Statistics and SENIOR

HIGH
Probability SCHOOL

Module
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
1
Quarter 2
Statistics and Probability
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
First Edition, 2020

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Statistics and SENIOR
HIGH

Probability SCHOOL

Module

1
Quarter 2

Introduction to
Hypothesis Testing
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability for Senior High School Module on
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators from
Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-Charge Schools Division
Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in partnership with the Local
Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto.
The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum using the Most
Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while overcoming their personal, social,
and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners
as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the Statistics and Probability Module on Introduction to Hypothesis

Testing!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning material while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson- This section will discuss the topic for this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up- This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.

Valuing-this part will check the integration of values in the learning

competency.

Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module. Ito po ang parts ng module
 EXPECTATION

Lesson 1: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the learning module, you are expected to:
1. illustrate: (a) null hypothesis; (b) alternative hypothesis; (c) level of
significance; (d) rejection region; and (e) types of errors in hypothesis testing;
and
2. identify the parameter to be tested given a real-life problem.

PRETEST

Modified TRUE or FALSE: Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if false, change
the underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.
_______________ 1. Hypothesis testing is the method of testing whether claims or
hypotheses regarding a population are likely to be true.
_______________ 2. An educated guess or proposition that attempts to explain a set
of facts or natural phenomenon is called hypothesis.
_______________ 3. Alternative hypothesis states that there is no difference
between a parameter and a specific value or between two
parameters.
_______________ 4. A non-directional test may either be left-tailed or right-tailed.
_______________ 5. The rejection or critical region refers to the region where the
value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null
hypothesis.

RECAP

In your previous lessons, you learned about the significance of random

sampling distribution to estimate the population parameter and make a valid and
reliable conclusion. In order to determine your readiness for this lesson, fill in the
blanks to complete each statement.

1. An estimate is a value that approximates a __________.

2. An __________ estimate is a range of values that is used to estimate a
parameter.
 3. The confidence level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the __________
that the interval estimate contains the parameter.
4. ___________ is a fraction expression where the favorable response is in the
numerator and the total number of respondents is in the denominator.
5. The notations 𝜇 and 𝜎 are __________ values.

LESSON

A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that attempts to explain a

set of facts or natural phenomenon. It is used mostly in the field of science, where
the scientific method is used to test it.
Examples:
1. By the end of the year, there will be a big increase in the number of
recoveries of COVID19 patients.
2. The change in climate temperature sets everyone in the community to be more
careful in their daily activities.

Hypothesis testing is another area of Inferential Statistics. It is a decision -

making process for evaluating claims about a population based on the characteristics
of a sample purportedly coming from the population. The decision is whether the
characteristic is acceptable or not.
The process of hypothesis testing involves making a decision between two
opposing hypotheses (null and its alternative). If one is true, the other hypothesis
must be false. It means that if the improbability of occurrence can be established in
one hypothesis, then the other hypothesis is likely to occur.
Two Types of Hypotheses

NULL HYPOTHESIS, denoted by 𝐻0 , is a statement that there is NO difference

between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is NO difference between two
parameters.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS, denoted by 𝐻1 , is a statement that there is

difference between a parameter and a specific value, or that there is a difference
between two parameters.

If there is NO DIFFERENCE between the two values, the relationship is written in

symbols as:
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 (for mean)

𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = 0 (for proportions)
 A. The null hypothesis would be B. The alternative hypothesis would
written in symbols as: be written in symbols as:
𝑯𝟎 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝑯𝟏 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝑯𝟎 : 𝑝1 = 𝑝2 𝑯𝟏 : 𝑝1 ≠ 𝑝2

The null hypothesis is the starting point of the investigation. Thus, it is the first
statement to be made. At the end of the hypothesis exercise, based on the evaluation
of the data at hand, a decision is made about the null hypothesis.

“should 𝑯𝟎 be rejected or not rejected (accepted)?”

