Religions: An Earlier Copy of Al-Suhraward I's Aw Arif Al-Ma Arif and Its Scribe, Ab U T. Ahir Al-H.anaf I

religions
Article
“
An Earlier Copy of al-Suhrawardı̄’s Awārif al-Ma ārif
and Its Scribe, Abū T.āhir al-H
. anafı̄
Aydogan Kars
School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
[email protected]

Received: 2 October 2020; Accepted: 13 November 2020; Published: 17 November 2020
Abstract: This paper introduces an accomplished H . anafı̄ traditionist [muh.addith] named Abū T.āhir
(
Abd al-Salām Ibn Abı̄ al-Rabı̄ al-Shı̄rāzı̄ (b.bef.590/1194, d.661/1263), and two newly-discovered
(
manuscripts that shed light on his life, works, and networks. The first manuscript is an earlier copy
of Umar al-Suhrawardı̄’s (539-632/1145-1234) influential Sufi treatise, Benefits of Intimate Knowledge
(
[ Awārif al-Ma ārif ] that Abū T.āhir copied in 603/1206. In addition to updating the terminus ad
( (
quem of al-Suhrawardı̄’s masterpiece, the manuscript also preserves a significant audition [samā ] (
record. While Abū T.āhir transcribed this early copy, he seems to have neither participated in the
later transmission of the work nor formed a Sufi identity. A well-connected traditionist who has
not yet received scholarly attention, he wrote many works, none of which have been studied so far.
This paper introduces his life and works, traces his immediate teachers and pupils in transmitting
prophetic sayings, and analyzes a hitherto unstudied manuscript of his Forty Sayings on the Virtue of
Praying for the Messenger of God [Al-Arba ūn fı̄ Fad.ı̄lat al-S.alāt alā Rasūl Allāh]. The paper demonstrates
( (
that the study of al-Suhrawardı̄’s Awārif al-Ma ārif by non-Sufi traditionists can be traced back to its
( (
earliest extant copy available to us.
Keywords: Sufism; Islamic manuscripts; h.adı̄th studies
1. Introduction: Towards a Chronology of al-Suhrawardı̄’s Corpus

Abū H . afs. Umar al-Suhrawardı̄’s (539-632/1145-1234) Benefits of Intimate Knowledge [ Awārif
( (
al-Ma ārif ] is one of the most influential Sufi manuals ever written.1 A critical edition of Awārif
( (
al-Ma ārif is still absent, and its date of composition is unclear. It has been published in Arabic and
(
Turkish a few times, and was translated into German in 1978.2 It was first translated into English by
Henry Wilberforce Clarke (d.1905) as early as 1891.3 However, this alleged English translation of the
(
Awārif al-Ma ārif was rather a translation of Lamp of Guidance [Mis.bāh. al-Hidāya], penned by Izz al-Dı̄n
( (
Kāshānı̄ (d.735/1334). Clarke deemed Mis.bāh. al-Hidāya the Persian translation of the original Arabic
work of al-Suhrawardı̄. Mis.bāh. al-Hidāya, however, has major divergences from the Awārif al-Ma ārif,
( (
both in its form and content. In fact, Kāshānı̄’s work mostly relies on al-Suhrawardı̄’s theological text,
The Signposts of Right Guidance [A lām al-Hudā], both in content and structure, while it still differs from
(
the original work in elusive yet significant ways.4 Hence, such a key text of the Islamic heritage is still
inaccessible to English readers.
What makes the production of an authoritative edition of Awārif al-Ma ārif a genuine challenge
( (
is not the absence of good and early copies endorsed by al-Suhrawardı̄, but the opposite—their
1 See (Hartmann 2012).

2 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ 1978).
3 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ 1891).
4 See (Kars 2019, pp. 170–71).
Religions 2020, 11, 613; doi:10.3390/rel11110613 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions

Religions 2020, 11, 613 2 of 17
abundance. Al-Suhrawardı̄ actively promoted the transcription of his Awārif al-Ma ārif, which was ( (
recited in audition sessions whereby it was transmitted to disciples and widely disseminated from early
on. Hence, there are plenty of copies that were transcribed in the thirteenth century, many carefully
studied by Helmut Ritter, Angelika Hartmann, and Erik Ohlander in detail. Hartmann and Ohlander
also showed that there are a few copies transcribed when al-Suhrawardı̄ was still alive; the majority
of them are dated after 627/1230, and are preserved today in libraries in Istanbul, Turkey.5 Ohlander
also pointed to an even earlier copy in Istanbul, MS Lala Ismail 180. This copy was already known to
the scholarship, while Ritter and Hartmann had assumed that it was dated Muh.arram 624/January
1227. Ohlander showed that this date is that of a later audition session, while MS Lala Ismail 180 was
originally transcribed and owned by al-Suhrawardı̄’s disciple Sharaf al-Dı̄n al-Mālı̄nı̄ (d.645/1248) by
the year 605/1208-9, when it was dictated to a group of students in the Sufi lodge [ribāt.] al-Marzubāniyya
in Baghdad by Suhrawardı̄’s personal secretary and pupil, Najm al-Dı̄n al-Tiflı̄sı̄ (d.631/1234).6 Hence,
the new terminus ad quem was set as 605/1208-9, and MS Lala Ismail 180 has been considered the
earliest copy of Awārif al-Ma ārif available.
( (
The dating of the earliest Awārif al-Ma ārif is essential for understanding the development of the
( (
career and corpus of al-Suhrawardı̄, who has been commonly known as the “author of [s.āh.ib] the
(
Awārif ” in the later tradition. Ohlander’s change in dating MS Lala Ismail 180, for example, also meant
that two works of al-Suhrawardı̄, A lām al-Hudā and H . ilyat al-Nāsik fı̄-l-Manāsik, were also written earlier
(
than what scholars had assumed because they were also transmitted in the same audition session in
605/1208-9 along with Awārif al-Ma ārif.7 Other works of al-Suhrawardı̄ also have close connections
( (
with Awārif al-Ma ārif. For example, I would argue that his Guide to the Disciples [Irshād al-Murı̄dı̄n]
( (
was very probably written before the Awārif al-Ma ārif. We read in the preface of Irshād al-Murı̄dı̄n
( (
that al-Suhrawardı̄ collected [jam ] this compendium on the Sufi path per request of a group of friends
(
and peers.8 As the work was addressed to companions and peers, rather than pupils, it might have
been penned before al-Suhrawardı̄’s becoming a prominent master of Sufi training [tarbiya]. Second,
we know that soon after being completed, Awārif al-Ma ārif became the primary and regular reading
( (
in the circle of al-Suhrawardı̄ and beyond. The master would prescribe the work to his disciples, and
he organized many audition sessions in Mecca, Baghdad, and Mosul, continuously transmitting it
to countless students until his death.9 The very request of his friends suggests that the Awārif was (
not available yet when Irshād al-Murı̄dı̄n was penned. The dating of the Awārif al-Ma ārif would ( (
help with dating other works as well. The two short treatises of al-Suhrawardı̄, Epistle of Voyaging
and Flight [Risālat al-Sayr wa-l-T.ayr] and Epistle on Affluence and Poverty [Risāla fı̄-l-Ghinā wa-l-Faqr] )
make improvements, however minor, on Awārif al-Ma ārif, suggesting that they were written after ( (
the completion of Awārif al-Ma ārif.10 Another work in organic relation with the Awārif al-Ma ārif is
( ( ( (
his Unseen Flashes on the Spirit [al-Lawāmi al-Ghaybiyya fı̄-l-Rūh.], which is roughly the same, with a
(
long section in chapter 56 of Awārif al-Ma ārif. In addition, al-Suhrawardı̄’s discourses called Openings
( (
[Futūh.āt] have textual parallels with the Awārif al-Ma ārif. These cases may imply that both al-Lawāmi
( ( (
al-Ghaybiyya and Awārif al-Ma ārif relied on al-Suhrawardı̄’s discursive “openings” that were orally
( (
delivered.11 While these hypotheses need further study, at least it is clear that the composition date of
(
Awārif al-Ma ārif stands at the crux of understanding not only a major, popular work of Muslim piety,
(
but also the development of al-Suhrawardı̄’s corpus, and how he was made into who he became.
5 See (Ritter 1939; Hartmann 1983, pp. 112–42; Ohlander 2008, pp. 285–93).
6 See (Ohlander 2006, p. 241; Hartmann 1983, pp. 124–25).
7 See (Ohlander 2008, p. 291).
8 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Şehit Ali Paşa, f. 1b).
9 ( ( ( (
For Sharaf al-Dı̄n Ja far Ibn Alı̄ Ibn Ja far al-Maws.ilı̄’s (604-698/1208-1299) hearing of the Awārif al-Ma ārif in Mosul from
(
al-Suhrawardı̄, see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 15, p. 871; Kars forthcoming).

