PRESENTATION REPORT

OF TRAINING AT DOORDARSHAN

BRIEF HISTORY OF DOORDARSHAN

In 1959, Philips (India) made an offer to the Government of a transmitter at a reduced cost. The Government decided employing it on an experimental basis to train personnel, and partly to discover what TV could achieve in community development and formal education. With the help of UNESCO grant of $20,000 for the purchase of community receivers and a United States offer of some equipment lead to the formation of Delhi Television Centre on September 15,1959.It went on air for half an hour, three days a week. It was inaugurated by Sh. Rajendra Prasad, President of India from Vigyan Bhawan. And today, Doordarshan operates 30 channels in 22 languages and is one of the largest Terrestrial Network in the World.

BRIEF OVERVIEW

TECHNICAL SECTION STUDIO LIGHTING

KEY LIGHT: Also called as main light, it is usually placed to one side of the subject's face usually 45 degrees off centre inclined to camera axis at an elevation of about 40 degrees. The key light is the brightest light in the lighting plan. It is the main light used to highlight any object. FILL LIGHT: Placed opposite the key light, the fill light fills in or softens the shadows on the opposite side of the face. The brightness of the fill light is usually between 1/3 and 1/4 that of the key light. BACK LIGHT: The rim light should be just bright enough to provide separation from the background, but not as bright as the key light. It is used to separate the artist from the background and so to produce 3D visualization by bringing the lighting on the head and shoulders of the person. It is hard source located at 180 degree of camera axis.

TECHNICAL TERMS RELATED LIGHTING

QUANTITY: It means the amount of light or amount of radiated energy by the source of light. QUALITY: It means the type of light source used. CONTRAST RATIO: It is the difference between highly lighted and darkest part of the scene. COLOUR TEMPERATURE: Different lights and color have their own temperature known as color temperature. Different sources have their own color temperature. Sun light 5600 Kelvin Studio lamp 3200 Kelvin Domestic lamp 2780 Kelvin Fire 1930 Kelvin

EARTH STATION

Transmission of signal through satellite is done from an earth station. This part of doordarshan helps in broadcasting its channels all over the India. For this purpose satellite INSAT-4B(93.5 degree east) is used.

OUTDOOR BROADCASTING
Outdoor vans consist of all the components which are there in studios for recording and telecasting. It is typically called as mobile studio or studio on wheels. It is mainly divided into three parts: Power supply- This is a part of OB van that provides power supply to all the components working inside the van. It includes processing of audio and Video signals and maintenance of required temperature regardless of weather conditions for the proper working of equipments. Production control room- We have 10 inputs i.e. we can connect cameras and microphones for video input and audio signal. Audio console and VTR- It controls the audio level of the signal, amplify it and improve the quality. While covering live programs and matches, these are recorded in VTR section.

DIGITAL SATELLITE NEWS GATHERING (D.S.N.G.)

Audio and video input is processed respectively by the audio/video encoders of the dish. The audio and video inputs are differently multiplexed together. The modulated signal is then up converted end amplified through power amplifiers. The amplified signal is then coupled with the dish.

Final signal from OB van is transferred to D.S.N.G. van via cable for up linking.

Multiplexed data is the corrected by codec.

EARTH STATION
Video

Pro

A/V Data Combiner

I/P freq. 70 MHz

Modulator

Up Converter

6 GHz

Amplifier

Audio
Pro

+
Audio

Pro

osc
5930 MHz

Data Pro

TRANSMITTER

ENCODER

6 GHz

70 MHz

LNA

Down Converter

De Modulator

A/V Data Splitter

Video

Pro

Audio
Pro

A1

Audio

A2

Pro

RECEIVER

Data Pro

DECODER

satellite

up linking dish
DSNG van OB van

down linking dish LNBC

Editing and Logo generator

satellite users

Ingest

Earth station

Up linking dish

IRD

switcher
VCR

camera 1 P 1 Mike 1 P 2 Mike 2

CCU

VTR

Audio mixer

SDI

camera 2 camera 3

CCU CCU

Video mixer Character generator

A/V combiner

MSR-MASTER SWITCH ROOM

MSR is the master switching room used for transmission media. It is the engineering co-ordination centre for a T.V. station. This room is the centre of activity for selecting & routing the signal from various sources to transmitter and earth station. Master switch room is last step for approval of quality of the signal. It is also known as master control room (MCR). It is the main junction for the signals. Each and every signal which is ready for up-linking is firstly send to MSR, where it is tested for the quality, video and audio level. Fig: 64 * 64 switcher

