B.

TECH FIRST YEAR

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2020-2021

COURSE NAME: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

COURSE CODE : CY 1001
LECTURE SERIES NO : 01 (ONE)
CREDITS : 3
MODE OF DELIVERY : ONLINE (POWER POINT PRESENTATION)
FACULTY : DR. VEENA DHAYAL
EMAIL-ID : [email protected]
 “GAIN KNOWLEDGE
SESSION OUTCOME OF BATTERIES”
ASSIGNMENT
QUIZ
MID TERM EXAMINATION –II
END TERM EXAMINATION
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA’S
 What is a “Battery“?

• Portable Source of Electrical Power

• Energy Storage/Conversion Device
• Converts Chemical Energy Into Electrical Energy
• Works on Electrochemistry Principles
• Volta invented in 1800
Battery :-
Definition :
A battery is a storage device used for the storage of chemical energy and for
the transformation of chemical energy into electrical energy
Battery consists of group of two or more electric cells connected together
electrically in series.
Chemical vs. Electrochemical
Chemical
• Chemical energy converted to thermal energy
• Energy producing chemicals: Fuel and Oxidant
• Fuel and oxidant are brought together. Resultant combustion reaction produces heat
• Fuel + Oxidant → Heat

Electrochemical
• Chemical energy converted to electrochemical energy
• Energy Producing chemicals: Anode Material, Cathode material
• Anode and cathode materials are kept separately
• electrons pass through out side loop
• electrolyte to complete circuit
Electrochemical Cell Configuration
Battery Terminology

• Cell-Basic Unit: Contains Anode, Cathode, Electrolyte, Separator etc.

• Battery: Contains 2 or more cells in series or parallel

• Discharging: Removing energy from the cell/Battery

• Charging: Returning energy to the cell/battery

Basic Electrochemical Cell: Five essential
components of a cell
• The Anode
• The Cathode
• The Ionic Conductor (electrolyte)
• The Metallic Conductor (electrical connection)
• The separator
The Anode
• The anode has the lowest potential and is oxidized in the process by a
loss of electrons:
M→ Mz+ + ze-
Anodic reaction
Oxidation reaction
Electron generation

The Separator
• Electrical insulator membrane, allowing ionic transfer and solvent
wetting.
The Cathode
• The cathode has a high potential, leading to a consumption of
electrons.
MO + ze → [MO]z-
Cathodic reaction
Reduction reaction
Electron consumption

The Electrolyte
• A solution conducting ions
Electrical Connections
• The anode and cathode in an electrochemical cell must be in electrical
contact in order to generate power and energy. Difference in free
energies between the anode and the cathode produces electrical
potential which is the driving force for electrochemical reaction.

The relation between cell potential, Gibbs energy and equilibrium

constant are directly related in the following multi-part equation:

ΔGo=−RTlnKeq=−nFEocell
Batteries are of 3 types.

1. Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells

2. Secondary Batteries (or) Secondary Cells
3. Fuel Cells (or) Flow Batteries
1. Primary Batteries (or) Primary Cells
Those cells in which the chemical reaction occurs only once and the cell becomes dead
after sometime and it cannot be used again.
These batteries are used as source of DC power.
Eg. Dry cell (Leclanche Cell) and Mercury cell.

Requirements of Primary cell: It should satisfy these requirements

1) It must be convenient to use.

2) Cost of discharge should be low.
3) Stand-by power is desirable.
Dry cell (Leclanche Cell)
 It consists of a cylindrical Zinc container that acts as
an anode.
 A graphite rod placed in the centre (but not touching
the base) acts as a cathode.
 The space between anode and cathode is packed
with the paste of NH4Cl and ZnCl2 and the graphite
rod is surrounded by powdered MnO2 and carbon.
 The cell is called dry cell because of the absence of
any liquid phase, even the electrolyte consists of
NH4Cl ,ZnCl2 and MnO2 to which starch is added to
make a thick paste which prevents leakage.
 The graphite rod is fitted with a metal cap and the
cylinder is sealed at the top with a pitch.
Working of Dry cell (Leclanche Cell)
• The Zn-MnO2 cell (dry cell) is represented as Zn/Zn+2,NH4+/MnO2/C (EMF = 1.5V)
• At anode : (Oxidation)
Zn(s)  Zn+2(aq) + 2e-
• At Cathode : (Reduction)
2MnO2(s) + H2O + 2e-  Mn2O3(s) + 2OH –

