Biochemistry - Nucleic Acid Lesson Plan

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The key takeaways are that nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are made up of nucleotides and carry genetic information in cells. DNA differs from RNA in its sugar (deoxyribose vs ribose) and lack of hydroxyl group.

Nucleic acids are macromolecules composed of nucleotides that contain nitrogenous bases, a phosphate group and a sugar. The three main components of nucleotides are a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and a sugar (either deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA).

DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine bases, while RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil bases instead of thymine. DNA usually exists as a double helix and is found in the nucleus, while RNA is usually single-stranded and can be found in the nucleus or cytoplasm.

Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE


Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology


College of Education
Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Detailed Lesson Plan in Biochemistry


I. Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners should be able to:
a. Define the meaning of nucleic acid;
b. Differentiate DNA from RNA based on structure, function, and composition;
c. Illustrate the components of nucleotides;
d. Perceive the importance of nucleic acids in cellular organization.
II. Subject Matter
Topic: Nucleic Acid
Sub-Topic: DNA, RNA, and Nucleotides

References: Bettelheim, Frederick, and March, Jerry. Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry. 3rd
edition. Saunders College Publishing. New York.1998
Denniston, Katherine, Topping, Joseph and Caret, Robert. General Organic and
Biochemistry. 5th Edition. McGraw Hill, Boston. 2007
Bettelhem, Brown, Campbell, Farrel, and Torres. General, Organic, and Biochemistry.
th
10 Edition. Cengage Learning 2013.
III. Teaching Procedure
Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity
A. Routinely Activity

1. Prayer

For the student that is assigned *Miss Kimberly leads the prayer
yesterday for the prayer, Miss Miss
Kimberly, please lead.

2. Greetings

Good morning class. How’s your


weekend?

3. Assigning of attendance checking Sir, it’s Okay po


May I ask our classroom secretary to
check the attendance for today’s
lesson? Miss Alvarez, kindly check the
attendance and send it to me later
on. I will also constantly be
monitoring those who are present
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during the discussion. Yes Sir

4. Classroom conditioning

Before we start our discussion, let’s


review our online classroom rules
first. By the way, let me introduce to

you my AI companion – Mr. BC-Borg.


He will help us throughout our lesson
for today.
Noted Sir
Firstly, open your camera at all times,
so that I can see your faces for time
to time. Let’s be proud sa mga gwapo
at magagandang mukha natin.
Secondly, you are required to mute
your microphones during the
presentation. You may still open your
microphones if you have a question
or you are answering one. Okay, now
let’s have some review of your
previous lesson.

B. Review

What is the basic function of enzymes *Student 3


again? Yes, student 3.
Sir enzymes are responsible for many chemical
reactions in the body. They help metabolize
various molecules

Yes, that is right. Enzymes serve as a


catalyst in metabolism that occurs in the
body.
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How about some classifications? Do you
recall how many enzyme classifications
there are? Yes student 16
*Various students

Sir, there are six po namely:

Oxidoreductases, Transferases, Hydrolases,


Lyases, Isomerases, Ligases.
Excellent. Now that we are all through
with the previous lesson. Let’s have some
simple games.
C. Motivational Activity (Title: Guess the
Word)

In this game, the mechanics are very


simple: you will just need to combine the
clue pictures to produce a certain word. Yes Sir!!!
Of course, there is a time limit. You have
ten seconds to guess. Are you ready?

Okay, Let’s take a look the picture


number 1. What is your guess? Yes,
student 10?

*Student 10 answers

Sir that is Ahh-D-Nine. ADENINE


Very, good. How about the second one.
Anyone?

*Student 26 raises hand


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Yes student 26

Excellent Student 26. The third one

*Student 08 raises hand

Yes, student 08!!!

*Student 26

Sir, I am guessing… that is Trans-Creep-Shawn.


TRANSCRIPTION

Nice one Student 08. This fourth one may


be a bit tricky for you. Can you guess it?

*Student 28 volunteers

Yes, student 28.

*Student 08

Sir my guess is, Night-row-Jen-Base. Nitrogen


Base
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Correct. That is a nucleotide. How about


the last one?

*Student 09 raises hand

Okay let’s hear student 09’s answer

Impressive class. By now, I know that you


know what will be the topic for today.
Could you tell me what is our topic now?
*Student 28

Sir that’s Nuke-Leo-Tide. Nucleotide.

Yes, our topic for today is a nucleic acid.


All of the words I have included in the
game are all related to Nucleic Acid. We
may now proceed to the lesson, firstly by
defining the Learning Objectives for
today’s class.
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*Student 09

Sir that is Nuke-Lick-Ahhhh-Seed. Nucleic Acid Sir.

