PHI 809-1.

3 Essay Barry Joel Desaine Page 1 of 7

Self-Concept

Sensing that he is a distinct and separate existence from others through time and

space, a man becomes aware of his existential self from infancy. As he matures

he also becomes aware of his categorical self through the realization that he has

characteristics or attributes that distinguishes him from other objects in his

environment. These two aspects – the existential self and the categorical self –

constitute the initial ways in which an individual begins the self-perception

process that leads to his self-concept (Lewis and Brooks-Gunn, 1979).

However, because the idea of self-concept is utilized in many disciplines

including psychology, philosophy, sociology, nursing, biology and anthropology,

there is no consensus as to how to define “self-concept” using terms of

specificity. As illustrative of this, the concept of self-identity is referred by

theorists using a diversity of terms such as: the authentic self; the cohesive self;

the core self; the saturated self; and the possible selves. Additionally, in

describing the components of self-concept, the influential humanistic

psychologist, Carl Rogers, used global terms such as: self-image; self-esteem;

and the ideal self, while educational psychologist Gary D. Phye and other

theorists used more specific terms such as: the physical component; the social

component; the academic or intellectual component; etc. Suffice it to say, most of

the research literature suggests that self-concept may be generally defined as

the sum total of what an individual thinks or perceives about himself. Using this
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general definition as a foundation this essay proposes to examine the

components of a man’s self-concept in terms of his: personhood; place in

society; perfection; and purpose.

Personhood – Who am I?

Who am I? This is the most fundamental question which an individual can ask

about himself and in endeavoring to determine an answer, whether

conscientiously or unconscientiously, his self-image is created. A man’s

conscientiousness bears witness that he is more than just a chemical

composition of matter – more than mere physical existence. He is aware that he

is made up of both material and immaterial constituencies and, as a result, his

self-image is also comprised of factors of both. These factors include physical,

moral, social, emotional and intellectual traits.

Firstly, a person’s self-image includes a mental picture of his physical

appearance or what is termed body image. It is made up of his perception of his

body, both internally and externally. He may think of himself as being too skinny,

having beautiful eyes, a nice face, a nose that is too big or any combination of

approval or disapproval of a vast variety of physical attributes and abilities.

Inherent in this is also the feelings and attitudes he has about his body.

Body image is affected by a number of factors including: normal developmental

growth; one’s perception of what others think of his body; and cultural and social
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attitudes and values. For example: A child’s body image is very different from

that of an adolescent teen. Similarly, the wife of an abusive husband who speaks

ill of her body can develop a poor body image. Additionally, in some cultures a fat

person is considered to be a healthy person so that a skinny person in that

culture may tend to have a poorer body image based on societal values.

Secondly, a person’s self-image also includes his moral traits such as his core

values and beliefs. He may view himself as being honest and upright or he may

be confident of his voracity and godliness. On the other hand, he may even think

that he is wicked and vile or generally of an evil disposition. As with his physical

traits his perception of his morality is a part of his self-image and is not an

inevitably accurate reflection of his personhood.

In a similar manner, a person’s self-image includes perceptions of his social,

emotional and intellectual traits. From a social perspective he may see himself as

being a good father, loving husband and competent worker. Emotionally, he may

think he has a sanguine personality with a measured temperament. Finally, from

an intellectual perspective he may think he is very smart, or of average intellect,

or may lack confidence in his academic abilities.

In summary, a person’s self-image helps him understand his personhood and

helps him to define who he is in his own eyes. It is a major component of his self-

concept.
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Place in Society – How do I fit in?

How do I fit into society? This is another question that is internalized by an

individual, whether conscientiously or not. It leads to the development of his self-

esteem. Self-esteem is very important as it affects how we think, act and relate to

other people. It may be defined as having a favourable perception of oneself and

may be qualitatively described according to the degree of favorability. High self-

esteem is a good opinion of oneself whereas low self-esteem is its antithesis. In

finding his place in society an individual would generally focus on: his relationship

with others; his value to them; the role models who influence him; and his ability

to influence others. These domains all constitute the conditions for his self-

esteem development which is a major component of self-image (Rogers, 1979).

