CALIBRATION OF VENTURI METER

AIM :-

To find the value of the coefficient of discharge of the given Venturi meter fitted in a pipe.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :-

1. Venturi meter setup

2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch
DESCRIPTION :-

THEORY :-

The Venturi meter is a device which has been used over many years for measuring the
discharge along the pipe. The fluid flowing in the pipe is led through a contracting section to a
throat which has a smaller cross sectional area than the pipe, so that the velocity of fluid through
the throat is higher than in the pipe. This increase of velocity is accompanied by a fall in
pressure, the magnitude of which depends on the rate of flow, so that by measuring the pressure
drop the discharge may be calculated. Beyond the throat the fluid is decelerated in a pipe slowly
diverging section, the pressure increasing as the velocity falls.
With usual notations, the expression for discharge (Q) through a Venturi meter is given by

Qth = (a1a2) x√ 2gh / √ a12 – a22 ------------ 1

a1 = Area of c/s of an upstream section

a2 = Area of c/s at throat
h = Pressure head
g = Acceleration due to gravity

In practice there is some loss of energy between upstream and throat section and the
velocity is not absolutely constant across either of these sections. As a result, measured value of

Page 1 of 37
Q falls a little short of those calculated from equation (1) and it is customary to allow for this
discrepancy by writing

Qac = Cd (a1a2) x√ 2gh / √ a12 – a22

In which Cd is known as the Venturi meter coefficient and its value varies slightly
from one Venturi meter to another and even for a given Venturi meter it may vary with
discharge, but usually lies within the range 0.92 to 0.99. In case the piezoetric tapping are
connected to a differential manometer, then

h = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1)) / 100 m of water

Where,

h1, h2 = Manometer reading in cm

S2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (Mercury) =13.6

S1 = Sp. gravity of liquid flowing in the pipe line (Water) = 1

APPARATUS :-
Venturi meter consists of a convergent section which reduce in diameter
between one half and one fourth of pipe diameter this is followed by a throat and then divergent
section, the convergent angle is usually 20°. For the divergent part the angle of divergence is
usually 5° to 7°. There are two gauge points, one is at the junction of the pipe and convergent
section and the other is in the throat portion. Piezometric tapping leading from these gauge points
are connected to a differential manometer which indicates the piezometric head. Flow through
the Venturi meter is controlled with the help of a regulating valve and is collected in a collecting
tank having piezometric tube fixed on a measuring scale.

OBSERVATION :-
Diameter of inlet pipe (d1) = 0.025 m
Diameter of throat (d2) = 0.015 m
Area of c/s of inlet pipe (a1) = πd12 / 4 = πx0.0252 / 4

= 4.906 x 10-4 m2

Page 2 of 37
 Area of c/s of throat (a2) = πd22 / 4 = πx0.0152 / 4

= 1.766 x 10-4 m2

Area of collecting tank (A) = 0.5 x0.5 = 0.25 m2

Rise in level of water (H) = 0.1 m

PROCEDURE :-
1. Record the diameter of inlet (d1) and throat (d2) of Venturi meter.
2. Ascertain that mercury levels in the manometer limbs are same.
3. Open the control valve to get full flow in the pipe.
4. Eject the air bubbles, if any, by opening the air valve.
5. Note the mercury levels h1 and h2 in the two limbs of manometer.
6. Measure the internal dimension of the collecting tank with scale.
7. Note the time (t) in seconds required for the water level in the collecting tank
to rise to a known height (H)
8. Repeat steps 5 to 7 for different flow rates and take at least 5 different sets of
readings.
FORMULAE :-
1. Head of water (h) = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1)) / 100 m of water
Where,

h1, h2 = Manometer reading in cm

S2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (Mercury) =13.6
S1 = Sp. gravity of liquid flowing in the pipe line (Water) = 1

2. Actual discharge Qac = AxH /t in m3/sec

Where,
A = cross section area of collecting tank in m2
H = Rise in level of water in m
t = Time taken in rise in water level in Sec

3.Theoretical discharge (Qth) = (a1a2) x√ 2gh / √ a12 – a22

Page 3 of 37
 Where,
a1 = Area of c/s of an upstream section
a2 = Area of c/s at throat
h = Head of water
g = Acceleration due to gravity
4.Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qac / Qth

