GENERAL CHEMISTRY

MODULE 1

CHAPTER 1a
INTRODUCTION
WEEK 2 - October 12-16, 2020

Learning Objectives:

Al the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to:

a. Define Chemistry and state its importance and role in everyday life and the environment;
b. Enumerate the Major branches of Chemistry and the Careers involved;
c. Discuss the brief historical background of Chemistry;
d. Differentiate the Chemists habits of mind; and
e. Explain the contributions of Filipino and foreign chemists / scientists in the world.

Lesson Overview:

Today, Chemistry is known as the central science which means that it is necessary for us to
understand other sciences; it is a means to improve the quality of life and economic development. Also,
it is central in the production of consumer products and a mutually beneficial relationship with Mother
Earth.

Nobel prize is bestowed upon those who made the greatest contribution for humanity in the
field of chemistry, physics, literature, medicine and peace.

Chemistry in Action:

CPSC at present is into egg production. Food science is related to chemistry as well as cooking.
Try to boil two fresh eggs in two separate pans. One for less than five (5) minutes and the other one for
ten (10) minutes. After boiling, both the eggs should be placed in a cold water to stop the cooking
process. What is the color around yolk if still uncooked?

Enrichment Activity:

Submit a TRIVIA related to Chemistry and the environment.

CHEMISTRY is the branch of natural science that deals with the study of matter, its composition, t's
structure, the changes it undergoes and the energy that accompanies its transformation.

In the study of Chemistry, a knowledge of numbers and calculations is necessary as well as the
different units of measurement and the interconversion.

IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is utilized in many branches of knowledge. The application of chemical principles has done
much to give man control over nature, to e alleviate human suffering, and to provide the comforts of
modern living.

BRANCHES of CHEMISTRY

1. Inorganic chemistry deals with all substances which are not considered to be organic, which
may contain any of the over 100 elements and compounds (including carbon). It is the study of
the chemical nature of the elements and their compounds (except hydrocarbons-compounds-
composed of carbon and hydrogen). All metallic and non-metallic elements are inorganic, so are
the naturally occurring minerals and metal ores from which they are obtained.

2. Organic chemistry is the study of most carbon-based compounds. Since majority of compounds
in living organisms are organic compounds, organic chemistry is a very important field of study.
The petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and textile industries deal almost exclusively with organic
chemistry. Since carbon atoms can form rings and long branched chains hundreds of thousands
of carbon-based molecules exist.

3. Radiochemistry is the study of the chemical effects of high-energy radiation and the behavior of
radioactive isotopes, atoms of the same element that vary in the number of neutrons they
contain Just like the heaviest known Element 112 Ununbium (Uub) created by scientists at the
Heavy-Ion Research Laboratory in Darmstadt, Germany in 1996. An atom of Ununbium labeled
Ununbium-277 (112 protons + 165 neutrons= ununbium-277). This is due to the ununbium
nucleus containing so many particles, the atom becomes unstable and splits into smaller, so-
called daughter components. As the atom breaks apart, energy is released in the form of
electromagnetic waves and electrically charged bits of matter. This energy is known as Radiation
(Radioactivity; Nuclear Energy).

4. Physical chemistry is fundamental to all chemistry and deals with the application of physical
laws to chemical systems and chemical change. It gives the theoretical basis of the behavior of
chemical substances. Thermodynamics is a branch of Physical Chemistry that is concerned with
the role of energy in chemical reactions. Another major area of study in physical chemistry are
the rates and mechanisms of reactions, called Chemical Kinetics and the area of physical
chemistry that studies.

Molecular structure. Physical chemists study molecular structure by examining the spectrum of
electromagnetic energy emitted by molecules and explain structure using principles of quantum
mechanics.
5. Analytical chemistry is the oldest branch of chemistry. It in the study of what is present
(Qualitative analysis) and how much is present (Quantitative analysis). It is concerned with the
various techniques and laboratory method to determine the composition of matter. Today, the
major feature of chemical analysis is the wide physical instruments and computer control that
automate the analysis of complex materials.

6. Biochemistry deals with the chemistry of life processes and living organisms. Biochemists must
have a detailed knowledge of organic chemistry since even the simplest living organism is a
complex chemical factory.

7. Geochemistry deals with the application of chemistry to processes taking place in the earth,
such as mineral formation, the metamorphosis of rocks, and the formation and migration of
petroleum.

