TITLE: LAB REPORT ON SLUICE GATE

JOMO KENYATTA

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

AND TECHNOLOGY

NAME: WABURI FRANCIS GATUBU

REG NO: EN251-3428/2013

COURSE: Bsc CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIT: HYDRAULICS 1

UNIT CODE: ECE 2304

LECTURER: DR PHD KAZUNGU MAITAIRIA

SUBMITED ON: JAN 2015

TABLE OF CONTENT
 Lab Report 4

CONTENT PAGE

 ABSTRACT 3

 INTRODUCTION 3

 OBJECTIVE 3

 THEORY 3-4

 MATERIAL 5

 METHOD 6

 RESULTS 7-9

 CALCULATION 9-11

 DISCUSSION 11

 CONCLUSION 12

 RECOMMENDATION 12

 LITERATURE CITED 13

 APPENDICES 14

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ABSTRACT

Basic experiments were conducted on sluice gate under different condition free outflow and submerged
outflow condition. It was found that the specific energy was related to both the velocity and the head at the
upstream of the gate. Good agreements between the measured values and the values computed from the
predictive equation were obtained.

Therefore, a reliable equation for calculating the specific energy for a sluice gate in a free outflow and
submerged outflow conditions is presented. The coefficient of discharge was obtained for the free outflow
through the relationship developed. The discharge coefficient of sluice gates in free and submerged conditions
plays an important role in determining the flow rate past such structures.

This paper, using energy and momentum conservation theory, presents an analytical method to
determine the contraction ratio and discharge coefficient of sluice gates under free and submerged flow
conditions. Based on suggested relationships for the contraction ratio, variations in energy loss under free and
submerged flow and the submergence limit are determined and some graphical demonstrations are adapted.

THEORY

OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the coefficient of discharge of sluice gate.

2. To understand the difference between the coefficient of discharge under the condition of free outflow

and that under the condition of submerged outflow

INTODUCTION

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A sluice gate is a mechanism used to control water flow. These devices are often used in water treatment
plants, mining, dams, rice fields, among other places. The gates are typically made of wood or metal, and often
slide vertically on a frame to open or close, allowing water to flow out of a space or to be contained in it. For
this reason, they are also known as a sluice gate valve.

Sluice gate design is not only limited to a vertical sliding system, however. One kind of sluice gate acts
like a flap and is moved by water pressure being greater on one side than the other. Others are even cylindrical
in nature.

The word sluice indicates a man-made channel or modified natural waterway that conducts water. This
kind of gate regulates how and where that water is moved. This is especially useful for controlling flooding or
water levels in farming and other industries.

Many sluice gates are moved by means of a threaded rod system, which needs to be regularly cleaned
and greased. Often, when these gates are used in applications with a large amount of water pressure, such as
dams, they are raised and lowered by hydraulic systems to control the sluice gate flow. Sometimes in smaller
uses, The gates are raised and lowered manually. At other times, an electrically-driven hoisting system is used.

Sluice Gates are used to regulate the level and flow in open channels and reservoirs. The sluice gate is
one of the most common gates. In order to design a sluice gate it is necessary to determine the head-discharge
relationship (Q=f (H)), and the pressure distribution over the gate; this lab will be focused only on the head-
discharge relationship. Discharge can conveniently be measured by hydraulic structures for controlling
discharge and water depth, as they create a one-to-one relationship between depth and discharge. Their
applications include irrigation and drainage canals and overflow spillways. Notably, other discharge measuring
device are costly, e.g. Laser Doppler Anemometer. Attention to the understanding of the performance of weir-
type flow control structure, e.g. over-flow and sharp-crested weirs is relatively better than that of standard gates.

(1) Discharge
The discharge is measured by the v-notch; Q =kvHV5/2

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Kv=8/5 cdv*(2g) 1/2tan θ.

Where:- HV=head above v-notch,

Cdv =coefficient of discharge of v-notch,

Θ=half angle of v-notch,

KV=coefficient of v-notch.

The coefficient of discharge (cdv) and the coefficient (kv) are obtained in experiment of v-notch.

(2) Under the condition of free out flow

(a) Coefficient of contraction
The actual depth of flow in the downstream (H2) is measured. Therefore, the coefficient of
contraction (CC) is calculated as
CC=H2/a
Where: - a represent the opening height of the sluice gate.

Fig 11.2

(b) Coefficient of velocity and discharge

Introducing the coefficient of velocity (CV), the discharge through the gate (Q), which is equal to the
discharge over the v-notch, is given as;

Q=CV H2 B √ [2g (E1-H2)]

Where: - B=width of gate,

E1=specific energy (total energy reckoned from the channel bed)at section 1
The specific energy (E1) is given as;

E1=H1 +α (v12/2g) =H1 +α/2g (Q/BH1)2

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Where: - α=energy coefficient (1.0 is substituted in a laboratory)

H1=depth at section 1.