10 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Tübingen, ff.106b–108b; Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Dār al-Kutub, ff.235–39).
11 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Jagiellonska, ff.40a–42a; Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Majlis-e Shura, ff.89b–92a).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 3 of 17
Rich library and endowment collections in Turkey have been standing at the center of the search
for the oldest manuscript of Awārif al-Ma ārif. However, a copy of Awārif al-Ma ārif that predates MS
( ( ( (
Lala Ismail 180 is today located in Serbia, in the Belgrade University Library. This is also the oldest
manuscript in the collection of Islamic manuscripts in the library.12 The codex is digitalized, available
to read online or to download entirely and freely.13 This digital version will be the basis of the analysis
below. In addition to pushing the terminus ad quem to 603/1206, the codex MS Belgrade O.1115 also
contains significant information on Awārif al-Ma ārif, its early transmission context, and the scribe,
( (
whose career was firmly situated in the study and transmission of prophetic sayings [h.adı̄th], with no
visible connections to Sufism. Hence, the analysis will allow us to observe the early success of the Awārif (
al-Ma ārif in traditionist circles, which, in turn, can shed light on the broader popularity of the work.
(
2. MS Belgrade O.1115, al-Suhrawardı̄’s Awārif al-Ma ārif ( (
The copy of the Awārif al-Ma ārif that predates the other copies known to us was briefly mentioned
( (
as a footnote in a survey of Turkish manuscripts in Eastern European library collections published in

1983, but eluded scholarly attention.14 The copy is preserved in a codex composed of two works on
Sufism bound together, with a title bifolio of the second work between them. Only Awārif al-Ma ārif ( (
has pagination, on the upper corner of the verso of the leaves. The entire codex is damaged by water,
while the most serious challenge for legibility comes from oxidation. The writings on the margins in
the last folia of Awārif al-Ma ārif, which are of key importance, are often illegible due to faded writing
( (
(see Figures A1 and A2).

To begin with the content of the codex:
ff.1b–4b, a treatise with the title Bāb al-Tadbı̄rāt al-Ilāhiyya fı̄ Is.lāh. al-Mamlakat al-Insāniyya, Muh.yı̄
al-Dı̄n Ibn al- Arabı̄ (d.638/1240).
(
ff.1b–2a, title page added before the Awārif al-Ma ārif. ( (
ff.1b–264b, Awārif al-Ma ārif, al-Suhrawardı̄.

( (
Both the work of Ibn al- Arabı̄ and the title page are later transcriptions bound together with the
(
much older copy of Awārif al-Ma ārif. The title of Ibn al- Arabı̄’s treatise is given incorrectly in the codex;
( ( (
rather than his Tadbı̄rāt al-Ilāhiyya [Divine Governance], the work is in fact Ibn al- Arabı̄’s Risālat Al-Anwār (
[Treatise of Lights], known as the Journey to the Lord of Power. This was a much-copied, authentic work of
Ibn al- Arabı̄, on which Abd al-Karı̄m al-Jı̄lı̄ (d.ca.815/1412) wrote an influential commentary.
( (
The title bifolio of Awārif al-Ma ārif was penned by a different hand after the 11th/17th
( (
century. It gives basic information on Awārif al-Ma ārif and al-Suhrawardı̄, and cites Kashf al-Z
( (
. unūn,
a biographical work penned by the Ottoman writer Kātip Çelebı̄ (aka H . ājjı̄ Khalı̄fa) (d.1068/1657) as
the source. This page also contains an Arabic quotation and an Ottoman Turkish note. According to
the note, the quotation is reported from the legendary ascetic and mystic, Ma rūf al-Karkhı̄ (d.200/815), (
and a person’s needs will be met if they recite it.15 On the left side of this quotation and the note,
we find the name of the person who wrote them: Şeyh. Meh.med bin H . asan bin Şa bān.
(
Awārif al-Ma ārif is transcribed by another hand in a clear and very beautiful naskh script,
( (
with nineteen lines per page. The handwriting changes in the first six folia, most of which are
transcribed by yet another hand, and rebound to complete the work. These early folia, especially
ff.4b–6a, have up to twenty-six lines per page, and they do not utilize colored pen in the headings.
Otherwise, the remaining text is penned consistently by using red chapter headings. The transcription
is legible and careful, and the scribe adds diacritics throughout the text in order to eliminate possible
misreadings. At least three bifolia of the Awārif al-Ma ārif are missing (or omitted in the digital
( (
12 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Belgrade, ff.1b–264b).