8. Other branches of Chemistry have emphasis on specific areas like Nanochemistry,

Combinatorial chemistry, Astrochemistry, Environmental chemistry, Food Chemistry, Solid
state chemistry, Materials chemistry, Forensic chemistry, and Medicinal chemistry.

CAREERS IN CHEMISTRY

1. Careers in Teaching - Most of the chemists or chemistry graduates have effective

instructional skills in educating students in improving life and environment.
2. Careers in Law and Forensics - One of the most important roles of the chemists is to
solve crimes that involve paternity, death, arson, forgery and many others.
3. Careers in Entrepreneurship - Businessmen involve in a small or medium industries
especially food industry hires a chemist with technical talent on preparation,
development and quality assessment of products.
4. Careers in Commerce - It is a good training ground to acquire skills in mathematics,
research and communication, problem solving and others if you have a chemistry
degree since these skills are badly needed in the financial world.
5. Careers in Industry - The present big industries are chemical-based from food,
petroleum, cosmetics mining, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and many more.
6. Careers in Health and Science related Professions - Chemistry degree can easily take on
training to enter health and science related professions like nursing, nutrition,
psychology and others due to their intensive chemical scientific background and skills.
 CHEMISTS HABITS OF MIND: SCIENTIFIC ATTITUDES, METHODS & SCIENTIFIC PROCESS SKILLS

Scientific Attitudes:

1. Curiosity - ability to discover and inquire.

2. Open-mindedness - open to fresh and new ideas from unexpected sources.
3. Determination – to be persistent in one's endeavor to be self-confident and firmed.
4. Objectivity - to be impartial and remained influenced by pertinent physical observations.
5. Acceptance of Results - desired or undesired - do not entertain “failure” in a scientific
investigation.
6. Humility - to be unassuming and modest.
7. Skepticism - to be doubtful unless factual and reliable data is presented.
8. Patience- Since most scientific studies take longer, it is the ability to wait for the investigation's
result calmly.
9. Empathy for human condition - to put oneself in the position of another person.
10. Reflection to assess and monitor one's action, behavior and attitudes.

Scientific Method - it is a scientist’s logical way in trying to solve a problem.

1. Observation - to investigate certain object.

2. State the Problem - a query regarding an observation.
3. Draw a Hypothesis - it is an educated and wild guess explaining an observation.
4. Experimentation - an important component in scientific analyses.
5. Gather the data - getting of facts and evidences.
6. Make a Conclusion/Theory - a hypothesis used to describe a model and tested extensively.
7. Generalization

Scientific Process Skills

1. Formulating hypotheses
2. Identifying and controlling variables
3. Defining operationally
4. Designing investigations/experimenting
5. Formulating models

Scientific Products
1. Concepts
2. Principles
3. Generalizations
4. Theories and Laws
Filipino Chemists and their outstanding contribution:

 Julian Banzon- production of alternative fuels and in the extraction of residual coconut oil by
chemical means rather than physical means.
 Francisco Santos - Studies on the nutritive values and chemical composition of local foods in the
Philippines.
 Francisco Quisumbing - invented the Quink ink, a quick drying ink with cleaning properties, used
in Parker pens.
 Luz Oliveros Belardo- extraction of essential oils and their chemical and physical properties
applied in herbal medication and creation of synthetic flavors.
 William Padolina- works in phytochemistry: like extraction of natural insecticides from
indigenous plants, preparation of new fatty acids derivatives, biogas generation from crop
residues.
 Gerardo Janairo- developed new routes to pharmacologically interesting organic compounds
which has impact on the synthesis of antibiotics and analogs.
 Gloria de Castro- investigation of Philippine plants in the management of cancer.
 Evelyn Mae Tecson Mendoza - molecular mechanisms of plant resistance to pests and diseases
and biochemical basis of the Macapuno phenotype of coconut.
 Elma Llaguno - organic pollutants in the environment and humic substance in soil, sediments
and water.

Foreign Chemists and their outstanding Contribution:

 Svante August Arrhenius - work on electrolytic theory of dissociation.

 Lord Ernest Rutherford- work on disintegration of radioactive substances.
 Marie Curie -discover the elements Radium and Polonium.
 Walther Hermann Nernst - work on Thermochemistry.
 Frederick Joliot and Irene Joliot-Curie - synthesis of the first artificial radioactive element.
 Otto Hahn - discover the fission of heavy nuclei.
 Edwin Matisson Mcmilan and Glenn Theodore Seaborg – discover Transuranium elements.
 Dorothy Crowfoor Hodgkin - pioneering the technique of X-ray crystallography used to
determine the structure of important biochemical substance.
 Robert Flloyd Curl, Sir Harold Krotto and Richard Errett Smalley- discovery of Fullerenes.