• If 𝑯𝟎 is accepted there is no need to consider 𝑯𝟏 .

• If 𝑯𝟎 is rejected there is a stand by hypothesis to be accepted. That is the role

of alternative hypothesis.

Types of Alternative Hypothesis Definition

A non-directional alternative
Alternative
Hypothesis
hypothesis (two-tailed test) states
(𝐻1 ) that the null hypothesis is wrong. It
does not predict whether the
parameter of interest is larger or
Non-
smaller than the reference value
Directional
Directional specified in the null hypothesis.

A directional alternative
hypothesis states that the null
One-Tailed One-Tailed
Right Left
Two-Tailed hypothesis is wrong, and also
specifies whether the true value of
the parameter is greater than (one-
tailed test- right tail) or less than
(one-tailed test- left tail) the
reference value specified in null
hypothesis.

Level of Significance
The level of significance, also denoted as alpha or 𝛼, is a measure of the
strength of the evidence that must be present in your sample before you will reject
the null hypothesis and conclude that the effect is statistically significant. The
researcher determines the significance level before conducting the experiment. To
obtain the level of significance use the formula 𝜶 = 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒍.

Types of Errors
Type I Error: If the null hypothesis is true and rejected, the decision is
incorrect.
Type II Error: If the null hypothesis is false and accepted, the decision
is incorrect.
Illustrative Example:

A person is on trial for a criminal offense and the judge needs to provide a
verdict on his case. Now, there are four possible combinations in such a case:

Four Possible Outcomes in Decision-Making

Error in Decision Type Probability Correct Decision Type Probability

Reject a true 𝑯𝒐 I 𝛼 Accept a true 𝐻𝑜 A 1−𝛼
Accept a false 𝑯𝒐 II 𝛽 Reject a false 𝐻𝑜 B 1−𝛽
*Types of Errors: The Probability with which decisions occur.

Rejection Region
Under the normal curve, the rejection region refers to the region where the
value of the test statistic lies for which we will reject the null hypothesis. This region
is also known as critical region.
A. Non- Directional (Two-Tailed Test) – The probability is found on both
tails of the distribution.

1—α
α/2 α/2

μ
 B. Directional (One-Tailed, Left Tail) – The probability is found at the left
tail of the distribution.

1—α
α

μ
C. Directional (One-Tailed, Right Tail) – The probability is found at the
right tail of the distribution.

1—α

Note: The shaded part of each distribution above refers to the rejection region.
Other Elements of Hypothesis Testing

Population refers to the totality of objects, individuals, characteristics, or

reactions of interest (e.g. based on the total count of votes in the national level
Grace Poe was proclaimed as the number 1 senator.)

Sample is a group of subjects carefully selected from a population of interest

(e.g. As of May 15, 8:15pm, 10% of the votes have been counted and Nancy Binay
is in the 5th spot.)
Parameter is the numerical value that describes characteristics of a
population (e.g. total votes)
Statistic is the numerical value that describes a particular sample (e.g. 10%
of votes)
Illustrative Examples:

Situation Population Parameter Sample Statistic

1. An Evaluation of the All BSHS The total Selected 200
Effectiveness of Online students number of BSHS randomly
Learning enrolled in BSHS students selected
online class. students enrolled BSHS
The researcher wants to enrolled in in online students
know if online learning has online class. enrolled in
significantly increased the class. online class.
average GPA of students in
BSHS from the known GPA
which is 85. The GPA of
200 randomly selected
students was found to be
88.

2. Percentage of School School Total Selected 5% of school

Children Suffering from Children in number of school children from
Vitamin A Deficiency the School children 3 schools in
Philippines. Children in from 3 every region.
A study was conducted to the schools
determine the percentage Philippines. in every
of school children who are region.
suffering from vitamin A
deficiency in the country;
5% of school children in
every 3 schools per region
were selected as
respondents on this study.