*students

Sir, Nucleic acid po.


D. Discussion

“At the end of the lesson, you, as a


student is expected to:

1. Define the meaning of nucleic acid;

2. Differentiate DNA from RNA based on


structure, function, composition, and
location;

3. Illustrate the components of


nucleotides;

4. Perceive the importance of nucleic


acids in cellular organization.

Now, let’s proceed to our Lesson


proper.”
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*HISTORY OF NUCLEIC ACID*

The first question is why. What would


you think of why these tiny
macromolecules got their name? Where
do you think they are found? They were
originally discovered in which part of the
cell? Do you have any idea? Who has an
idea?

*Yes student 10

Yes, that is right. It was discovered in the


nuclei or nucleus of the cell. Hence, the
name Nucleic Acid. Although RNA can be
found mostly in cytoplasm of the cell, it
was synthesized first in the nucleus.

*Student 10

Sir, I think in the nucleus of the cell.

And to whom do we credit the


discoveries of nucleic acid? Let’s take a
look on the key moments in the history of
nucleic acid.

Nucleic Acid were discovered in 1868 by


a Swiss physician, named Friedrich
Miescher. A century later, James D.
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Watson, on the right and Francis Crick on
the left side announces on February 28,
1953 that they have determined the
double-helix structure of DNA.

*FUNCTION OF NUCLEIC ACID*

What is the function of nucleic acid? Who


wants to read? Any volunteer?

*Student 6 raises his/her hand

Yes student 6. Remember, you are


permitted to open your microphone
when answering or asked to read.

Nucleic Acid is the hereditary


determinant of living organisms because
they carry the genetic information in a
form that can be passed from one
generation to the next.

Again, class the basic function of Nucleic


Acid is to carry, store, and express
genetic information.
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*NUCLEIC ACID MAJOR TYPES AND


THEIR DIFFERENCES* *Student 6

Nucleic Acid is the hereditary determinants of


living organisms
From your past learnings. Do you
remember the two major types of
Nucleic Acid? Anyone?

*Student 20 raises hand

Very good. DNA and RNA differ in


function, structure, composition, and
location.

The difference in functions:

DNA has two direct purposes:

1. Generate new DNA (replication)

2. Generate new RNA (transcription)

Meanwhile, the RNA has one:

1. Direct synthesis of proteins


(translation)

Base on the structure:


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What can you infer in the structure
shown in the screen?

Yes, student 31 *Student 20

Yes Sir, DNA, and RNA.

That is right, you are a keen observer.


DNA is twisted double helix strand while

RNA is a single twisted strand. Remember


James Watson and Francis Crick for
discovering the double strand model.

In terms of composition:

What have you noticed in the diagram?


Base on your observation, which one is
the sugar component of DNA and which
one is for RNA. Anyone?

deoxyribose ribose

*Student 32 raises hand


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Excellent Student 32. Both of these have


the same structure except that DNA is
*Student 31
lacking one oxygen atom, hence we use
the word “Deoxy” which stands for the Sir, DNA has double helix shape while RNA has
absence of oxygen or deoxygenation. single strand.

In terms of location inside the cell, can


you identify where they are found?
Where is the DNA and RNA located? Hint,
I have already told it in the beginning of
the lesson.

*Student 25 raises hand

Yes student 25

Very well said. That is right,

In terms of Location inside the cell:

DNA – is located at the nucleus

RNA – located in cytoplasm of the cell


however, it was first synthesized in the
nucleus
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*NUCLEIC ACID BUILDING BLOCKS*

Let’s talk about building blocks. *Student 32

If we recall the previous three Sir base on my observations, I think the sugar
macromolecule we discussed in this component of DNA is the one on the left side.
semester, every one of them has a Because it lacks one oxygen atom and based from
monomer or the building blocks. What word deoxyribose.
are the building blocks of carbohydrates,
proteins, and lipids again?

Yes, student 12

Very good Student 12. Our topic today,


which is nucleic acid has building blocks
which is nucleotide.

Nucleotide

That is right.

1. Carbohydrates – Saccharides

2. Proteins – Amino Acids


*Student 25
3. Lipids – Triglyceride and Fatty Acids
Sir I believe po DNA is found in the nuclei and
4. Nucleic Acid - Nucleotides RNA is found in the cytoplasm

The nucleotide is a combination of 3


groups. A phosphoric acid, 5 carbon
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sugar, and nitrogenous base.