Where,
Qac = Actual discharge
Qth = Theoretical discharge

GRAPHICAL METHOD :-
Draw graph Qac Vs √h and find the slope
Slope = Qac / √h
Coefficient of discharge (Cd) = Qac / Qth
= Qac / (a1a2) x√ 2gh / √ a12 – a22 = Qac/( √h x k)

= slope / k
Where,
k= Venturi meter constant

k = (a1a2) x√ 2g / √ a12 – a22

RESULT:

The Coefficient of discharge of the given Venturimeter

Experimentally =
Graphically =

Page 4 of 37
 CALIBRATION OF VENTURI METER

Tabulation:-

Actual Theoretical
Manometer reading Head of Time for10 cm Discharge Discharge Coefficient
SL. water (h) rise of water (Qac) (Qth) of discharge
NO h1 h2 m (t) m3/s m3/s (Cd)
cm cm S

Page 5 of 37
VENTURI METER

Page 6 of 37
 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION COEFFICIENTS IN PIPE

AIM :-

To conduct an experiment in a pipe to determine friction coefficient.

DESCRIPTION :-

When water flows through pipes, a certain amount of water head has to be
consumed to overcome the friction due to the roughness of surfaces of the pipe. The roughness
effect or friction effect depends upon the scale formation on the surface. For a new pipe, there
will be no scale formation and surface will be smooth and hence the friction effect is less. For a
long used old pipe, the scale formation or chemical deposits will grow with the age of the pipes
and hence the roughness is increased.

PURPOSE :-

To determine

(i) Darcy’s coefficient ( f )

f = 2Hf gd / 4lV2
(ii) Chezy’s coefficient ( c )
c = V / √mi

(iii) Manning’s coefficient (N)

N = m2/3 x i1/2 / V

Where, Hf = Head loss due to Friction

g = acceleration due to gravity

d = diameter of pipe

l = length of the pipe

V = velocity of flow

m = hydraulic mean depth = d / 4

i = slope of pipe line = Hf / l

APPARATUS :-

The apparatus consists of a piping circuit with 2 G.I pipes of size 2.5 cm and
1.5 cm diameter. Both pipes are connected in parallel and having the same main supply line. Pair
of quick change cocks fitted in the pipe lines. The distance between one pair of cocks is 2 m. The

Page 7 of 37
cocks are connected to a middle chamber, which in turn connected to the differential mercury
manometer for easy change over.

The manometer is used to find out the difference of pressure which is the
indication of loss of head in the pipe for a length of change over.

The unit is supported on a strong iron stand and by-pass arrangements is

used to collect water for a particular volume and then to determine the discharge in pipes.

PROCEDURE :-

1. Select the required pipe line.

2. Write down the diameter of the pipe.
3. Open the cocks in the particular pipe and close the other cocks.
4. Open the main valve.
5. Vent the manometer.
6. Allow water in the pipe line by adjusting the gate valve in the pipe line and
note the reading of manometer.

7. Note down the time in seconds (t) required for the water level in the
collecting tank to rise to a known height (H).

8. Repeat the experiment for different flow rate and take at least 5 set of
readings.

OBSERVATION :-

Diameter of pipe (d) = 0.015 m

Area of c/s of pipe (a) = πd2 / 4 = πx0.0152 / 4 = 1.766 x 10-4 m2

Length of pipe =2m

Area of collecting tank (A) = 0.5 x0.5 = 0.25 m2

Rise in level of water (H) = 0.1 m

Hydraulic mean depth (m) = d /4 = 0.015/4 = 0.00375 m

FORMULAE :-

1. Head loss due to friction (h) = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1)) / 100 m of water
Where,

Page 8 of 37
 h1, h2 = Manometer reading in cm
S2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (Mercury) =13.6
S1 = Sp. gravity of liquid flowing in the pipe line (Water) = 1

2. Discharge( Q )= AxH /t in m3/sec

Where,
A = cross section area of collecting tank in m2
H = Rise in level of water in m
t = Time taken in rise in water level in Sec