13 See https://phaidrabg.bg.ac.rs/detail_object/o:1115.
14 See (Birnbaum 1983, vol. 527).
15 (
The quotation is composed of a famous prayer, āmantu bi-llāhi-l- Alı̄ al- Az.ı̄m wa tawakkaltu alā al-H
( (
. ayy al-Qayyūm, followed

by an excerpt from Q.39:53, followed by the phrase al-mulk li-llāhi al-Wāh.id al-Qahhār.
Religions2020,
Religions 2020,11,
11,613
x FOR PEER REVIEW 44of
of17
18
At least three bifolia of the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif are missing (or omitted in the digital version).16 There
version). 16 There are occasional marginalia throughout the text that are either corrections or short
are occasional marginalia throughout the text that are either corrections or short commentaries on
commentaries
the text. The last the
on text.
folio, Thecontains
264b, last folio,
the264b, contains
colophon, the colophon,
which states thatwhich
it wasstates
copied thatonit4was copied
Jumādī al-
on
Awwal4 Jumādı̄
603/14al-Awwal
December 603/14
1206December
(see Figure 1206
A1). (see
TheFigure A1).
scribe’s Theisscribe’s
name given as name“Abū Ṭāhir as
is given ʿAbd“Abal-
ū
TSalām
. āhir Abd
(
Ibn al-Salām
Abī Ibn
al-Rabīʿ Abı̄
Maḥmūd al-Rabı̄
Ibn Mah . m
(
Muḥammad ūd Ibn Muh
Ibn ammad
Maḥmūd
. Ibn
Ibn Mah
Muḥammad
. m ūd IbnIbn Muh
Abī. ammad
al-Rabīʿ Ibn
al-
Abı̄ al-Rabı̄
Ḥanafī.” On al-H
(
the. anafı̄.”
right-handOn the right-hand
margin of the margin
folio, weoffind
the folio, we find al-Suhrawardı̄’s
al-Suhrawardī’s autograph. Although autograph. his
Although his entire
entire statement statement
is too damaged is too damaged
to be legible, to webecan
legible, we can
still read thatstill
he read that he recommends
recommends the study of the his
study
work, of andhisendorses
work, and theendorses
copy of Abū Ṭāhir,ofadding
the copy Abū T.his
āhir,own
adding
namehis own
and thename
year ofand theendorsement,
this year of this
endorsement,
607/1210-11. While607/1210-11. While
the details the details
remain remain
illegible due illegible
to fadeddue to faded
writing, it iswriting, it is very
very likely that helikely that
thereby
he thereby ṬāhirAb
Abū gave anūauthorization
T.āhir an authorization
[ijāza] to [ijāza] the ʿAwārif
to transmit Awārif al-Ma
the al-Maʿārif as ārif as weinfind in other
( (
gave transmit we find other early
early
copies. copies.
3.
3. The
The Audition
Audition Record
Record
The
The copy also contains
copy also contains aabadly
badlydamaged
damagedyet yetsignificant
significant audition
audition [samārecord
[samāʿ] ] record
of of
thethe Awārif
ʿAwārif al-
( (
al-Ma ārif,
(
which will be utilized in a forthcoming study. 17 Insofar as the margins of the last folio are
Maʿārif, which will be utilized in a forthcoming study. Insofar as the margins of the last folio are
17
occupied
occupiedby by al-Suhrawardı̄’s
al-Suhrawardī’sautograph,
autograph,ititisistranscribed
transcribedon onthe
the margins
marginsofof the
the penultimate
penultimate folio,
folio, 263b
263b
(see Figure A2). While the writing has faded away, making it illegible most of the time,
(see Figure A2). While the writing has faded away, making it illegible most of the time, the following the following
can
can be
be still
still constructed
constructed from
fromthetherecord:
record:
‫الحمد هلل ربّ العالمين‬
...‫الصالة على سيّدنا مح ّمد خاتم النبيين‬
ّ ‫ العرضين السهرورد‬... ‫سمع هذا الكتاب المس ّمى بعوارف المعارف ص ّنف الشيخ اإلمام قودة الموحدّين‬
‫ شهاب الدين الشيخ‬... ‫ي‬
.‫ي قدّس هللا روحه ووالي عليه‬
ّ ‫ي القرش‬
ّ ‫االسالم أبي عبد هللا عمر بن مح ّمد بن عبد هللا البكر‬
‫يوجز على السيّد الشريف الحسيب النسيب اإلمام العالم العامل محبّ الفقراء كنز الضعفاء أبي الخير مح ّمد بن مح ّمد بن مح ّمد بن‬
:‫بحق روايته عن الشيوخ األربعة‬ّ ‫ي وث ّم الم ّكي أدام هللا مقامه‬
ّ ‫ي الفاس‬
ّ ‫الحسين‬
.‫ي وهو والده يغمده هللا برحمته‬ّ ‫ي الفاس‬

ّ ‫ السيّد الشريف الحسيب النسيب أبي عبد هللا مح ّمد بن مح ّمد بن عبد الرحمن الحسين‬.1
.‫ي‬
ّ ‫ فخر الدين أبو عمرو عثمان بن مح ّمد بن عثمان التوزر‬... ‫ وعن الشيخ اإلمام‬.2
‫ي إمام مقام إبراهيم عليه‬ّ ‫ي الدين أبي إسحاق إبراهيم بن مح ّمد بن إبراهيم الطبر‬ ّ ‫ والشيخ اإلمام العالم العامل المحدّث رض‬.3
.‫السالم‬
.‫ي‬
ّ ‫الزرند‬ ‫يوسف‬ ‫الدين‬ ّ
‫عز‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫مام‬ ‫اإل‬ ‫والشيخ‬ .4
‫ قطب‬... ‫ي رضي هللا عنه‬ ّ ‫ي الفاس‬

ّ ‫ الشريف العالم العامل أبي عبد هللا مح ّمد بن مح ّمد بن عبد الرحمن الحسين‬:‫االول‬ ّ ‫ فأ ّما الشيخ‬.1
.‫ي‬ ّ
ّ ‫القسطالن‬ ‫ي بن مح ّمد بن الحسن‬ ّ ‫الدين أبو بكر مح ّمد بن اإلمام أبي العبّاس احمد بن عل‬
‫الشريف واإلمام‬...‫ي إمام‬ ّ
ّ ‫القسطالن‬ ‫ اإلمام عمر‬... ‫ي يحدّثه عن مشائخه‬ ّ ‫ فأ ّما الشيخ الثاني وهو الشيخ اإلمام فخر الدين التوزر‬.2
.‫ي‬
ّ ‫البغداد‬ ‫د‬ ‫م‬
ّ ‫مح‬ ‫بن‬ )‫(؟‬ ‫الحسن‬ ‫ي المذكور والشيخ أبي النعال (؟) ابو‬ ّ
ّ ‫القسطالن‬ ‫ قطب الدين‬...
‫ي المذكور وهو‬ ّ
ّ ‫ي يحدّث جميعه عن أبي عبد هللا مح ّمد بن عمر القسطالن‬ ّ ‫ والشيخ الثالث أبو إسحاق إبراهيم بن مح ّمد الطبر‬.3
.‫الضياء‬
)!( ‫ي‬
ّ ‫الفاروق‬ ‫الدين‬ ّ
‫عز‬ ‫الشيخ‬ ‫على‬ ‫بقرائته‬ ‫م‬ّ ‫وسل‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ى‬ ّ ‫صل‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫رسول‬ ‫حرم‬ ‫نزيل‬ ‫ي‬ّ ‫الزرند‬ ‫يوسف‬ ‫الدين‬ ّ
‫عز‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫والشيخ‬ .4
.‫ي‬ّ ‫المقر‬ ‫الدين‬ ‫رشيد‬ ‫والشيخ‬
.‫ أخبر المص ّنف رضي هللا عنه‬:‫قالو كلّهم‬
‫ قال ذلك كتبه العبد الفقير عبد الرحيم‬.‫الشوال سنة األربع وأربعين وسبعمائة‬
ّ ‫فأجاز لي المس ّمی المذكور ما يجوز له روايته وذلك في‬
.‫ي عفا هللا عنه وكان هذا (؟) في المسجد الحرام‬
ّ ‫ي (؟) ث ّم الدهلو‬
ّ ‫بن عبد العزيز (؟) بن عبد الصمد اليزد‬
16
16 These are the folios where the following three chapters begin: Chapter 23: On Claims in Opposition to, and
These are the folios where the following three chapters begin: Chapter 23: On Claims in Opposition to, and Rejection of,
Rejection
Spiritual of, Spiritual
Audition [samā ]; Audition
Chapter 37:[samāʿ];
(
Chapter
Description of the37: Description
Ritual of the
Prayer of The FolkRitual Prayer
of Nearness ofal-qurb];
[ahl The Folk of Nearness
Chapter 52: The
Proper Conduct for the Master; How He Should Act with Companions and Students.
[ahl al-qurb]; Chapter 52: The Proper Conduct for the Master; How He Should Act with Companions and
17 See (Kars forthcoming).
Students.
17 See (Kars 2021).
.‫ﻱ‬
ّ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺮ‬
.‫ ﺃﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨّﻒ ﺭﺿﻲ ﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﻮ ﻛﻠّﻬﻢ‬
Religions‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬ 11, ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‬