Nitrogen base types

There are two types of Nitrogen base:

The Purines and Pyrimidines. These


nitrogen bases are linked to a 5-carbon
sugar (ribose and deoxyribose) and a
nucleoside is born.

1. Purines are adenine and


guanine

2. Pyrimidines are Uracil only


present in RNA, thymine,
only present in DNA, and
cytosine

*Student 12

Sir Carbohydrates have saccharides, proteins


have amino acids, and lipids have triglyceride and
fatty acids.
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These are their structural composition. Base on
the illustration, what can you infer.

Yes, student 26

Yes, that is impressive observation. These


nitrogen bases are then linked to a 5-carbon
sugar (ribose and deoxyribose) and a nucleoside
is born

After the formation of nucleoside, it binds with


the phosphoric acid group creating the final form
of nucleotide. This nucleotide will bind to other
nucleotides to form a single strand of DNA and
RNA. Meanwhile, in a DNA single strand, the
nitrogen bases will bind to another nitrogen base
in an antiparallel structure. That will be up for our
next lesson.
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*Student 26

Sir Purines have two structural rings, while


pyrimidines have one, also pyrimidines have
ketone functional group.
E. Application

*NUCLEIC ACID REAL WORLD


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APPLICATION*

Where do we use DNA? I’ll give you some hint.

This was a scene in Mara-Clara. The man has a


strand of hair. Saan nya kaya gagamitin? Yes,
student 10

That is right. specifically, sa Parental or maternal


test. If we want to know if we are the legitimate
or biological father or mother of a certain child.
How about other application?

1. Genetic engineering – DNA are being *Student 10


altered to cure chronic diseases. Sir for paternal test po. Para malaman kung sya
2. Forensic Science – DNA are used to yung tatay ni Girl.
determine criminal in a crime scene.

3. Cloning – DNA was used in cloning insulin


to mitigate the severity of diabetes.

4. Vaccinology - Vaccines currently being


developed use not only DNA, but also
include adjuncts that assist DNA to enter
cells, target it towards specific cells, or
that may act as adjuvants in stimulating
or directing the immune response.

F. Generalization
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“I will post a status in the FB group after
the virtual meeting, comment on, and
*Students
share your reflections in today’s lesson.
Make sure to comment and reply to your Okay po Sir
classmates’ ideas and collaborate with
each other”
G. Values Infusion

“I will leave a question that you may ponder in


How important nucleic acid in the existence of
life. Does our lifestyle affect and break the rules
of coding?”
You know what, we as a person are often
overwhelmed in our way of living that we forget
how to take care of ourselves. We forget that
there are vast tiny little cells that dividing in our
body every day, it is a cosmos inside you and *Students
every one of us. Be healthy and avoid bad habits, Sir, for me there is a special role si lifestyle in
okay? So that your nucleic acid performs what it changing the code in our dna. Habbits po like
tends to perform. drinking alcohol, pagpupuyat, smoking, and drug
abuse po.

Okay, Sir, We will


IV. Evaluation
https://forms.gle/nYF6WCajeqmNcD647
Multiple Choice:
1. Nucleic Acids are made up of building blocks called .
a. Triglyceride c. Saccharides
b. Nucleotides d. Amino acids
2. DNA got its name because it lacks one ___________ atom; and is the primary reason of their
difference between the RNA
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a. Carbon c. Oxygen
b. Hydrogen d. Nitrogen
3. These are all main components of nucleotides except for
a. Phosphoric acid c. Ribose sugar
b. Nitrogenous Base d. Hexose sugar
4. A macromolecule which is a hereditary determinant of living organisms because they carry the
genetic information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next.
a. Nucleic Acid c. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates d. Proteins
5. These are all functions of nucleic acid except for
a. Replication c. Transcription
b. Translation d. Encryption
II. Differentiate DNA and RNA by completing the table

Characteristics hil DNA RNA

1.Function

2.Structure

3.Composition

4.Location inside the cell

V. Assignment
For the next lesson, we will continue the lesson on base pairing.
Motivation: A while back a question was raised. Could DNA base pairing causes genetic error in human
body. Is it possible that these nitrogenous bases connect with wrong pair? Does it bring diseases? Let’s
find out in the next lesson. For the meantime, please search for these questions in the internet:
1. Which nitrogenous base binds with Adenine, Guanine, Thymine and so on?
2. What are different nucleosides and their
structures

For additional activity:


Follow this link for tutorials on creating a paper
activity model:
YouTube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xbq8ce0_GvM
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Template:
https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/modeling-structure-dna

Prepared by:

MARK KEVIN C. DUMLAO


Student Teacher

Checked by:

ALICE T. RIVERA.
Cooperating Teacher

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