3.Velocity (V) = Q/a

Where,
Q = Discharge
a = Area of c/s of pipe

4.Darcy’s Coefficient ( f )
Hf = 4f l V2 / 2 g d
f = 2Hf gd / 4lV2
5. Chezy’s Coefficient ( c )
V = c √ mi
c = V / √ mi
6. Manning’s coefficient ( N )
V = m2/3 x i1/2 /N
N = m2/3 x i1/2 /V
Where,
Hf = Head loss due to Friction

g = acceleration due to gravity

d = diameter of pipe

l = length of the pipe

V = velocity of flow

m = hydraulic mean depth = d / 4

i = slope of pipe line = Hf / l

Page 9 of 37
GRAPHICAL METHOD :-

Draw graph Hf Vs V2 and find the slope

Slope = Hf / V2

1. Darcy’s Coefficient ( f ) = 2Hf gd / 4lV2

= ( Hf / v2 ) x ( 2gd / 4l )

f = Slope x ( 2gd / 4l )

2.Chezy’s Coefficient ( c ) = V / √ mi

c2 = V2 / mi = V2 / m ( Hf / l ) = (V2 /Hf ) ( I /m )

c2 = l / (m x slope)

c = √ l / (m x slope)

3. Manning’s Coefficient ( N ) = m2/3 x i1/2 /V

N2 = ( m4/3 x i ) / V2 = m4/3 ( Hf / l )/ V2 = (HfX m4/3 /V2Xl)

N2 = (Hf/v2) x( m4/3 / l)

N2 = slope X m4/3 / l

N = √ slope X m4/3 / l

RESULT:-
Experimentally Graphically
(i)Darcy’s coefficient ( f ) =

(ii) Chezy’s coefficient ( c ) =

(iii) Manning’s coefficient (N) =

Page 10 of 37
 DETERMINATION OF FRICTION COEFFICIENTS IN PIPE
Tabulation :-
Manometer Head loss Time for 10 Actual Velocity of
reading due to cm rise of discharge flow Darcy’s Chezy’s Manning
h1 h2 friction (Hf) water (t) (Q) V coefficient coefficient ( c ) coefficient (N)
SL.NO cm cm m sec m3/s m/sec (f)

Page 11 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a centrifugal pump.

LEARNING OUTCOME

On successful completion of this experiment students should able to

1. Test the centrifugal pump and draw the performance characteristic
2. Select suitable pump for the given piping system
3. Explain the importance of priming in the centrifugal pump

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Centrifugal pump setup

2. Stop watch
3. Venturimeter with Manometer
DESCRIPTION:

PRIMING:

The operation of filling water in the suction pipe casing and a portion delivery pipe for
the removal of air before starting is called priming.
After priming the impeller is rotated by a prime mover. The rotating vane gives a
centrifugal head to the pump. When the pump attains a constant speed, the delivery valve is
gradually opened. The water flows in a radially outward direction. Then, it leaves the vanes at
the outer circumference with a high velocity and pressure. Now kinetic energy is gradually
converted in to pressure energy. The high-pressure water is through the delivery pipe to the
required height.

OBSERVATION:-
Correction head (Hc) = 0.35 m of water
Energy meter constant (K) = 3200 Imp / kWhr

Page 12 of 37
FORMULAE :

1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q = 0.001933 h m3 / s
Where:

h = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1)) / 100 m of water

Where,
h1, h2 = Manometer reading in cm
S2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (Mercury =13.6)
S1 = Sp. gravity of water ( 1 )

2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + Hs + Hc m of water
Where:
Hd = Delivery head = pressure gauge reading (kg/cm2) x 104 / 103 m of water
Hs = Suction head = vacuum gauge reading (mm of Hg) x 13.6 / 1000 m of water
Hc =Correction head (Distance between suction gauge and pressure gauge) 0.35 m of water

3. INPUT POWER:
I.P =0.8 x n x 3600 / (T x K) kW
Where,
n = Number of Impulse of energy meter
K = Energy meter constant 3200 rev / kW hr
T = time taken for ‘n’ Impulse seconds

4. OUTPUT POWER:
O.P = ρ x g x Q x H / 1000 kW
Where,
ρ = Density of water kg / m³
g = Acceleration due to gravity m / s2
Q = Discharge m3 / s
H = Total head of water m of water

Page 13 of 37
 5. EFFICIENCY:
 = (O.P/I.P)  100 %
Where,
O.P = Output power kW
I.P = Input power kW

6. SPECIFIC SPEED :

NS = N√ Q / H¾
Where,
NS = Specific speed
N = Speed of the pump (2700 rpm)
Q = Discharge
H = Total Head

PROCEDURE:
1. Prime the pump close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Note down the manometer reading h1and h2 and calculate discharge
5. Measure the correction head
6. For different delivery heads, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter
disc.
GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs. Total head (H-Q Curve)

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of centrifugal pump were studied and the
efficiency was found at various delivery pressures.