2020,‫ﻋﺒﺪ‬ 613 ‫ ﻗﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺪ‬.‫ﺟﺎﺯ ﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﺒﻌﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬5‫ﻓﺄ‬of 17
ّ ّ
.‫ﻱ ﻋﻔﺎ ﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ )؟( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﻡ‬ّ ‫ﻱ )؟( ﺛ ّﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻠﻮ‬
ّ ‫ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ )؟( ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺩ‬
What is significant about this record is that it not only informs us on the scholars who participated
What is significant about this record is that it not only informs us on the scholars who
in the session, but also on their genealogy of transmitting Awārif al-Ma ārif. The record explains that
( (
participated in the session, but also on their genealogy of transmitting ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif. The record
Abū al-Khayr al-H usaynı̄ (d.747/1346) had received his authority to transmit the work from four
explains that Abū. al-Khayr al-Ḥusaynī (d.747/1346) had received his authority to transmit the work
prominent masters, and gives further information on these four masters and their teachers, from
from four prominent masters, and gives further information on these four masters and their teachers,
whom they had received the authorization to transmit the Awārif al-Ma ārif. These authorities are
( (
from whom they had received the authorization to transmit the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif. These authorities
al-H . usaynı̄ al-Fāsı̄ (d.719/1319), who is the father of Abū al-Khayr, al-Tawzarı̄ (d.713/1313-14), al-T.abarı̄
are al-Ḥusaynī al-Fāsī (d.719/1319), who is the father of Abū al-Khayr, al-Tawzarī (d.713/1313-14), al-
(d.722/1322), and al-Zarandı̄ (d.712/1313). Among the teachers of these four masters, the two powerful
Ṭabarī (d.722/1322), and al-Zarandī (d.712/1313). Among the teachers of these four masters, the two
al-Qast.allānı̄s, Qut.b al-Dı̄n (d.686/1287) and Al-D . iyāand
(d.663/1265), played a fundamental role as the
)
powerful al-Qasṭallānīs, Quṭb al-Dīn (d.686/1287) Al-Ḍiyāʾ (d.663/1265), played a fundamental

authority for three of them. Two other scholars, Izz al-Dı̄n al-Fārūqı̄ (also known as al-Fārūthı̄)
(
role as the authority for three of them. Two other scholars, ʿIzz al-Dīn al-Fārūqī (also known as al-
(d.694/1295) and Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄ (d.707/1307), are two masters who transmitted the Awārif (
Fārūthī) (d.694/1295) and Rashīd al-Dīn al-Muqrī (d.707/1307), are two masters who transmitted the
al-Ma ārif to al-Zarandı̄. From Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n, as we will see below, the influential jurist Sirāj al-Dı̄n
(
ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif to al-Zarandī. From Rashīd al-Dīn, as we will see below, the influential jurist Sirāj
Abū H . afs
. Umar
(
al-Qazwı̄nı̄ (d.750/1349) narrated not only the prophetic traditions collected by Abū
al-Dīn Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar al-Qazwīnī (d.750/1349) narrated not only the prophetic traditions collected
T.āhir al-H anafı̄, but also the Awārif al-Ma ārif. What is striking in this group of scholars, who played a
( (
by Abū .Ṭāhir al-Ḥanafī, but also the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif. What is striking in this group of scholars, who
key role in the transmission of the Awārif al-Ma ārif, is that most of them were not known to be Sufis,
( (
played a key role in the transmission of the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif, is that most of them were not known
let alone being depicted as followers of al-Suhrawardı̄ or another master, and they had no formal
to be Sufis, let alone being depicted as followers of al-Suhrawardī or another master, and they had
connection to Sufism. For example, al-Zarandı̄, who was born near Isfahan and settled in Medina,
no formal connection to Sufism. For example, al-Zarandī, who was born near Isfahan and settled in
was known as a follower of “the path of the pious ancestors” [t.arı̄qat al-salaf ], who performed some
Medina, was known as a follower of “the path of the pious ancestors” [ṭarīqat al-salaf], who performed
wonderworks [karāmāt], while any reference to Sufism was absent in his biographies.18
some wonderworks [karāmāt], while any reference to Sufism was absent in his biographies.18
This particular audition session was gathered in the Great Mosque of Mecca in Shawwāl
This particular audition session was gathered in the Great Mosque of Mecca in Shawwāl
744/February–March 1344. A certain Abd al-Rah.ı̄m al-Dihlawı̄ received authorization to transmit the
(
744/February–March 1344. A certain ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Dihlawī received authorization to transmit the
(
Awārif al-Ma ārif from Abū al-Khayr, who endorsed the record at the end of the marginalia by the
(
ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif from Abū al-Khayr, who endorsed the record at the end of the marginalia by the
following performative sentence he added in his own handwriting:
following performative sentence he added in his own handwriting:
.‫ﻭﺻﻠّﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤ ّﻤﺪ‬ ‫ ﻭﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻣﺤ ّﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﺮ ﻋﻔﺎ ﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ‬.‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
Abū al-Khayr’s autography, both in style and content, is remarkably similar to that of al-
Abū al-Khayr’s autography, both in style and content, is remarkably similar to that of al-Suhrawardı̄
Suhrawardī that we find in the first folio of the MS Lala Ismail copy of the ʿAwārif al-Maʿārif
that we find in the first folio of the MS Lala Ismail copy of the Awārif al-Ma ārif transcribed in
( (
transcribed in 605/1208-9.19 In fact, Abū al-Khayr’s autography can be seen as a direct imitation of
605/1208-9.19 In fact, Abū al-Khayr’s autography can be seen as a direct imitation of that of al-Suhrawardı̄
that of al-Suhrawardī (cf. the authorization statements at the bottom margins of both copies in Figures
(cf. the authorization statements at the bottom margins of both copies in Figures A2 and A3). Abū
A2 and A3). Abū al-Khayr is operating as a reputable, pious authority who is not only connected to
al-Khayr is operating as a reputable, pious authority who is not only connected to al-Suhrawardı̄
al-Suhrawardī through a powerful chain of transmission, but also his embodied representative as
through a powerful chain of transmission, but also his embodied representative as materialized in his
materialized in his own signature. Al-Suhrawardī had already passed away when Abū al-Khayr was
own signature. Al-Suhrawardı̄ had already passed away when Abū al-Khayr was born in 678/1279,
born in 678/1279, but his handwriting served as an embodiment of his presence that Abū al-Khayr
but his handwriting served as an embodiment of his presence that Abū al-Khayr would imitate as his
would imitate as his representative in the audition session. By adding his own signature, Abū al-
representative in the audition session. By adding his own signature, Abū al-Khayr was reenacting
Khayr was reenacting al-Suhrawardī’s original transmission of sacred knowledge to his immediate
al-Suhrawardı̄’s original transmission of sacred knowledge to his immediate disciples, who became
disciples, who became Abū al-Khayr’s teachers.
Abū al-Khayr’s teachers.
4.4.Ab ū T.Ṭāhir:
Abū TheScribe
āhir: The Scribeof
ofMS
MSBelgrade
BelgradeO.1115
O.1115
Appearingininimportant
Appearing importantbiographical
biographicalsources,
sources,the
thescribe
scribeofofthe
theearly
earlycopy
copyof
ofthe ʿAwārifal-Ma
the Awārif al-Maʿārif
ārif ( (
is commonly known with the honorifics ʿImād al-Dīn. None of the sources mention
is commonly known with the honorifics Imād al-Dı̄n. None of the sources mention any connection of
( any connection
Abū T.āhir al-H. anafı̄ with Sufism, and they depict him and his works as focusing purely on prophetic
sayings.
18 In this sense, Abū T.āhir’s profile is similar to those of the Hijaz-based scholars found in
See (Kars forthcoming).
the
19 above-given audition
See (Al-Suhrawardī MS record, al-Tawzarı̄,
Lala Ismail, f. 1a). al-T.abarı̄, and al-Zarandı̄, who earned their fame as
traditionists and had no visible connection to Sufi institutions. Originally from Shiraz, Abū T.āhir
traveled abundantly, in Iraq and Fars in particular, specifically in order to study prophetic sayings with
prominent masters. In his list of authorities [mashyakha] titled S.inwān al-Riwāya wa Finwān al-Dirāya,

