellite encodes.
• Modulator.
• DTH receiver.
• Multiplexer.

DTH NETWORK
UPLINK ANTENNA
Uplink satellite dishes are large in size which provides accurate aiming and
increase signal strength
They are pointed toward specific satellite and the frequency used is specific so
that satellite transponder can receive the signal.
The EIRP (Effective iso tropically radiated power) for the uplink antenna is

EIRP = pt -Lc +Ga

Where,
Pt =Power of transmitter (dbm)
Lc= Line loss (db)
Ga = Gain of antenna(dbi)

SATELLITE
A typical satellite can have 32 transponder for Ku band (10 Ghz to 18 Ghz) and
24 transponder for C band(4 Ghz to 8 Ghz).
A typical transponder can have bandwidth between 27 Mhz to 50 Mhz.
The satellite retransmits the signal back to earth in Ku band and C band
frequency.

Fig: SIGNAL RECEIVED BY MINIDISH

 Fig: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DTH SYSTEM

TUNNER
It select particular channel range from 48 Mhz to 840 Mhz
DEMODULATOR
Selected channel demodulated and fed to decoder
DECODER
It is a D to A converter which provide audio and video signal as output.
MICROCONTROLLER
It control all the process performed by each block.
COAXIAL CABLE: The coaxial cable connect LNBF to set top box.
 A transmission cable consist of outer metal condutor enclosing and insulated
from a central conduting core.
To provide the service to the consumers from 1st of April,2000.
After this other DTH service provider like ZEE and STAR starded pushing hard
for DTH service in INDIA and setup earth station whose cost was 2.15 million
and was valid for 10 years in INDIA.

Video On Demand:
Video On Demand (VOD) is such type of system in which the user can select a
program of his choice and watch and listen to video and audio.

VOD can work by two different network:

• Wide geographic region
• Satellite based network

Working of Video on Demand:

➢ VOD provides all common features of DVD player.

➢ VOD has standard TV receiver and setup box.
➢ VOD offers subscriber to view video or program later.
➢ Video server has video database, from where subscriber can request for their
demand.
➢ Setup box is used to process the video and provides basic functions as it is
their with DVD player.
➢ Customer can call using telephone network or they can request online by
internet for their demand. Multimedia Compression and Networks
 History of Video on Demand
First VOD service were launched in Hong Kong in 1990.
In 2000, US has used it through cabling.
In past, VOD suffered from lack of bandwidth.
Now a days, VOD works very well as large bandwidth is available.

Applications of Video on Demand

• It is used in Educational Institute.

• It can be used in video conference.
• Provides film on demand.
• Games and Music on demand.
• Local news and weather forecasting.

CCTV:
CCTV: Closed Circuit Television.
It is also called as “Video Surveillance System”
CCTV is mostly used for closed circuit monitoring using TV/Monitor.
First CCTV introduced by Sumens in Germany in 1942.
That system has tapes for recording evolved with magnetic.
But to this system requires magnetic tapes changed manually which was time
consuming.
So now a days it consists memory hard device to store video automatically .

Components of CCTV :-
• Camera
• Monitor
• Memory drive
• Switcher
 Fig: Block diagram of CCTV linked a single monitor.

Fig: Block diagram of CCTV linked to multiple monitor.

Fig: Practical Block diagram.

 Working of CCTV:-
Cameras are connected with monitor for observation.
We can switch one camera to other camera by switcher.
Memory is used for store the video information.
Duration of storage of video information can be calculated by two factors.
• Camera Resolution
• size of memory.

Application / Uses :-
➢ ATMS, Hospitals, Schools
➢ Factories, Toll Plaza, Malls.
➢ Railway Station
➢ Airports
➢ Sensitive Public Places
➢ Traffic Monitoring
➢ Industrial Purpose etc.