Since H2=CC.a

Q=CC CV a B√ [2g (E1-H2)]

=Cd a B√ [2g (E1-H2)]……………………………………….(1)

Cd in the above is termed the coefficient of discharge and is found as the product of CC and CV.in this
experiment H1, H2, a, B and Q are measured. The coefficient of discharge (Cd) and the coefficient of
velocity (Cv) can be calculated as follows:
Cd =Q/Qt
=Q/ {a B√ [2g (E1-H2)]}
And Cv =Cd/Cc
Where Qt represent the theoretical discharge through the sluice gate.

(c) Coefficient of loss due to outflow

If the head loss due to outflow (∆E) is denoted as fO.V22/ (2g), in which fO represents the coefficient
of loss due to the out flow, the specific energy at section 1 is expressed as

E=H2 + V22/ (2g) +∆E = H2 + V22/ (2g) + fO V22/(2g)

Therefore, the discharge (Q) is given as follows:

Q = Cc a B V 2
= Cc a B{ 1/(√1+fo) } * [{√2g( E1-H2)}

Comparing with eqn (1)

Cv=1/ (√1+fo) or
fo=(1/c v 2) -1

(d) Practical discharge equation

Generally in the field, the discharge equation for a sluice gate is expressed as follows since the
upstream depth is usually measured:
Q=Cd’Qt’=Cd’ a B √(2gH1)
Where; Q’t=a B √ (2gH1)

(3) Under the condition of submerged out flow

(A) Discharge equation
The discharge through a sluice gate under the condition of submerged outflow is given as follows
with reference to fig 11.3

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Fig11.3

Q=Cd Qt
= Cd a B√ [2g (E1-H2)]
Qt= Cd a B√ [2g (E1-H2)]

And: E1=H1+ V21/2g.

MATERIALS
1. An adjustable-slope rectangular open channel with point gauges.

2. A steady water supply system.

3. A V-notch with hook gauge.

4. A sluice gate with rubber packing.

5. An adjustable-height suppressed weir.

6. A steel tape measure.

7. A thermometer

METHOD:
1. The width of the channel and the temperature of the water was measured and recorded.

2. The channel was then set horizontal.

3. The opening height of the sluice gate was set accurately (2.5-3.0 cm) with a steel tape.

4. Using a hook gauge the crest level of the v- notch was checked and recorded.

5. The level of the channel bed on the upstream side (section 1) and the downstream (section 2) was
checked with the point gauge and recorded.

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6. The operation of the steady water supply system was then started and the discharge was set small with
the gate valve.

7. After the flow became steady (the outflow from the gate was free).the depth at section 1and 2 was
measured.

8. The head above the v notch was then measured.

9. The state of flow through the gate was observed and the contraction of the flow confirmed.

10. The discharge was then increased so that another free outflow could appear, and procedure 7, 8, and 9,
were repeated.

11. The discharge was set small again and the opening height of the gate set to (3.0-4.0cm), and the height
of the suppressed weir was set so that a submerged outflow could occur.

12. Procedure 8 was then executed, 7 repeated and 9 at least five times while changing the downstream
depth (depth at section 2) with the suppressed weir.

