Signals Sampling Theorem

Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be recovered
back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the highest frequency
component of message signal. i. e.

f
fs ≥ 2f m ..
s ≥ 2fm

Proof: Consider a continuous time signal x(t). The spectrum of x(t) is a band limited to fm Hz i.e.
the spectrum of x(t) is zero for |ω|>ωm.

Sampling of input signal x(t) can be obtained by multiplying x(t) with an impulse train δ(t) of
period Ts. The output of multiplier is a discrete signal called sampled signal which is
represented with y(t) in the following diagrams:

Here, you can observe that the sampled signal takes the period of impulse. The process of
sampling can be explained by the following mathematical expression:

Sampled
Sampled signal
signal y
y((t
t)) =
= x
x((t
t)).. δ
δ((t
t)) .. .. .. .. .. .. (
(11)
)
The trigonometric Fourier series representation of δ
δ (t) is given by

∞
∞
δ
δ((t
t)) =
= a
a0 + Σ
0 + Σ
(
(aan cos nω s t
n cos nωs t++b
bn sin nω s t
n sin nωs t)) .. .. .. .. .. .. (
(22)
)
n
n==1
1

T
T

Where a
a0 =
0 =
1
1
∫
∫−−T
T
δ
2
2
δ((t
t))d
dtt =
=
1
1
δ
δ((0
0)) =
=
1
1

T
Tss
T
Tss
T
Tss
2
2

T
T

2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
a
an =
n =
∫
∫− δ
δ((t
t)) cos
cos n
nωωs dt =
s dt =
δ
δ((0
0)) cos
cos n
nωωs 0 =
s0 =
T −T
T T T
Tss T22 T
2
2

T
T

2
2 2
2 2
2
b
bn =
n =
∫
∫− δ
δ((t
t)) sin
sin n
nωωs t dt =
s t dt =
δ
δ((0
0)) sin
sin n
nωωs 0 = 0
s0 = 0
T −T
T T
Tss Tss
2
2

Substitute above values in equation 2.

1
1 ∞
∞ 2
2
∴
∴ δ
δ((t
t)) =
= +
+ΣΣ (
( cos
cos n
nωωs t + 0)
s t + 0)
T
Ts n
n==1
1 T
Ts
s s

Substitute δ(t) in equation 1.

→
→ y
y((t
t)) =
= x
x((t
t)).. δ
δ((t
t))

1
1 ∞
∞ 2
2
=
= x
x((t
t))[[ +
+ΣΣ (
( cos
cos n
nωωs t)]
s t)]
T
Ts n
n==1
1 T
Ts
s s

1
1 ∞
∞
=
= [[x
x((t
t))+
+22Σ
Σ (
(cos
cos n
nωωs t)x(t)]
s t)x(t)]
T
Ts n
n==1
1
s

1
1
y
y((t
t)) =
= [[x
x((t
t))+
+22 cos
cos ω
ωs t. x(t) + 2 cos 2ω s t
s t. x(t) + 2 cos 2ωs t.. x
x((t
t))+
+22 cos
cos 3
3ωωs t. x(t) . . . . . . ]
s t. x(t) . . . . . . ]
T
Tss

Take Fourier transform on both sides.

1
1
Y
Y((ω
ω)) =
= [[X
X((ω
ω))+
+XX(
(ωω−
−ωωs )
)++X
X((ω
ω++ω
ωs )
)++X
X((ω
ω−−2
2ωωs )
)++X
X((ω
ω++2
2ωωs )
)++ .. .. .. ]]
T s s s s
Tss

1
1 ∞
∞
∴
∴ Y
Y((ω
ω)) =
= Σ
Σn=−∞ X
X((ω
ω−−n
nωωs
s)
) w
whhe
erre
e n
n =
= 0
0,, ±
±11,, ±
±22,, .. .. ..
T
Ts n=−∞
s

To reconstruct x(t), you must recover input signal spectrum X(ω) from sampled signal spectrum
Y(ω), which is possible when there is no overlapping between the cycles of Y(ω).
Possibility of sampled frequency spectrum with different conditions is given by the following
diagrams:
Aliasing Effect
The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which can be
removed by
considering fs >2fm
By using anti aliasing filters.