Page 14 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Tabulation:-

Pressure Vacuum Delivery Suction Total Manometer Time for Discharge

Gauge Gauge Head (Hd) Head(Hs) Head (H) reading 20 Imp of (Q) Input Output Efficiency Specific
SL. Reading Reading m of water m of water m of water h1 h2 h Energy m3/s (I.P) (O.P) η Speed
NO kg / Cm2 mm of cm cm m of meter kW kW % NS
Hg (T)
water
S

Page 15 of 37
Page 16 of 37
Page 17 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of a reciprocating pump.

LEARNING OUTCOME

On successful completion of this experiment students should able to

1. Do performance test on reciprocating pump and draw the characteristic curve
2. Compare reciprocating pump with the centrifugal pump
3. Select suitable pump for the real case requirement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Reciprocating pump
2. Meter scale
3. Stop watch

Description:
The reciprocating pump is a positive displacement type of piston pump and
cylinder. It has got two suction valves and two delivery valve. During the forward stroke one
suction valve allowing the water into the cylinder from suction pipe and one delivery valve
allowing the water from cylinder to delivery pipe. During the return stroke another suction
valve allowing the water into the cylinder from suction pipe and another delivery valve allowing
the water from cylinder to delivery pipe. So in every stroke one part of the cylinder is being
filled while the other is being emptied to minimize the fluctuation in the discharge. Usually an
air vessel is provided to get the continuous flow of water.

Observation:-
Collecting tank area (A) = 0.5 x 0.5 m2

Correction Head (Hc) = 0.115 m of water

Energy meter constant (K) = 1600 IMP/k W hr

Page 18 of 37
 Pump cylinder dia = 0.04 m

Cross section area of pump Cylinder (a) = πd2 / 4 = πx0.042 / 4

= 1.256 x 10-3 m2

Stroke length (L) = 0.045 m

Speed (N) = 300 rpm

FORMULAE:
1. ACTUAL DISCHARGE:

Q=Axh/t m3 / s
Where:
A = Area of the collecting tank m2
h = Height of the water level collected m
t = Time taken for 10 cm rise of water level in collecting tank Sec

2. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + H s + H c m of water
Where:
Hd = Delivery head = pressure gauge reading (kg/cm2) x 104 / 103 m of water
Hs = Suction head = vacuum gauge reading (kg/cm2) x 104 / 103 m of water
Hc = Correction head (Distance between suction gauge and pressure gauge) 0.115 m of water

3. INPUT POWER:

I.P =0.8 x n x 3600 / (K  T) kW

Where,
n = Number of revolutions of energy meter disc
K = Energy meter constant Imp / kW hr
T = time taken for ‘n’ revolutions seconds

Page 19 of 37
4. OUTPUT POWER:

O.P = ρ g Q H / 1000 kW
Where,
ρ = Density of water kg / m³
g = Acceleration due to gravity m / s2
H = Total head of water m of water
Q = Discharge m3 / sec
5. EFFICIENCY:
η = (O.P / I.P)  100 %

Where,
O.P = Output power kW
I.P = Input power kW

6. PERCENTAGE OF SLIP :
Percentage of Slip = ((Qth – Qac) x 100) / Qth %
Where, Qth = 2aLN /60
a = Cross section area of pump cylinder
L = Stroke length
N = Speed of the pump

PROCEDURE:
1. Close the delivery valve and switch on the unit
2. Open the delivery valve and maintain the required delivery head
3. Note down the reading and note the corresponding suction head reading
4. Close the drain valve and note down the time taken for h m rise of water level in
collecting tank
5. Measure the area of collecting tank
6. For different delivery heads, repeat the experiment
7. For every set reading note down the time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter
disc.