13. The discharge was then increased so that another submerged outflow could occur and procedure 12 was
repeated

RESULTS

***Fundamental data****
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width (B) 0.30 m

Dimensions of sluice gate
opening height (a) 0.034 m
Channel bed section 1 0.478 m
level section 2 0.477 m
coefficient (Kv) 1.42
properties of v-notch crest level (gauge) 0.219
****OPERATION DATA (2) (submerged outflow )******
V notch Point gauge Depth specifi
Velocity
Velocity at c
Stag section 1 section 2 head
Discharg section 1 section section 1 energy
e Reading Head (H1) (H2) (V1²/2g
e (Q) m 2 m (V1) m/s (E1)
m m ) m
x10-³m³/s m
A 0.127 0.092 3.6455 0.529 0.523 0.051 0.052 0.238 0.003 0.054
B 0.5305 0.523 0.053 0.054 0.229 0.003 0.056
C 0.5385 0.529 0.061 0.062 0.199 0.002 0.063
D 0.547 0.533 0.069 0.07 0.176 0.002 0.071
E 0.5545 0.539 0.077 0.078 0.1578 0.001 0.078
F 0.562 0.547 0.084 0.085 0.145 0.001 0.085
G
H
A 0.108 0.111 5.829 0.558 0.533 0.08 0.056 0.243 0.003 0.083
B 0.573 0.54 0.095 0.063 0.205 0.002 0.097
C 0.584 0.546 0.106 0.069 0.185 0.002 0.107
D 0.5915 0.552 0.114 0.075 0.17 0.001 0.115
E 0.5995 0.5595 0.123 0.083 0.158 0.001 0.124
F 0.6095 0.568 0.132 0.091 0.147 0.001 0.133
G 0.622 0.578 0.144 0.101 0.135 0.0009 0.145
H
A 0.094 0.125 7.844 0.598 0.539 0.12 0.062 0.218 0.002 0.122
B 0.607 0.54 0.129 0.063 0.203 0.002 0.131
C 0.62 0.545 0.142 0.068 0.184 0.002 0.144
D 0.6295 0.55 0.152 0.073 0.172 0.002 0.154
E 0.6395 0.565 0.162 0.088 0.164 0.001 0.163
F 0.6605 0.5865 0.183 0.11 0.143 0.001 0.184
G 0.678 0.6078 0.2 0.131 0.131 0.0008 0.201
H

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****OPERATION DATA (2) (submerged outflow )******

V notch Henry's experiment
Theoretica Coefficien
Theoretica Coefficien
Stag Discharg H1/H l discharge t of
H1/a H2/a l discharge t of
e e (Q) 2 (Qt) discharge
(Q't) discharge
x10-³m³/s x10-³m³/s (Cd)
x10-³m³/s ( C'd)
A 3.6455 1.063 1.5 1.412 3.471 1.051 10.203 0.3573
1.141
B
3 1.5441 1.353 4.334 0.8412 10.352 0.3522
C 1.175 1.779 1.515 4.76 0.766 11.113 0.328
1.232
D 1 2.029 1.647 5.459 0.668 11.968 0.3072
E 1.234 2.25 1.824 5.6791 0.642 12.496 0.2917
1.208 2.044
F 6 2.471 1 5.643 0.646 13.0945 0.2784
G
H
A 5.829 1.429 2.353 1.647 7.4239 0.785 12.779 0.4561
B 1.508 2.794 1.853 8.3431 0.699 13.926 0.4186
1.540
C 1 3.103 2.015 8.88 0.656 14.675 0.3972
D 1.513 3.338 2.206 9.0361 0.645 15.221 0.383
E 1.473 3.574 2.427 9.0639 0.643 15.748 0.3701
F 1.453 3.858 2.662 9.2702 0.629 16.384 0.3558
G 1.433 4.235 2.956 9.5201 0.6123 17.145 0.34
H
A 7.8445 1.936 3.529 1.824 11.104 0.707 15.651 0.501
2.039
B
7 3.779 1.853 11.7469 0.668 16.196 0.484
C 2.088 4.177 2 12.43 0.631 17.025 0.461
2.075
D 3 4.456 2.147 12.779 0.614 17.587 0.446
E 1.825 4.75 2.603 12.315 0.637 18.157 0.432
F 1.667 5.367 3.221 12.2904 0.638 19.301 0.406
G 1.533 5.882 3.838 11.938 0.654 20.205 0.3882
H

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DATE :3/12/2014
EXPERIMENT NO: 4
***Fundamental data****
PROPERTIES OF Temperature 20 °c
WATER Density(ρ) 998.23 kg/m³
Dimensions of sluice width (B) 0.30m
gate opening height (a) 0.026m
Channel bed section 1 0.477m
level section 2 0.477m
Half angle of notch (Ѳ) 45
coefficient of discharge(Cdv) 0.952
properties of v-notch
coefficient (Kv) 1.42
crest level (gauge) 0.219
****operational data *****
stage V notch point gauge Depth
velocity Specific
Discharge Velocity head energy
(Q) section 1 section 2 at section V1²/2g (E1)
Reading Head x10³m³/s Section 1 section 2 (H1) ( H2) 1
m m m m m m m m m

1 0.131 0.088 3.2621 0.525 0.518 0.0465 0.041 0.234 0.003 0.0493
2 0.124 0.095 3.95 0.534 0.52 0.056 0.043 0.235 0.003 0.0588
3 0.109 0.11 5.699 0.55 0.494 0.0715 0.017 0.266 0.004 0.0751
4 0.103 0.116 6.508 0.572 0.495 0.0939 0.0175 0.231 0.003 0.0966
5 0.098 0.121 7.232 0.588 0.494 0.11 0.017 0.219 0.002 0.1124
6 0.096 0.123 7.534 0.598 0.495 0.12 0.0175 0.209 0.002 0.1222
7 0.094 0.125 7.85 0.605 0.494 0.127 0.017 0.206 0.002 0.1292