19 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Lala Ismail, f. 1a).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 6 of 17
Abū T.āhir is said to have recorded all of these transmitted reports [masmu āt] and the names of around (
three-hundred masters with whom he studied.20

The most detailed account on Abū T.āhir is given in the hagiographical work on Ibn Khafı̄f
(d.371/982) penned by a fellow scholar from Shiraz, Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n Abū al-Qāsim al-Junayd (d.af.740/1339).
(
He states that Abū T.āhir died in Shā ban 661/June–July 1263, and was buried in Shiraz, across the
(
tomb of Ibn Khafı̄f. Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n also narrates a hagiographical anecdote. Accordingly, when Abū
(
T.āhir visited the tomb of Ibn Khafı̄f, he replaced the tombstone with another one, and kept the original
tombstone for himself for the sake of blessing [tabarrukan]. He also had the testament to have this old
tombstone of Ibn Khafı̄f to be placed on his own grave when he died; but soon, Ibn Khafı̄f appeared
in his dream, and chastised Abū T.āhir: “Who made you qualified to take this stone among all of the
poor-ones so that you reserved it for yourself?” Immediately after Abū T.āhir woke up, he realized that
he needed to expiate his mistake, and thus, endowed an exquisite mill [t.āh.ūna nafı̄sa] that was his own
property. Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n adds that the mill was still standing when he wrote his work a few decades
(
after Abū T.āhir’s death.21 It is worth remembering that Ibn Khafı̄f made his mark on not only Abū
al-Najı̄b al-Suhrawardı̄ (d.564/1168), but also on Abū H . afs. Umar al-Suhrawardı̄, as clearly observed in
(
the scripturalist theological attitude of his A lām al-Hudā.22

(
Among Abū T.āhir’s descendants, his grandson Abū Ja far Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad was a writer
(
who also penned poems.23 As for the teachers of Abū T.āhir in prophetic sayings, Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n (
does not mention al-Suhrawardı̄. He specifically introduces three names: Abū al-Futūh. al- Ijlı̄ (
(515-600/1121-1203), Abū al-Makārim al-Labbān (507-597/1113-1201), and (Ibn) Mu ammar al-Qurashı̄ (
(520-603/1126-1206).24 Other sources, like Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄’s Majma al-Ādāb, Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄’s
(
Mashyakha, and Ibn al-Jazarı̄’s (d.833/1430) Manāqib al-Asad al-Ghālib, mention Abū T.āhir in various
entries as a disciple or teacher of different scholars.
To begin with al-Qazwı̄nı̄, his chains of transmissions of various h.adı̄th works like al-Amālı̄ and
al-Arba ūn compiled by different scholars contain Abū T.āhir, who transmitted these works from a
(
rich variety of scholars: Ibn Mu ammar al-Qurashı̄, Abū al-Futūh. al- Ijlı̄, Abū al-Mājid Muh.ammad
( (
Ibn H . āmid (520-601/1126-1205), Abū al-Faraj Thābit al-Madı̄nı̄ (d.595/1199), Abū al-Ziyādat Abd
(
al-Muh.sin al-Kāzarūnı̄, his brother Abū Bakr Abd al-Karı̄m, Abū Nujayh. Fad.l Allāh Ibn Abı̄ Rashı̄d
(
al-Jūzdānı̄, Abū al-H

. asan Alı̄ Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abd al-Rah.mān, and Alı̄ Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Alı̄
( ( ( (
al-Tabrı̄zı̄.25 In each case, the pupil of Abū T.āhir that connects him to al-Qazwı̄nı̄ is Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n Abū
(
Abd Allāh al-Muqrı̄. This person is none other than the Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄ that appeared in the
audition record in the margin of the Awārif al-Ma ārif discussed above. He was a H
( (
. anbalı̄ Sufi and a

disciple of al-Suhrawardı̄ who played a key role in the transmission of the Suhrawardian initiatic robe
[khirqa] in the Hijaz, Iraq, and Egypt.26 In other words, Abū T.āhir studied under al-Suhrawardı̄ and
taught Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄, who transmitted from Abū T.āhir not only prophetic reports, but also,
as we will see below, Abū T.āhir’s own works. However, Abū T.āhir was not known as a Sufi or a
transmitter of the Suhrawardian robe or corpus, including the Awārif al-Ma ārif. ( (
Our second source, Ibn al-Jazarı̄, introduces a chain where Abū T.āhir transmits from Sābūr
al-Qalānisı̄ (b.542/1147) to his own pupil Z.āhir al-Dı̄n Ismā ı̄l—a chain of purely Shirazian traditionists
(
20 See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 2, p. 97).