Page 20 of 37
GRAPHS:

1. Actual discharge Vs. Total head (H-Q Curve)

2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
RESULT:

The performance characteristics of the reciprocating pump were studied and the
efficiency was found at various delivery pressures.

Page 21 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON RECIPROCATING PUMP

Tabulation:-

Pressure Vacuum Delivery Suction Total Time for 10 Time for 3 Discharge
Gauge Gauge Head Head Head cm raise of IMP of Energy (Q) Input Output Efficiency Slip
SL.NO Reading Reading (Hd) (Hs) (H) water (t) meter (T) m3/s (I.P) (O.P) η %
kg / Cm2 kg / Cm2 m of m of m of S S kW kW %
water water water

Page 22 of 37
Page 23 of 37
 13

Page 24 of 37
PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

AIM:
To conduct the performance test on Pelton wheel turbine and to plot the performance
characteristic curves.

LEARNING OUTCOME

On successful completion of this experiment students should able to

1. do performance test on the Pelton wheel and draw the performance characteristic curve
2. justify the application of the Pelton wheel in the real life power generation.
3. explain the working principle of the Pelton wheel

REQUIRED:

1. Orifice meter with Manometer

2. Tachometer
3. Spring balance
DESCRIPTION:

Pelton wheel turbine is an impulse turbine, which is used to act on high loads and for
generating electricity. All the available heads are classified in to velocity energy by means of
spear and nozzle arrangement. Position of the jet strikes the knife-edge of the buckets with least
relative resistances and shocks. While passing along the buckets the velocity of the water is
reduced and hence an impulse force is supplied to the cups which in turn are moved and hence
shaft is rotated.
Observation:
Brake drum diameter (D) = 0.2 m

Discharge (Q) = 0.002 √h m3/s

FORMULAE:

1. PRESSURE HEAD

H = Pressure gauge reading x 104 / 103 m of water

2. MANO METER READING:

Page 25 of 37
 h = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1)) / 100 m of water

Where,
h1, h2 = Manometer reading in cm
S2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (Mercury =13.6)
S1 = Sp. gravity of water ( 1 )

3. NET LOAD

T = T1 – T2 kg
Where,

T1 = Given load kg
T2 = Spring balance reading kg

4. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.002   h m3 / s

5. . OUTPUT POWER:

Output = ( D N T x 9.81) /60000 kW

Where,
N = Speed of the turbine in rpm
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.2 m
T = Net load ( T1-T2)in kg

6. INPUT POWER:

Input = ρ g Q H / 1000 kW
Where,
ρ = Density of water kg / m³
g = Acceleration due to gravity m / s2
Q = Discharge m³ / s
H = Total head of water m of water

Page 26 of 37
 7. EFFICIENCY:

 = (O.P / I.P) x 100 %

Where
O.P = Output power kW
I.P = Input power kW

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Prime the pump if necessary.

2. The spring balances reading set into zero.
3. Close the main sluice valve and then start the pump.
4. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge.
5. Open the nozzle required part.
6. Load the turbine by spring balance.
7. Cooling water pour in the Brake drum.
8. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer.
9. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings.
10. Note the manometer readings.
11. Repeat the experiments for other loads.

GRAPHS:

The following graphs are drawn.

1. Load Vs Efficiency
2. Load Vs Output

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the Pelton wheel turbine are plotted and the
efficiency was found at various loads

Page 27 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

Tabulation:-

SL. Pressure Pressure Manometer Reading T T Net load Speed Discharge Input Output Efficiency
1 2
NO Gauge Head (H) h h (h) kg kg (T -T ) N Q m3/s (I.P) (O.P) η
Reading 1 2 1 2
m of cm cm m of kg rpm kW kW %
kg / Cm2
water water

Page 28 of 37
Page 29 of 37
Page 30 of 37
 PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE
AIM:
To conduct the performance test on Francis turbine and to plot performance characteristic
curves.

LEARNING OUTCOME

On successful completion of this experiment students should able to

1. Do performance test on the Francis Turbine and to draw is performance characteristic curve
2. Classify the application of the Turbine in the real life power generation based on available
Head, Head and Discharge.
3. Explain the working principle of the Francis Turbine.

.APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Tachometer
2. Orifice meter with Manometer
3. Spring balance
DESCRIPTION:

Modern Francis turbine in an inward mixed flow reaction turbine it is a medium head turbine.
Hence it required medium quantity of water. The water under pressure from the penstock enters
the squirrel casing. The casing completely surrounds the series of fixed vanes. The guides’ vanes
direct the water on to the runner. The water enters the runner of the turbine in the dial direction at
outlet and leaves in the axial direction at the inlet of the runner. Thus it is a mixed flow turbine

Observation:
Brake drum diameter (D) = 0.2 m

Discharge (Q) = 0.01738 √ h m3/sec

FORMULAE
1. TOTAL HEAD:
H = Hd + H s m of water
Where,
Hd = Delivery head = pressure gauge reading x 104 / 103 m of water
Hs = Suction head = Vaccum gauge reading x 13.6 / 103 m of water

Page 31 of 37
2. MANO METER READING:

h = h = ((h1 ~ h2)  ( -1) ) / 100 m of water

Where,
h1, h2 - Manometer reading in cm
s2 = Sp. gravity of liquid in manometer (mercury – 13.6)
s1 = Sp. gravity of water ( 1 )

3. NET LOAD

T = T1 – T2 kg
Where,
T1 = Given load in kg
T2 = Spring balance reading in kg

4. DISCHARGE:
Q = 0.01738 x  h m3 / s

5. OUTPUT POWER:

Output = ( D N T x 9.81) /60000 Kw

Where,
N = Speed of the turbine in rpm
D = Effective diameter of brake drum = 0.2 m
T = Net load (T1 – T2) in kg

6. INPUT POWER:

Input = ρ g Q H / 1000 kW
Where,
ρ = Density of water kg / m³
g = Acceleration due to gravity m / s2
Q = Discharge m³ / s
H = Total head of water m

Page 32 of 37
 7. EFFICIENCY:

 = (O.P / I.P) x 100 %

Where,
O.P = Output power kW
I.P = Input power kW

. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

1. Prime the pump if necessary.

2. The spring balances reading set into zero.
3. Close the main sluice valve and then start the pump
4. Open the sluice valve for the required discharge
5. Load the turbine by spring balance.
6. Cooling water pour in the Brake drum
7. Measure the turbine rpm with tachometer
8. Note the pressure gauge and vacuum gauge readings
9. Note the manometer readings.
10. Repeat the experiments for other loads.

GRAPHS:
The following graphs are drawn.
1. Load Vs Efficiency
2. Load Vs Output

RESULT:

Thus the performance characteristics of the Francis turbine are plotted and the efficiency
was found at various loads.

Page 33 of 37
 5
4
3
2
1
SL.
NO
Pressure Gauge
Reading
kg / cm2
Vacuum Gauge
Tabulation:-

Reading
mm of Hg
Pressure Head (H )
d
m of water
Suction Head
(H ) m of water
s
Total Head
(H +H )= (H) m of
d s
h

water
1
cm
h
2
cm
h
m of
water
Manometer Reading

Page 34 of 37
T
1
kg
kg
T2

Net load (T -T )
1 2
T kg
N
rpm
Speed
PERFORMANCE TEST ON FRANCIS TURBINE

Discharge (Q)

m3/s
Input (I.P)
kW

Output (O.P)
kW
Efficiency (η)
%
Page 35 of 37
Page 36 of 37
 USEFUL LINKS ON FLUID MACHINERY

1. http://www.onesmartclick.com/engineering/fluid-mechanics.html

2. http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-01-unified-

engineering-i-ii-iii-iv-fall-2005-spring-2006/fluid-mechanics/

3. http://www.powershow.com/view/497619-

MWRkM/Lecture_Notes_on_Fluid_Mechanics_I_Fundamentals_of_Fluids

_Mechanics_powerpoint_ppt_presentation

4. http://www.rejinpaul.com/2012/08/me2204-fluid-mechanics-and-

machinery.html

5. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/

6. http://www.francisxavier.ac.in/uploads/STUDY_MATERIALS/MECH/

2014_2015_ODD/II_YEAR/CE6451_NOTES.pdf

7. http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/mdmamun/fluid.pdf

8. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=1089

9. http://mfnco.com/e-
library/books/Fluid%20Mechanics%20and%20Thermodynamics%20of
%20Turbomachinery.pdf

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