Structural Steel Design: Design of Tension Members 2: Universal College of Parañaque

UNIVERSAL COLLEGE OF PARAÑAQUE
Structural Steel Design:

Design of Tension
Members 2
ENGR. JOEVANNIE EMMANUEL C. LUMAGAS
Civil/Structural
Instructor
Civil Engineering Department Universal College – LMS Online Portal AY 2020-2021 / 2nd Semester
WELCOME, UCPIANS!
WELCOME TO YOUR ONLINE EDUCATION!
WELCOME, FUTURE ENGINEERS!
3.4 STAGGERED FASTENERS
If a tension member connection is made with bolts, the net area will be maximized
if the fasteners are placed in a single line. Sometimes space limitations, such as a limit
on dimension a in Figure 3.14a, necessitate using more than one line. If so, the
reduction in cross-sectional area is minimized if the fasteners are arranged in a
staggered pattern, as shown.
Several approximate methods have been proposed to account for the
effects of staggered holes. Cochrane (1922) proposed that when deducting the
area corresponding to a staggered hole, use a reduced diameter, given by
𝑠2
𝑑′ =𝑑− (3.2)
4𝑔
where d is the hole diameter, s is the stagger, or pitch, of the bolts (spacing in the
direction of the load), and g is the gage (transverse spacing).
If the net area is treated as the product of a thickness times a net width, and the
diameter from Equation 3.2 is used for all holes (since d′ = d when the stagger s = 0), the
net width in a failure line consisting of both staggered and unstaggered holes is
𝑤𝑛 = 𝑤𝑔 − Σ𝑑′
𝑠2
= 𝑤𝑔 − Σ 𝑑 − 4𝑔
𝑠2
= 𝑤𝑔 − Σd + Σ 4𝑔
where wn is the net width and wg is the gross width. The second term is the sum of all
hole diameters, and the third term is the sum of s2/4g for all inclined lines in the failure
pattern.
When more than one failure pattern is conceivable, all possibilities should be
investigated, and the one corresponding to the smallest load capacity should be used.
Note that this method will not accommodate failure patterns with lines parallel to the
applied load.
Example 3.6
Compute the smallest net area for the plate
shown in Figure 3.15. The holes are for 1-inch-
diameter bolts.
3.5 BLOCK SHEAR
For certain connection configurations, a segment or “block” of material at the
end of the member can tear out. For example, the connection of the single-angle
tension member shown in Figure 3.21 is susceptible to this phenomenon, called
block shear. For the case illustrated, the shaded block would tend to fail by shear
along the longitudinal section ab and by tension on the transverse section bc.
For certain arrangements of bolts, block shear can also occur in gusset plates.
Figure 3.22 shows a plate tension member connected to a gusset plate. In this
connection, block shear could occur in both the gusset plate and the tension
member.
The shear rupture stress is taken as 60% of the tensile ultimate stress, so the
nominal strength in shear is 0.6FuAnv and the nominal strength in tension is FuAnt,
where
Anv = net area along the shear surface or surfaces
Ant = net area along the tension surface
This gives a nominal strength of
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + FuAnt (3.3)
The AISC Specification uses Equation 3.3 for angles and gusset plates, but for
certain types of coped beam connections (to be covered in Chapter 5), the second
term is reduced to account for nonuniform tensile stress. The tensile stress is
nonuniform when some rotation of the block is required for failure to occur. For
these cases,
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + 0.5FuAnt (3.4)
The AISC Specification limits the 0.6FuAnv term to 0.6FyAgv, where
0.6Fy = shear yield stress
Agv = gross area along the shear surface or surfaces
and gives one equation to cover all cases as follows:
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt (AISC Equation J4-5)
where Ubs = 1.0 when the tension stress is uniform (angles, gusset plates, and most
coped beams) and Ubs = 0.5 when the tension stress is nonuniform. A nonuniform case is
illustrated in the Commentary to the Specification.
For LRFD, the resistance factor ∅ is 0.75, and for ASD, the safety factor Ω is 2.00.
Recall that these are the factors used for the fracture—or rupture—limit state, and block
shear is a rupture limit state
Example 3-10
Compute the block shear strength of the tension member shown in Figure 3.23. The
holes are for 7/8-inch-diameter bolts, and A36 steel is used.
a. use LFRD.
b. use ASD.
Rn = 0.6FuAnv + UbsFuAnt ≤ 0.6FyAgv + UbsFuAnt
Problem. A 12.5 mm x 160 mm plate is connected to a gusset plate
having a thickness of 9.5 mm.
Diameter of bolt = 20 mm
Bolt of the tension and the gusset plate is
A36 steel
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Shear stress of bolt, Fnv = 330 MPa
Use LRFD and ASD design.
a. Determine the shear strength of the
connections (bolts, use phi factor = 0.75).
(kN)
b. Determine the tensile strength of the
tension member considering the yielding
and rupture. (kN)
c. Determine the block shear strength of
the connections. (kN)
Problem. A 12.5 mm x 160 mm plate is connected to a gusset plate
having a thickness of 9.5 mm.
Diameter of bolt = 20 mm
Bolt of the tension and the gusset plate is
A36 steel
Fy = 248 MPa
Fu = 400 MPa
Shear stress of bolt, Fnv = 330 MPa
Use LRFD and ASD design.
a. Determine the shear strength of the
connections (bolts, use phi factor = 0.75).
(kN)
b. Determine the tensile strength of the
tension member considering the yielding
and rupture. (kN)
c. Determine the block shear strength of
the connections. (kN)

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