System unit : The system unit contains a passive power divider and power supply for the LNBC. The power divider divides the IF into two equal parts to be applied to the two receivers. The power supply is fed through same cable to the LNBC.

Integrated Receiver with Decoder: An integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) is an electronic device used to pick-up a radio-frequency signal and convert digital information transmitted in it.

PROJECT NAME:
LAN NETWORKING OF IRDs USING FEEDROOM AND OTHER SETUP

Schematic diagram for the down linked signal

PARABOLIC DISH ANTENNA

Antenna is usually a metallic device (as a rod or a wire) used for radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves. The radio frequency power developed at the final stage of a transmitter is delivered through cables/feeders, without themselves consuming any power to the transmitting antenna. This travels in the free space in the form of radio waves (electromagnetic waves).

USE OF DISTRIBUTION AMPLIFIER

A distribution amplifier is used to limit the freq. reception range of the whole system. The DA only passes frequency between 8502000 MHz while the IRDs are capable of tuning to frequencies between 950-2150 MHz. In electronics, a distribution amplifier is a device that accepts a single input signal and provides this same signal to multiple isolated outputs. These devices are important because they allow a signal to be distributed to multiple destinations without ground loops or signal degradation.

LNB THEORY OF OPERATION

A signal from a satellite is a very low power signal. The satellite reception dish does a first amplification by reflecting and concentrating the signal received into one focus point. The LNB mounted at this point further amplifies the signal because it is still weak. However this signal cannot be sent directly to through a coax cable because of a high frequency(10-13 GHz) which leads to very high signal loss. The signal sent from LNB to IRD device has to be in IRD input frequency range.

LNB OSCILLATOR SETUP

PARAMETER Wide Band BAND 9750-10750

Universal
05150 05950 9950 10750 10950 11250 11300

9750-10600
C Band C Band Ku Band Ku Band Ku Band Ku Band Ku Band

Example: Satellite Freq. : 11929 MHz LNB Freq. : 10750 MHz Signal Freq. to IRD : 11929 10750= 1179 MHz

RECEIVER OPTION
Frequency range: 950-2150 MHz Symbol rate range: 1-45 M Symbols/s. L-Band (1 to 2 GHz (IEEE) )RF input with LNB control DVB-Satellite applications: QPSK , 8PSK Interfaces

L BAND

The IEEE L band is a portion of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum ranging roughly from 1 to 2 GHz. It is used by some communications satellites for digital audio broadcasting (DAB). The L band refers to the frequency range of 950 MHz to 1450 MHz. Satellite modems and television receivers work in this range, and the signal is translated to and from the band the satellite uses by solid-state Low-noise block converter.

CALCULATING L-Band FREQ.

L Band freq. = FS FLO , where FS= transponder transmitting frequency FLO= LNB local oscillator freq.

CALCULATION OF SYMBOL RATE

Symbol rate= BR/(FEC X 2) M Symbol/sec where, BR= Bit Rate FEC= Viterbi rate x Reed Solomon rate(= 188/204)

VITERBI ERROR RATE

It is a measurement of error in the transmission of digital Information after the original signal has been corrected for errors and aberrations, usually noise and/or distortion. The value of the VBER is directly linked to the quality of The Channel Bit Error Rate (CBER), a measurement of the strength & Quality of the original signal. The CBER is determined by dividing the number of correctly received digits, or bits, by the total number of bits received.

FEC-FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

Forward error correction (FEC) (also called channel coding) is a system of error control for data transmission, whereby the sender adds systematically generated redundant data to its messages, also known as an error-correcting code (ECC)-Hamming Coding(7,4) FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier. For the latter, FEC is an integral part of the initial analog-to-digital conversion in the receiver. The Viterbi decoder implements a softdecision algorithm to demodulate digital data from an analog signal corrupted by noise.