21 (
See (Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n al-Shı̄rāzı̄ [1368] 1949, p. 57; Aigle 2018, p. 163).
22 See (Kars 2019, pp. 264–69).
23 See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 2, pp. 281–82).
24 See below for all of these three figures.
25 See (Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄ [1426] 2005, pp. 434–36, 449–50, 454, 457–61, 464–65, 468). For the two al-Kāzarūnı̄ brothers and
( (
their father, Muh.ammad Ibn Abd al-Karı̄m, see (Ibn Asākir [1415] 1995, vol. 54, pp. 128–29; Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995,
vol. 6, p. 385). Some of the other figures are given below.
26 See (Ohlander 2006, p. 318; Kars forthcoming).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 7 of 17
that also has some connections with al-Suhrawardı̄.27 Al-Qalānisı̄ was also a h.adı̄th teacher of Ah.mad Ibn
Ish.āq al-Abarqūhı̄ (615-701/1218-1302), who would move to Cairo and become a leading Suhrawardian
Sufi and a pupil of Qut.b al-Dı̄n Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄.28
Finally, when introducing various scholars in his Majma al-Ādāb, Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ not only mentions
(
how they were related to Abū T.āhir, but he also uses as a reference a copy of Abū T.āhir’s S.inwān
al-Riwāya that he had acquired. Alā al-Dı̄n Ibn Mu ammar al-Kātib and Abū al-Khayr Fannākhusraw
( ) (
are described by Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ as the two names found among Abū T.āhir’s immediate teachers.29
Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ also uses Abū T.āhir’s S.inwān al-Riwāya as a biographical source on Abū Ish.āq Ibrāhı̄m
al-Kāzarūnı̄ (d.426/1035) and Ibn Māshādhā (d.572/1176-77).30
5. Abū T.āhir’s Works

Multiple books are attributed to Abū T.āhir al-H
. anafı̄, while none of them have been studied yet
in any language. In fact, these works might be non-extant, except for a couple of them.
1. S.inwān al-Riwāya wa Finwān al-Dirāya: While this is the better-known work of Abū T.āhir mentioned
by Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ and Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n, it seems to have survived in a single copy preserved in
(
al-Maktaba al-Qādiriyya in Baghdad. The codex MS Qādiriyya 1502 is composed of three works.
The first (ff.1–107) and the last (ff.187–303) works are anonymous h.adı̄th compilations. S.inwān
al-Riwāya is transcribed on ff.108–86 by the same scribe, with 30 lines on each folio.31
Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n adds the names of the following “superb books on religion” as the works of Abū T.āhir:
(
2. Dhakhı̄rat al- Ibād li-Yawm al-Ma ād

( (
3. Fad.l al-Sājid wa Sharaf al-Masājid

4. Al-Was.ā il li-Nayl al-Fad.ā il
) )
5. Al-Ma lı̄ li-Dhikr man ma ı̄ wa Dhikr man qablı̄

( (
6. Al-At.rāf fı̄ Ashrāf al-At.rāf.
In addition to these titles, Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n quotes a poem that he narrates from the pen of Abū
(
T.āhir.32 This poem, on the other hand, appears in the Shu arā al-Khamāsa, compiled much earlier by the
( )
famous poet Abū Tammām (d.ca.231/846), and was originally penned by Sālim Ibn Wābis.a al-Asadı̄—a
companion of the Prophet.
Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ also mentions a work of Abū T.āhir titled Nukhbat al-Ma lı̄ wa Nuzhat al-Mah.allı̄,33 (
which may be identical to one of the above-mentioned works, such as Al-Ma lı̄ li-Dhikr man ma ı̄. Finally, ( (
al-Qazwı̄nı̄ mentions two more works in his Mashyakha as books that he was granted an authorization
to transmit. Both of these works were penned by Abū T.āhir himself:
A Book of Forty Sayings on “In the Name of God the All-Compassionate, the Merciful,” entitled
Key to Paradise [Miftāh. al-Janna], and a Book of Forty Sayings on the Eminence of Praying for
the Messenger of God [Al-Arba ūn fı̄ Fad.ı̄lat al-S.alāt alā Rasūl Allāh], peace and blessings upon
( (
him: Both of them are collections by Imād al-Dı̄n Abū T.āhir Abd al-Salām Ibn Abı̄ al-Rabı̄
( ( (
Mah.mūd Ibn Abı̄ al-Rabı̄ al-H . anafı̄ al-Shı̄rāzı̄. I narrate both of them through my master
(
27 ( (
Abū Bakr Abd Allāh Ibn Muh.ammad Sābūr al-Qalānisı̄ and Z.āhir al-Dı̄n Ismā ı̄l Ibn al-Muz.affar Ibn Muh.ammad al-Shı̄rāzı̄.
See Ibn al-Jazarı̄, (Ibn al-Jazarı̄ 1994, p. 44) (“Sābūr” is written as “Shābūr,” which should be a typing error). On Ibn Sābūr,
see (Ibn Nuqt.a 1988, p. 330).
28 See (Al-Makkı̄ 1988, vol. 3, p. 9).
29 ( ) (
Alā al-Dı̄n Muh.ammad Ibn Mu ammar Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn al-Layth al-Kātib and Kāfı̄ al-Dı̄n Sharaf al-Dı̄n
(
Abū al-Khayr Fannākhusraw Fı̄rūz Ibn Sa d al-Shı̄rāzı̄. See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 2, p. 365; vol. 4, p. 26).
30 ( (
Fakhr al-Dı̄n Abū Bakr Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Mah.mūd Ibn Abd al-Mun im Ibn Māshādhā. See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416]
1995, vol. 5, p. 190; vol. 2, p. 554).
31 )
See (Ra ūf 1980, p. 399).
32 (
See (Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n al-Shı̄rāzı̄ [1368] 1949, pp. 56–57).
33 See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 2, p. 97).
Finally, al-Qazwīnī mentions two more works in his Mashyakha as books that he was granted an
authorization to transmit. Both of these works were penned by Abū Ṭāhir himself:
A Book of Forty Sayings on “In the Name of God the All-Compassionate, the Merciful,” entitled
Key to Paradise [Miftāḥ al-Janna], and a Book of Forty Sayings on the Eminence of Praying for the
Religions 2020, 11, 613 8 of 17
Messenger of God [Al-Arbaʿūn fī Faḍīlat al-Ṣalāt ʿalā Rasūl Allāh], peace and blessings upon him:
Both of them are collections by ʿImād al-Dīn Abū Ṭāhir ʿAbd al-Salām Ibn Abī al-Rabīʿ
Maḥmūd
Rashı̄d Ibn Muh
al-Dı̄n Abī. al-Rabīʿ
ammad al-Ḥanafī al-Shīrāzī.
Ibn Abı̄ al-Qāsim I narratethrough
al-Muqrı̄, both of an them through mythat
authorization master
he
Rashīd al-Dīn
penned. Muḥammad
In the same way, heIbn hadAbī(theal-Qāsim al-Muqrī,
authorization fromthrough
Abū T.āhiran authorization
himself) in thethat yearhe
34
penned. In the same way, he had (the authorization from Abū Ṭāhir himself) in the year
637/1241-42.
637/1241-42.34
While the titles and the authenticity of other works of Abū T.āhir are yet to be determined, I did
find whatWhile the titles
appears to and
be anthe authenticity
untitled, unique of copy
otherof works
Al-Arba ūn fı̄Ṭāhir
of Abū ( areal-S
Fad.ı̄lat yetalāt
.
to be
(
alādetermined, I did
Rasūl Allāh that
al-Qazwı̄nı̄ attributed to Abū T.āhir. This copy is particularly helpful in developing a clearer mapthat
find what appears to be an untitled, unique copy of Al-Arbaʿūn fī Faḍīlat al-Ṣalāt ʿalā Rasūl Allāh of
al-Qazwīnī attributed to Abū Ṭāhir. This copy is particularly
Abū T.āhir’s genealogies until the copies of his other works are discovered. helpful in developing a clearer map of
Abū Ṭāhir’s genealogies until the copies of his other works are discovered.
6. MS Manisa 45 Hk 1080, Abū T.āhir’s Kitāb al-Arba ūn (
6. MS Manisa 45 Hk 1080, Abū Ṭāhir’s Kitāb al-Arbaʿūn