****Calculation ( 1) (Free out flow)****

V notch Theoretical coefficient Theoretical
coefficient of discharge coefficient Coefficient discharge Coefficient of
Discharge of loss due
stage H1/a contraction of discharge of velocity discharge
(Q) (Qt) to outflow (Q't)
Cc= H2/a (Cd) (Cv) (fo) (Cd')
x10³m³/s x10³m³/s x10³m³/s
1 3.262 1.789 1.577 3.148 1.036 0.6572 1.315 7.45 0.438
2 3.95 2.154 1.654 4.343 0.9096 0.55 2.306 8.176 0.483
3 5.697 2.75 0.654 8.3278 0.684 1.047 -0.0872 9.238 0.6168
4 6.508 3.612 0.673 9.717 0.6697 0.995 0.01023 10.587 0.6147
5 7.232 4.231 0.654 10.671 0.6777 1.037 -0.069 11.459 0.6311
6 7.534 4.615 0.673 11.179 0.674 1.001 -0.0026 11.968 0.6295
7 7.845 4.885 0.654 11.573 0.678 1.034 -0.0695 12.313 0.6371
SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

All values obtained were in millimetres; therefore they were multiplied by 0.001 to convert it to meters.

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Head of V notch = measured height 0f crest level – Reading one

= 0.219 m – 0.127 m = 0.092 m

Discharge, Q =kv H^2.5= 1.42 x.092^2.5 = 3.646*10-3m3s-1

Cross sectional area, A = width of channel x depth of flow

= 0.3 x 0.051= 0.0153m2

Q
Velocity, v = A = 3.646*10-3/ 0.0153 = 0.2383 ms-1

v2 0.0568
Kinetic energy, ke = 2g = 2 x 9.81 = 0.003m

V2 0.0568
Specific Energy, E = H1 + 2g = 0.051 + 19.62 = 0.054 m

H
¿
1
¿ 2−¿ H ¿
Theoretical head Loss (hj) = ¿ = (0.029 – 0.0105)3 / (4 x 0.029 x 0.0105)
¿
¿
¿
¿

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= 0.005 m

v
Froude Number = √ gD = 0.949 / √ (9.81 x 0.0492) = 2.957

Actual H2/H1 =.052/0.051=1.0196

H1/a =0.051/0.034 =1.500

CC=H2/a =0.041/0.034=1.577

Theoretical discharge Q’th = 0.034x0.3x (2x9.81x0.051) ^.5

=10.2031 x 10^-3 m3/s

Coefficient of discharge Cd = Qact/ Qth

=3.262/3.148 =1.0362

CV=Cd/Cc = 1.0362/1.577

=0.6572

fo= (1/c v 2) -1 =(1/0.65722)-1

=1.315

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A GRAPH OF Log Q AGANIST Log H1

-1.9
-1.4 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -1 -0.9 -0.8
-2

-2.1

-2.2
Log Q
-2.3 Log Q vs Log H1

-2.4

-2.5

-2.6
Log H1

DISCUSSION
The effects of relative gate opening and submergence ratio were considered in the work and we were

able to obtain the coefficient of discharge of the sluice gate at various sections which was within the accepted

range. Based on experimental work Most of this work, however, lacked an analytical approach to include the

variation of discharge coefficient as influenced by gate opening and submergence ratio.

From the graph of discharge against depth 1 it was observed that the discharge is related to depth i.e. an

increase in depth led to an increase in discharge.

CONCLUSION

1. The experiment was carried out successfully since we were able to obtain the specific energy between

the section and the theoretical head loss caused by the sluice gate were obtained as shown in the table

above.
2. We were able to observe the free flow and submerged flow conditions caused by the sluice gate and also

calculate their coefficients of discharge as shown in the table above.

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RECOMMENDATION

i) The readings of height should be taken carefully by avoiding sight error. The time collection should

be taken much appropriately.

ii) The experiment should be carried out by all civil engineering students in order to appreciate the

theory learnt in class.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Daugherty, Robert L. Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc, 1925. Print.

2. Harris, Charles W. Hydraulics. New York: J. Wiley, 1936. Print.

3. King, Horace W, Chester O. Wisler, and James G. Woodburn. Hydraulics. New York: J. Wiley, 1948.

Print.

4. Simon, Andrew L, and Andrew L. Simon. Hydraulics. New York: Wiley, 1986. Print.

5. Lecturer’s note and lab hard outs by Dr.PHD K. Maitairia, 2014.Print

APPENDICES

Application places with sluice gate.

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