ACTIVITIES

A. Determine whether the test is two-tailed or one-tailed. If it is one-tailed,

identify if left-tailed or right tailed.

_____________ 1. A virologist claims that the developed vaccine is enriched with

amino acid supplements.
_____________ 2. An online seller thinks that time of day influences the sale of
products.
_____________ 3. A librarian wants to prove that reading books to students
improves their thinking process.
_____________ 4. A psychologist believes that listening to music decreases the
patients’ level of stress.
_____________ 5. The study habits of students affect their performance in class.
 B. Identify the term that is being described in the given statement.
_____________ 1. Accepting a false null hypothesis.
_____________ 2. Rejecting a true null hypothesis.
_____________ 3. The region where the value of the test statistic lies for which we will
reject the null hypothesis.
_____________ 4. It is a measure of the strength of the evidence that must be present
in your sample before you will reject the null hypothesis and
conclude that the effect is statistically significant.
_____________ 5. It refers to the probability of committing a type I error.

WRAP–UP

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the difference between the null hypothesis 𝐻0 and alternative

hypothesis 𝐻1 ?
2. What are the different types of alternative hypothesis and their
characteristics?
3. What is the use of level of significance in determining the rejection or
critical region?
4. How are you going to determine if there is an error committed in the
process of decision-making?

VALUING

Hypothesis testing is gaining wide acceptance in many situations where

decisions have to be carefully made. Hence, it is generally known as a decision-
making process for evaluating claims about a certain idea. In many cases, errors
have been found a product of a fumble decision.

What is the greatest error that you have done in your life and how did you
make it right?

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST

Multiple Choice: Select the letter of the correct answer and write it on the space
before each number.
_______ 1. This refers to an intelligent guess about a population parameter.
A. Decision C. Rejection
B. Hypothesis D. Significance
_______ 2. It is the starting point of the investigation in hypothesis testing.
A. Alpha Level C. Rejection Region
B. Null Hypothesis D. Alternative Hypothesis
_______ 3. What type of decision is being committed if someone accepted a false
hypothesis?
A. Type I Error C. Correct Decision A
B. Type II Error D. Correct Decision B
_______ 4. What is the symbol that can be used to denote the probability of
committing Correct Decision A?
A. 𝛼 C. 1 − 𝛼
B. 𝛽 D. 1 − 𝛽
_______ 5. The calculations in determining rejection region can be graphically
represented by using _____________.
A. Bar Graph C. Normal Curve
B. Straight Line D. Cartesian Plane

KEY TO CORRECTION

C 5. 𝛼 5.
C 4. LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE 4.
B 3. REJECTION REGION 3.
B 2. TYPE II ERROR 2.
B 1. TYPE I ERROR 1.

POST-TEST ACTIVITIES (B)

TWO-TAILED 5. POPULATION 5. TRUE 5.

ONE-TAILED, LEFT-TAILED 4. PROPORTION 4. DIRECTIONAL 4.
ONE-TAILED, RIGHT-TAILED 3. PROBABILITY 3. NULL HYPOTHESIS 3.
TWO-TAILED 2. INTERVAL 2. TRUE 2.
ONE-TAILED, RIGHT-TAILED 1. PARAMETER 1. TRUE 1.

ACTIVITIES (A) RECAP PRE-TEST

 REFERENCES
Belecina, R.R.; Baccay, E.S.; Mateo, E.B., Statistics and Probability, First Edition,
Rex Book Store

Frost, Jim. Statistics by Jim: Making Statistics Intuitive.

https://statisticsbyjim.com/glossary/significance-level/.

Sevilla, Consuelo G. Research Methods. (C.M. Recto Avenue Manila, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore, 2009) 14 – 19.

Statistics for analytics and data science: Hypothesis testing and Z-test vs. T-test.
(2020, August 6). Analytics Vidhya. https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/
2020/06/statistics-analytics-hypothesis-testing-z-test-t-test/.