Preserved in the Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi in western Turkey, the codex MS 45 Hk 1080 is
composed Preserved
of 123in the Manisa
bifolia, with the İl Halk Kütüphanesi
following content: in western Turkey, the codex MS 45 Hk 1080 is
ff.1b–63b,
composed of 123 bifolia,
Nisāb withli-Tadhkirat
al-Akhbār the following content:
al-Akhyār, Sirāj al-Dı̄n Alı̄ Ibn Uthmān al-Ūshı̄ (d.575/1179).
( (
ff.1b–63b,
Transcribed Nisāb
in clear naskh,al-Akhbār li-Tadhkirat
with 17 lines per folio.al-Akhyār,
Subtitles are al-Dīn ʿAlī
Sirājtranscribed in red. Ibn ʿUthmān al-Ūshī
ff.65b–108a, untitled work of Abū T.āhir. Copied by the same scribe of the previous work,
(d.575/1179). Transcribed in clear naskh, with 17 lines per folio. Subtitles are transcribed in with
red. only
13 lines ff.65b–108a, untitled are
per folio. Subtitles work of Abū Ṭāhir.
transcribed in red.Copied by the same scribe of the previous work, with
onlyff.109b–116a,
13 lines per folio. Subtitles
Arba ūn H
(
are transcribed
. adı̄th, penned by Yūsuf in red.
Ibn Abd Allāh Sa ı̄d al-H
( (
. usaynı̄ al-Urmuyūnı̄
ff.109b–116a,
(d.990/1553). Arbaʿūn
Transcribed byḤadīth, penned
a different by with
scribe, Yūsuf19Ibn ʿAbd
lines Allāhfolio.
on each SaʿīdSubtitles
al-Ḥusaynī areal-Urmuyūnī
transcribed
in(d.990/1553).
red. Transcribed by a different scribe, with 19 lines on each folio. Subtitles are transcribed in
red.ff.116b–123a, various notes, short quotes, and prayers that are transcribed mostly in Ottoman
Turkish. ff.116b–123a,
F.116b containsvarious
the notes, short quotes,
list of ingredients ofand prayers
a healing that are
mixture, withtranscribed
the title “thismostly in greatest
is the Ottoman
Turkish.
paste” F.116bekber
[mācun-u contains
budur].theF.117b
list ofcontains
ingredients of a healing
the short versionmixture,
of a funeral with the title
ritual prayer, “this
andis f.118,
the greatest
titled
paste” [mācun-u ekber budur].
“when the preacher climbs the pulpit” [H F.117b contains
. at.ip Efendi Minbere Çıktığında], contains prayers recitedf.118,
the short version of a funeral ritual prayer, and by
titled
the “whenbefore
preacher the preacher
giving aclimbs
sermon. theOne
pulpit”
can [Ḥaṭip
find on Efendi
f.119bMinbere
Abdüleh
(
Çıktığında],
. ad N contains
ūrı̄’s prayers
(d.1061/1651) recited
Turkish
by thewhich
mevlid, preacher
begins before giving a sermon. One can find on f.119b ʿAbdüleḥad Nūrī’s (d.1061/1651)
as follows:
Turkish mevlid, which begins as follows:
Sende doğmuştur Muhammed Mustafa
Sende doğmuştur
Merhaba ey mah-ı Muhammed
mevlid merhabaMustafa
Merhaba
Sende ey mah-ıbu
olmuştur mevlid
alemmerhaba
pür-safa
Sende olmuştur bu
Merhaba ey mah-ı mevlid alem pür-safa
merhaba.
Merhaba ey mah-ı mevlid merhaba.
The work of Yūsuf al-H . usaynı̄ and the following folios clearly suggest the Ottoman context of the
The work of Yūsuf al-Ḥusaynī and the following folios clearly suggest the Ottoman context of
later period. However, the first two works seem to be transcribed by a different hand, which might
the later period. However, the first two works seem to be transcribed by a different hand, which
indicate that these folios are earlier transcriptions, although they do not provide any information on
might indicate that these folios are earlier transcriptions, although they do not provide any
the scribe or the date.
information on the scribe or the date.
The preface of this untitled work of Abū T.āhir on f. 65b sets the context directly in Shiraz, when
The preface of this untitled work of Abū Ṭāhir on f. 65b sets the context directly in Shiraz, when
he was still alive (see Figure A4):3535
he was still alive (see Figure A4):
‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ّ
ّ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺋ ّﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺪﻭﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒ‬ ‫ﺣﺪّﺛﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺤّﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻨّﻦ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠّﺔ‬
‫ﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﻡ ﷲ ﺍﻳّﺎﻣﻪ ﺇﻣﻼء ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﻈﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻮﻳّﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﺒﻴّﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺎﺛﻴّﺔ ﺑﺸﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﻤﺎﻫﺎ‬ ّ ‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﻁﺎﻫﺮ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ ﺑﻦ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔ‬
.‫ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺧﻤﺲ ﻭﺃﺭﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﻭﺳﺘّﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬
Accordingly, Abū Ṭāhir, “may God extend his days,” narrated the work preserved in the
Accordingly, Abū T.āhir, “may God extend his days,” narrated the work preserved in the following
following folios at the Dār al-Ḥadīth al-Mawlawiyya al-Sāḥibiyya al-Ghiyāthiyya in Shiraz on 7
folios at the Dār al-H. adı̄th al-Mawlawiyya al-Sāh.ibiyya al-Ghiyāthiyya in Shiraz on 7 Jumādı̄ al-Awwal
645/Monday, 16 September 1247. Incidentally, Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n mentioned a single, particularly memorable
(
34 See (Sirāj al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī [1426] 2005, p. 465).

audition session of Abū T.āhir with large participation in Shiraz, and gave the year 654/1256 rather
35 See (Abū Ṭāhir al-Shīrāzī MS Manisa, f. 65b).
than 645/1247 (7 Jumādı̄ al-Awwal 654 corresponds to 9 June 1256, which is Friday rather than Monday,
34 See (Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄ [1426] 2005, p. 465).