Although a person’s self-concept starts with understanding his personhood, this

existential-anthropological view of the individualistic self may give way to his

acceptance that he is an integral part of a larger society. He learns how to define

the self by comparing himself with others around him (Festinger, 1954). Within

this framework, he recognizes the importance of various associations or

relationships including family relations, career relations, community relations, and

other relations. This “connectiveness” to the society may lead to a more systemic

view of the self as the individual considers his role in its holistic development.

Inherent in this is his understanding of his value to the society and his ability to
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influence others towards its development. The degree to which he is able to

succeed in these ventures highly impacts his level of self-esteem.

Consistent put-downs, discounting, threat, loneliness, powerlessness, frustration,

and intolerance are the seeds of low self-esteem that leads to a harvest of these

negative characteristics. On the other hand, developing high self-esteem

requires: encouragement; acceptance of oneself and others; perceptiveness; an

appreciation of life; reassurance; and faith in oneself and others; and ultimately

trust in God. All of these factors are based on interpersonal relationships.

Perfection – Who do I want to be?

Am I the person I want to be? This is another question that is internalized by an

individual in the development of his self-concept. A person’s self-image does not

always match the image of what he would like to be or what is termed his “ideal

self” (Rogers, 1979) nor what he thinks he should be or what is termed his

“ought-to-be self”. This sometimes affects the degree to which he values himself

as there is a very close relationship between self-image and self-esteem.

The ideal self and the ought-to-be self are sometimes collectively referred to as

the “possible selves” (Markus & Nurius, 1986). These are generally not

consistent with the actual life experiences of a person. Psychologists refer to a

large difference between self-image and the idea self as “incongruence” while a

relatively small difference is called “congruence.” All individuals experience a

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certain degree of incongruence. Carl Rogers believed that the greater the degree

of incongruence the more difficult it is for a person to arrive at self-actualization.

As a result, the individual always strives to make changes in order to come as

close as possible to his ideal self or ought-to-be self.

Social comparison theorists have a different view in regards to man’s perfection.

They contend that many individuals do not have an image of perfection or an

ideal self but instead they compare themselves to “similar others” to validate their

own attitudes and values (Jetten, Spears, and Manstead, 1996). However, the

general idea is the same i.e. comparison of oneself to a perfect other, whether

the ideal self, ought self or similar others, is another component of self-concept.

Purpose – Why am I here?

Why am I here? Since the meaning of life is an issue that is debated

philosophically, scientifically and theologically there are various answers to this

question. However, despite the diversity of answers the question is of vital

importance since the answer determines how one sees the world and how one

sees the world also determines how he sees himself. One’s religious belief about

the meaning of life is a powerful influence on his self-concept (Blaine, Trivedi &

Eshleman, 1998). Additionally, religion may be an underlying method for

organizing self-concept principles since it encompasses all facets of life.

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A major contribution of religion to self-concept development is its role in affecting

one’s self-esteem. Research has shown that students who abandon traditional

religious practice in order to become involved in the occult were much more likely

to have: low self-esteem; negative feelings about school; poor self-concept; a

higher tolerance for deviance; negative feelings about the future; and little desire

to be a good person (Tenant-Clark, C. M., Fritz, J. J., & Beauvais, F., 1989). In

contrast, students who are affiliated with a traditional religious persuasion are

less likely to be involved in delinquent behaviour (Rhodes & Reiss, 1970).

Additionally, the question of the purpose of life is significant in determining an

individual’s self-value. For example, atheism postulates that since there is no god

there is no intrinsic value to life: Life is as meaningful as you want to make it

(Dawkins, 2006). The question of purpose is pointless and one is worth as much

as he thinks he is. In contrast, theism postulates that life comes from God and

therefore has an intrinsic value that is determined by Him: Life is meaningful

because God created you for His purpose. Self-value is not determined by what

people think but on knowing that God has a purpose for everyone. Ultimately,

one’s self-concept is influenced by his understanding of the purpose for his life.

In summary, self-concept is the view one has of himself and is determined by his

experiences and the value placed on them. The components of one’s self-

concept include his: personhood; place in society; view of perfection and his view

of his life’s purpose. [email protected]