FEEDROOM
Feedroom is an area where the signals are down linked , received and decoded through an electronic device known Integrated Receiver with Decoder. The main purpose of feedroom is to receive the signals and forward them to a switcher that sends them for Ingest, Video Tape Recording or for Monitoring purposes.

INTEGRATED RECEIVER WITH DECODER

An integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) is an electronic device used to pick-up a radio-frequency signal and convert digital information transmitted in it. There are basically two types of IRDS namely: Consumer IRDS Professional IRDS

Consumer IRDs
Consumer IRDs commonly called a set-top box are used by end users and are much cheaper compared to professional IRDs.

Set Top Box from Nokia

Professional IRDs

Commonly found in radio, television, cable and satellite broadcasting facilities, the IRD is generally used for the reception of contribution feeds that are intended for re-broadcasting. The IRD is the interface between a receiving satellite dish and a broadcasting facility video/audio infrastructure.

Ericcson RX1290 Professional IRD

TWO IMPORTANT TERMS

SDI-Serial Digital Interface, it is a family of video interfaces standardized by SMPTE. It is used for transmission of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video signals (optionally including embedded Audio) within television facilities; they can also be used for packetized data.

75 ohms BNCconnector used for SDI.

The SD datastream is arranged like this: Cb Y Cr Y' Cb Y Cr Y' In the above, Y refers to luminance samples, and C to chrominance samples. Cr and Cb further refer to the red and blue "color difference" channels.

Asynchronous Serial Interface inputs/outputs -An ASI signal can carry one or multiple SD, HD or audio programs that are already compressed, not like an uncompressed SD-SDI (270 Mbit/s) or HDSDI (1.45 Gbit/s). ASI signal is the final product of video compression, either MPEG2 or MPEG4, ready for transmission to a transmitter or microwave system or other device. It extends the functionality from strictly a video/audio-bounded device to a transport stream-based system that can store data in either a single program stream or a set of multiple program streams.

MPEG-2 TRANSPORT STREAM

It designed to carry digital video and audio over possibly lossy media such as broadcasting or magnetic tape, examples of which includes DVB. Transport stream specifies a container format encapsulating packetized elementary streams, with error correction and stream synchronization features for maintaining transmission integrity when the signal is degraded.

The IRDs can be used for following Signals:-

SCPC

MCPC

It refers to use of a single signal at a given frequency and bandwidth. In an SCPC system, satellite bandwidth is dedicated to a single source. Where multiple access is concerned, SCPC is essentially FDMA.

With multiple channels per carrier (MCPC), several sub carriers are combined into a single bit stream before being modulated onto a carrier transmitted from a single location to one or more remote sites. This uses time-division multiplexing (TDM).

QUADRATURE PHASESHIFT KEYING-QPSK

QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram with gray coding to minimize the bit error rate (BER). QPSK can be used either to double the data rate compared with a BPSK system while maintaining the same bandwidth of the signal, or to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halving the bandwidth needed. QPSK transmits twice the data rate in a given bandwidth compared to BPSK - at the same BER.

FIG: Constellation diagram for QPSK with Gray coding.

8-PSK
Any number of phases may be used to construct a PSK constellation but 8-PSK is usually the highest order PSK constellation deployed. With more than 8 phases, the error-rate becomes too high and there are better, though more complex, modulations available such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

LAN NETWORKING OF IRDS

IRDs are connected by star topology. They are centrally controlled by a router and all the IRDs are given an IP address. The router is controlled by a server. All the IRDs are connected by Ethernet from the router. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a collision.

STRAIGHT CABLES
Straight-through cable is a type of twisted pair copper wire cable for local area network (LAN) use for which the RJ-45 connectors at each end have the same pin out (i.e., arrangement of conductors). It is identical to crossover cable, except that in the latter the wires on the cable are crossed over so that the receive signal pins on the connector on one end are connected to the transmit signal pins on the connector on the other end.

THANK YOU