ASSESSMENT (Assignment + Quiz)

1. Discuss Chemistry as the central science as per your understanding.

2. Refer to the list of scientific values and attitudes. Which of these do you demonstrate now?
Which do you want to enhance?
3. If you are a chemistry graduate, what career path will you follow considering the present needs
of our society? WHY?
SUMMARY

Chemistry is the study of matter is composition, structure, properties, the changes it undergoes.
Our surroundings are composed of matter in various forms. Your body is also composed of matter. Thus,
in studying chemistry, you are trying to understand yourself as well as your surroundings. Chemistry has
several branches and several career opportunities. Chemists exhibit scientific values, attitudes and
process skills known as habits of the mind. Among the most coveted international awards is the Nobel
Prize established on November 27, 1895 by Albert Nobel, inventor of dynamite and smokeless
explosives.

KNOT AND NAVIGATION :

Don't you know that the smallest country in the World is the VATICAN CITY? It has an area of
108.7 acres which is equivalent to 479,000 square meters.
 MODULE 1
Chapter 1b

WEEK 3 - October 19-23, 2020

NUMBERS, MEASUREMENTS AND UNITS

Learning Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, the loamer should be able to

a. Demonstrate basic mathematical abilities in chemistry problem solving with significant
figures and scientific notation;
b. Identify and design a plan to solve difficult problems in chemistry using conversion table
and Dimensional analysis ;
c. Discuss the safety precautions in handing laboratory apparatus; and
d. Explain the important tools, materials and equipment used in chemistry laboratory.

Lesson Overview:

Knowledge of numbers and calculations is very important in the study of chemistry. While
familiarization with the different units of measurement and its conversion is necessary, it is also a great
help to learn how to use dimensional analysis as a tool for problem solving.

In performing laboratory experiments in Chemistry, precise and accurate measurement is

required during data presentation. Thus, learning how to identify significant figures, correct scientific
notations and calculations are explained in this module.

Chemistry in Action / Quotation:

"Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited, Imagination encircles the
world”.
By: Albert Einstein

Try to search www.chemistrylabapparatus.com

Enrichment Activity

Diana Witt set the record for the longest hair. In March 1993, her hair measured 12 feet and 8
inches which is 386 centimeters.
Dimensional Analysis - a tool or an approach to solving problems
Units - algebraic quantities and may be multiplied and divided by one another
Measurements is the process of getting the actual measure of an object dimension or property in
comparison with the standard unit of acquiring the value.

System of Measurements

1. Metric system / SI system

Comes from the French word "Le Systeme International d'Unites"
Originates in French 200 years ago
Convenient to use since all units are on multiples of 10

2. English Units
Traditional units
Originates in Great Britain

CONVERSION of UNITS

ENGLISH
Length Liquid Volume
1 foot (ft.) = 12 inches (in) 1 pint = 16 ounces (oz) 1 cu. Foot = 1,728 cu. Inch
1 yard (yd) = 3 feet 1 quart = 2 pints 1 cu. Yard = 27 cubic ft.
1 rod = 16 ½ feet 1 gallon = 4 quarts

Area Weight
1 sq. foot (sq. ft) = 144 square inches (sq. in) 1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces
1 sq. yard (sq. yd.) = 9 square feet (sq. ft.) 1 short ton = 2,000 pounds
1 short ton = 2,000 pounds 1 long ton = 2,240 pound
1 Acre = 4,840 square yards
1 sq. mile = 640 acres

METRIC
LENGTH
1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 meter (m) 1 decameter (dam) = 10 meter
1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meter (m) 1 hectometer (dm) = 100 meter
1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 meter (m) 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meter
1 meter = 1 meter

AREA
2
1 sq. mm. (mm ) = 0.000001 square meter (sq. m) 1 sq. decameter (dam2) = 100 square meters (sq. m)
1 sq. cm. (cm2) = 0.0001 square meter (sq. m) 1 sq. hectometer (hm2) = 10,000 square meters
2
1 sq. dm. (dm ) = 0.01 square meter (sq. m) 1 sq. kilometer (km2) = 1,000 square meters

VOLUME
1 cu. cm. (cm3) = 0.000000001 cubic meter (m3)
 LIQUID
1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter 1 milliliter = 0.001 liter