HD TV:
HDTV is an abbreviation used for High Definition Television. It is a digital
broadcasting standard where the audio and video quality are better in comparison
to that of Standard Television.
Basically, HDTV is designed in a way that the images displayed by it appear
clearer and colourful than the ancient ones.
HDTV (high-definition television) is a television display technology that
provides picture quality similar to 35 mm movies with sound quality similar to
that of a compact disc.
Television stations and cable TV operators regularly transmit HDTV broadcasts
to users with HDTV sets today.
HDTV transmits using digital signals rather than analog signals. HDTV provides
a higher-quality display with a vertical resolution display from 720p to 1080i.
The p stands for progressive scanning, which means that each scan includes every
line for a complete picture, and the i stands for interlaced scanning, which means
that each scan includes alternate lines for half a picture.
This translates into a frame rate of up to 60 frames per second, twice that of
conventional television.
A prominent feature of HDTV is its wider aspect ratio -- the width to height
ratio of the screen is 16:9

Fig: Block Diagram of HD TV.

Advantages of HDTV:

o HDTV provides a higher screen resolution and sharper image definition.

o Flickering will be reduced.
o Slow motion action.
o Audio quality is also better.
o Because the signal is transmitted digitally, less bandwidth is required for
the signal compared to older analog TV technologies.
LCD AND LED:

LCD stands for liquid crystal display. Liquid crystal is a kind of material that is
neither liquid nor a solid, it comes in between these two states of matter. It has
properties similar to that of the crystallised solid. The arrangement of molecules
is in a fixed pattern however they are not fixed in shape or form.
LED stands for light-emitting diode and it is a semiconductor light source that
emits light when current flows through it. It is a type of flat-panel display that
uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for displaying images. It comprises
two sheets of polarising material with a liquid crystal solution between them.

Full-Form of LCD and LED

LCD stands for liquid crystal display.
LED stands for light-emitting diode.

LCD:
This technology is used in laptops, digital clocks, watches, digital cameras etc.
There are three types of LCD TVs
1. Flat-screen LCDs
2. Front projection LCDs
3. Rear projection LCDs

LED:
They are usually found in smartphones, televisions, computer monitors and
instrument panels and use a liquid crystal display panel to control where the light is
displayed on your screen.
There are 3 types of LEDs based on backlighting methods:
1. Edge-LEDs
2. Dynamic RGB LEDs
3. Full-array LEDs

LCD and LED are popular technologies used to display texts and images. Both LCD
and LED are extensively used in display screens in various electronic devices such
TVs, computers, laptops, smartphones, etc. There are many differences between
displays, where one of the major difference is that LCD uses the liquid crystal and
cold cathode fluorescent lamp for the formation of image on the screen, whereas the
LED uses a PN junction diode which emits light when the current passes through it
that is used as backlight in the display.

Fig: Block diagram of LED TV

 Fig: Block diagram of LCD TV

Differences between LCD and LED:

S.NO LED LCD

LED has a better response time LCD is slower than LED in terms of
1.
than LCD. response time.

LED consumes more power in Whereas it consumes less power in

2.
comparison to LCD. comparison to LED.

LED delivers good picture

LCD also delivers good picture quality
3. quality in comparison to the LCD
but less than LED.
display.

4. LED is costlier than LCD. While it is less costly than LED.

LED has a better black level and While it has not good black level and
5.
contrast in comparison to LCD. contrast as LED.

LED delivers better color While it also delivers good color

6. accuracy in comparison to the accuracy, we can notice the difference if
LCD. we compare these two.
S.NO LED LCD

While in LCD, the wide-angle decreases

LED has a wider viewing angle
7. with 30 degrees from the center in the
than the LCD.
image then the contrast ratio.

LED TVs can be up to 90 inches

LCD Screen size comes in the range of
8. and they are much similar to
13-57 inches.
LCD TVs.

LEDs use no mercury and are

LCDs require mercury for their products
9. therefore environmentally
causing harm to the environment.
friendly.

LED uses gallium arsenide LCD uses liquid crystals and glass
10.
phosphide. electrodes.