• The net cell reaction:

Zn(s) + 2MnO2(s) + H2O  Zn2+ + Mn2O3 + 2OH-
The resulting OH- ions react with NH4Cl to produce NH3 which is not liberated as gas but immediately
combines with the Zn2+ and the Cl- ions to form a complex salt [Zn(NH3)2Cl2] (diammine dichloro zinc).
2NH4Cl + 2OH-  2NH3 + Cl- + 2H2O
Zn2+ + 2NH3 + 2Cl-  [Zn(NH3)2Cl2]
Advantages:
1) These cells have voltage ranging from 1.25v to 1.50v.
2) Primary cells are used in the torches, radios, transistors, hearing aids, watches
etc.
3) Price is low.

Disadvantages:
These cells does not have a long life, because the acidic NH 4Cl corrodes the
container even when the cell is not in use.
2. Secondary Cells (or) Accumulator
batteries
These cells can be recharged by passing an electric current through them and
can be used again and again.
Eg: A. Lead storage battery
B. Nickel-Cadmium battery
C. Lithium-ion cell battery
Secondary cells are widely used in cars, trains, motors, electric clocks, power
stations, laboratories, emergency lights, telephone exchange, digital cameras,
laptops etc.
These are reversible cells, they behave as galvanic cell while discharging and as
electrolytic cell while charging.
To improve the performance of battery for commercial purpose
a) The anodes and cathodes with very small separation to conserve space are
used.
b) Current discharge should be high at low temperature.
c) It should have less variation in voltage during discharge.
d) It should have high energy efficiency.
% energy efficiency = energy released on discharge x 100
energy required for charge
e) It should be reliable.
f) It should have tolerance to shock, temperature etc.
g) It should have number of charging and discharging cycles before failure of
battery (Cycle life)
Lead –acid battery:
If a number of cells are connected in series, the
arrangement is called a battery.
The lead storage battery is one of the most common
batteries that is used in the automobiles.
A 12 V lead storage battery is generally used, which
consists of six cells each providing 2 V.
Each cell consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead
packed with lead oxide as the cathode.
These electrodes are arranged alternately, separated by a
thin wooden piece and suspended in dil. H 2SO4 (38%),
which acts as an electrolyte. Hence it is called Lead-acid
battery.
• Anode: Pb
• Cathode: PbO2
• Electrolyte: dilute H2SO4 (20.22%)
• EMF =2V
To increase the current output of each cell, the cathode and the anode plates are
joined together, keeping them in alternate positions.
The cells are connected parallel to each other (anode to anode and cathode to
cathode). The cell is represented as
Pb | PbSO4(s), H2SO4(aq.) | PbSO4(s), Pb
In the process of discharging, i.e. when battery produces current, the reactions at
the electrodes are as follows:
At anode:
Pb  Pb+2 + 2e
Pb+2 (s) + SO4 2(aq.)  PbSO4(s)
At cathode:
PbO2(s) + SO4 2 (aq.) + 4H+(aq.) + 2e–  PbSO4(s) + 2H2O

• Overall reaction is
Pb (s) + PbO (s) + 4H SO (aq.)  2PbSO (s) + 2H O
 During discharging the battery, H2SO4 is consumed, and as a result, the density of H 2SO4 falls; when it falls below 1.20
g/cm3, the battery needs recharging.
 In Discharging, the cell acts as a voltoic cell where oxidation of lead occurs.
 During recharging, the cell is operated like an electrolytic cell, i.e. electrical energy is supplied to it from an external source.
The electrode reactions are the reverse of those that occur during discharge.

PbSO4 (s) + 2e– Pb (s) + SO4– 2 (aq.)

PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O  PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 + 2e–
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O  Pb (s) + PbO2 (s) + 2H2SO4 (aq.)

 During this process, lead is deposited at the cathode, PbO 2 is formed at the anode and H2SO4 is regenerated in the cell.

Advantages: Lead acid batteries are used for supplying current to railways, mines, laboratories, hospitals, automobiles, power
stations, telephone exchange, gas engine ignition, Ups (stand-by supplies). Other advantages are its recharge-ability,
portability and Its relatively constant potential & low cost.

Disadvantages: Use of Conc.H2SO4 is dangerous, Use of lead is toxic.

Nickel–cadmium cell (NiCad
cell):
 It is rechargeable secondary cell.
 It consists of cadmium as the negative electrode (anode) and NiO(OH) acting as a positive
electrode (cathode).
 Potassium hydroxide(KOH) is used as an electrolyte.
 The cell reaction during charging and discharging are as follows.

At Anode
• Anode: Cd Cd(S) + 2OH (aq)  Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2e 
• Cathode: NiO(OH)
At Cathode
• Electrolyte: KOH 2NiO(OH) (s) + 2H2O + 2e   2Ni(OH)2 + 2OH (aq)
• EMF = 1.4V
Overall reaction
Cd(s) + 2NiO(OH) + 2H2O  Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2Ni(OH)2(s)
Advantages and uses

1. The Nickel-Cadmium cell has small size and high rate charge/discharge capacity,
which makes it very useful.
2. It has also very low internal resistance and wide temperature range (up to 70°C).
3. It produces a potential about 1.4 volt and has longer life than lead storage cell.
4. These cells are used in electronic calculators, electronic flash units, transistors
etc.
5. Ni- Cd cells are widely used in medical instrumentation and in emergency lighting,
toys etc.
3. Fuel Cell
Definition: A Fuel cell is an electrochemical cell which converts chemical energy contained in
readily available fuel oxidant system into electrical energy.
Principle:
The basic principle of the fuel cell is same as that of electrochemical cell. The only difference
is that the fuel & oxidant are stored outside the cell.
Fuel and Oxidant are supplied continuously and separately to the electrodes at which they
undergo redox reactions.
Fuel cells are capable of supplying current as long as reactants are replenished.
Fuel + Oxidant  Oxidation Products + electricity

Eg : 1) H2 -O2 fuel cell

2) Propane -O2 fuel cell
3) CH3OH-O2 fuel cell
 Hydrogen – Oxygen fuel cell
One of the most successful fuel cell is H2 –O2 fuel cell.
The cell consists of two inert porous electrodes made of graphite impregnated with finely
divided ‘Pt’ (or) Ni (or) Pd – Ag alloy and a solution of 2.5% KOH as electrolyte.
Anode Cathode

Hydrogen Oxygen

O- H Electrolyte
Water

Electron flow Load

H2 & O2 gases are bubbled through anode & cathode compartments respectively. The
following reactions takes place.
Cell Reaction:
At anode: 2H2 (g) + 4OH  4H2O + 4e 
At Cathode: O2 (g) + 2H2O + 4e   4OH 
Net Reaction: 2H (g) + O (g)  2H O, Ecell = 1.23V
 A large no of these cells connected in series form a fuel-cell battery. In the
production of electricity by this method, the byproducts are heat, CO2, water,
which will not cause pollution of the environment.

Applications:
1. These are used as auxiliary energy source in space vehicles, submarines and
other military vehicles.
2. The product water produced is a valuable source of fresh water for astronauts.
3. Fuel cell is preferred in spacecraft because of its lightness.
Advantages:
1) Fuel cells have high efficiency. It is nearly 70% while other sources have efficiency 15-
20% (gasoline engine) and 30-35% (diesel engine).
2) The efficiency of the fuel cell does not depend on the size of the power plant.
3) Maintenance cost is very low.
4) Fuel cells are more efficient in producing the mechanical power to drive the vehicles
and require less energy consumption.

Disadvantages:
1) Initial cost of fuel cell is high.
2) Life time of fuel cell is not known accurately.
3) There is a problem of durability and storage of large amount of hydrogen