WEIGHT
1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 gram (g) 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams
1 centigram (cg) = 0.01 gram (g) 1 metric ton = 1,000 kilogram
1 decigram (dg) = 0.1 gram

ENGLISH to METRIC METRIC to ENGLISH

Length
1 inch = 2.54 cm. 1 mm = 0.03937 inches
1 ft. = 30.48 cm. 1 cm = 0.3937 inches
1 yard = 91.44 cm. 1 meter = 39.37 inches
1 mile = 1,609.344 m 1km = 0.62136 mile
Area
1 sq. in. = 6.4516 cm2 1 cm2 = 0.155 sq in
1 sq. ft. = 0.09290 m2 1 m2 = 10.7639 sq ft
1 sq yd = 0.83613 m2 1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres
1 acre = 0.4047 hectares
Volume
1 cu. in. = 16.387 cm3 1 cm3 = 0.061 cu. in.
1 cu. ft. = 28.317 dm3 1 dm3 = 61.0237 cu. in
1 cu. ft. = 0.0283 m3 1 dm3 = 0.0353 cu. ft.
1 cu. yd. = 0.7646 m3 1 m3 = 35.3147 cu. ft.
Liquid
1 US gallon = 3.785 liters 1 liter = 0.2642 US gallon
Weight
1 oz = 0.0625 lb 1 g = 0.0352 oz
1 lb = 0.4536 kg 1 kg = 2.2046 lbs
1 short ton = 907.2 kgs 1 kg = 1,000 g
1 long ton = 1,016 kgs 1 metric ton = 2,204.6 lbs
Volume, Capacity and Weight Equivalents
1 gallon = 231 cubic inches
1 cu ft = 1 ½ gallons
1 bushel = 1 ¼ cu. ft. or 2,150.42 cu. in.

Temperature- measure the heat intensity of the body

4 Scales

1. Celsius (0C) – Anders Celsius (Swedish astronomer)

2. Fahrenheit (0F)- Gabriel Fahrenheit (German physicist)
3. Kelvin (K)- William Thompson (Lord Kelvin; British mathematician and physicist - Absolute
Temperature
4. Rankine (0R)- William J. M. Rankine (British engineer and physicist)
 Boling Point of water = 100 degree Celsius - 212 degree Fahrenheit 373 K
Freezing Point of water= 0 degree Celsius = 32 degree Fahrenheit = 273 K
Absolute Zero = -273 degree Celsius = -459 degree Fahrenheit= 0K

Formula:
Celsius to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32
Kelvin to Fahrenheit ° F = 9/5 (K - 273) + 32
Fahrenheit to Celsius ° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)
Celsius to Kelvin K = ° C + 273
Kelvin to Celsius ° C = K - 273
Fahrenheit to Kelvin K = 5/9 (° F - 32) + 273

Significant Figures
All the digits including the uncertain one or the number in a measurement including the final estimated
digit.
Pacific-Atlantic Rule – base of giving off the significant figures
Pacific- from L to R (250-2 digits)
Atlantic- from R to L (2.50-3 digits)

Certain rules to follow with respect to identifying significant figures:

1. Nonzero digits are always significant.
2. Zeros may or may not be significant.
a. If the zeros are found between nonzero digits, then they are significant.
b. If the zeros are found to the left of the first nonzero digit, then they are not significant.
c. Zeros found at the end of a number and to the right of the decimal point are significant.
d. If the zeros are at the end of a number and are on the left of the decimal place, then the
zeros may or may not be significant.

Scientific Notation or Exponential Notation

It is the shorthand method of expressing very large or very small numbers.
1.00 x 10n n+ R to L
n- L to R
Exact Numbers – have an infinite number of significant figures.
Rounded off values – to reflect the least accurate measurement.
Formula for Computation:
1. Speed = distance / time
= m/s, km/hr, cm/day
2. Density = is the mass/volume
p= m/V V= m/p m= mp

DIMENTIONAL ANALYSIS or FACTOR-LABEL METHOD

Many problems in Chemistry requires a change of units. Conversion Factor is derived
from an existing relationship between two units of measurement. It is used to produce the desired
calculation of units.

Sample Problems:
1. Ed Howard, the champion blood donor, was claimed to have donated 1,056 pints of blood
during his lifetime. How many liters of blood is this quantity equal to?
2. Goliath is claimed to have an armspan of 114.5 inches. How long is Goliath’s armspan in meters?

Answers to Sample Problems