35 See (Abū T.āhir al-Shı̄rāzı̄. MS Manisa, f. 65b).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 9 of 17
making a confusion or typological error unlikely). This means that Abū T.āhir made multiple visits
to Shiraz, had already begun to lead study sessions there in 645/1247, and earned major fame in the
city by 654/1256. He compiled the work before 637/1241-42, when he transmitted it to Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n
al-Muqrı̄, who was born in 623/1226.
The work of Abū T.āhir is composed of two parts. First, we find Abū T.āhir’s selection of forty
prophetic sayings that focus on praising the Prophet. This main body of the work ends on f.95b, but it is
continued with an addendum [dhayl] titled Nubadh mimmā yatad.amman hādhā al-ma nā. This addendum (
contains ten more prophetic sayings. The content of the work suggests that it is most probably the
latter work, the Book of Forty Sayings on the Eminence of Praying for the Messenger of God [Al-Arba ūn fı̄ (
Fad.ı̄lat al-S.alāt alā Rasūl Allāh], that al-Qazwı̄nı̄ studied and narrated from Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄.36
(
Abū T.āhir’s Al-Arba ūn shows the rich variety of the chains that he carefully studied and of the
(
masters that he studied with. Introducing all of these chains for each prophetic saying would be
reproducing the entire book of Al-Arba ūn, insofar as they occupy the majority of the book. Below,
(
I will identify and give the list of only the names of the immediate traditionist masters through whom
Abū T.āhir narrated these sayings on the virtues of praising the Prophet:
Introduction: Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Mu ammar Ibn Abd al-Wāh.id al-Qurashı̄
( ( (
(520-603/1126-1206)37 Abū al-Mah.āsin Muh.ammad Ibn al-H

. asan Ibn al-H
. usayn Ibn
al-Is.bahbadh al-Sam ānı̄ (514-591/1120-1195)38
(
1. Abū al-H 39
. asan Mas ūd Ibn Abı̄ Mans.ūr al-Jammāl (506-595/1112-1199)
(
2. Abū al-Fath. Mans.ūr Ibn Abd al-Mun im Ibn Abd Allāh Ibn Muh.ammad al-Farāwı̄
( ( (
(522-608/1128-1212)40
3. Abū Ja far Muh.ammad Ibn Ismā ı̄l Ibn Muh.ammad al-T.arsūsı̄ (502-595/1108-1199)41
( (
4. Abū Ja far Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-Jı̄lānı̄ (509-603/1116-1207)42

(
5. Abū Bakr Lāmi Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-S.aydalānı̄43

(
6. Abū al-Mah.āsin Muh.ammad Ibn al-H . asan Ibn al-H . usayn Ibn al-Is.bahbadh (514-591/1120-1195)
7. Abū al-Qāsim Alı̄ Ibn Abı̄ Sa ı̄d Ibn Aliyyak
( ( (
8. Abū T.ālib Abd al-Muh.sin Ibn Abı̄ al- Amı̄d Ibn Khālid al-Abharı̄ (556-624/1161-1227),44
( (
9. Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn al-H 45

. usayn al-Fārfānı̄ (514-597/1120-1201)
10. Abū al-Makārim Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Muh.ammad al-Labbān (507-597/1113-1201)46
11. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Alı̄ al-Jūrtānı̄ (d.500-590/1106-1194)47
( (
12. Abū al-Mah.āsin Muh.ammad Ibn al-H 48

. asan Ibn al-H . usayn Ibn al-Is.bahbadh (514-591/1120-1195)
13. Abū Ghānim al-Muhadhdhib Ibn al-H 49
. usayn Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Zı̄na (d.af.632/1234-5)
14. Abū Abd Allāh Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Zayd H 50
. amd Ibn Nas.r al-Kirmānı̄ (497-597/1104-1201)
(
36 ( )
In addition to the Mālikı̄ scholar al-Qād.ı̄ Iyād.’s (476-544/1083-1149) influential al-Shifā , which had a section on this topic,
( (
the early traditionist Ibn Abı̄ Ās.im al-Shaybānı̄ (206-287/822-900) penned a separate book, titled Kitāb al-S.alāt alā al-Nabı̄.
37 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 16, p. 13).
38 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 965).
40 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 16, pp. 48–49).
41 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 1041; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 15, p. 393).
43 (
See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 6, pp. 419–20). For his brother Abū Ja far, who died in 603/1207, see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003,
vol. 13, p. 82).
45 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 1119; vol. 13, p. 188).
47 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 916), “Al-Jūrtānı̄” is transcribed as “al-Jūzdānı̄” by the copier.
Religions 2020, 11, 613 10 of 17
15. Abū al-Fath. Nās.ir Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ al-Fath. al-Wayrij (d.593/1197)51
16. Abū al-Makārim Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad al-Labbān (507-597/1113-1201)
17. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Mu ammar Ibn Abd al-Wāh.id al-Qurashı̄ (520-603/1126-1206)
( ( (
18. Abū Bakr Lāmi Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-S.aydalānı̄

(
19. Abū Nas.r S.ālih. Ibn Abı̄ Bakr Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Nas.r Ibn Ah.mad yu raf wāliduhu bi-“qul (
huwa Allāh-khān”52
20. Abū Tāhir Alı̄ Ibn Sa ı̄d Ibn Fādhshāh (d.594/1198)53
( (
21. Abū al-H 54

. asan Mas ūd Ibn Abı̄ Mans.ūr al-Jammāl (506-595/1112-1199)
(
22. Abū al- Abbās Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn al-Zı̄rqānı̄
(
23. Abū al-Futūh. As ad Ibn Mah.mūd Ibn Khalaf al- Ijlı̄ (515-600/1121-1203)55
( (
24. Abū al-Maymūn al-Rashı̄d Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad al-Shāshı̄

25. Abū Su āda As ad Ibn al-Mufad.d.al Ibn Muh.ammad al-Yazdı̄
( (
26. Abū al-Mājid Muh.ammad Ibn H . āmid Ibn Abd al-Mun im Ibn Azı̄z al-Mud.arı̄ al-Baghdādı̄
( ( (
(520-601/1126-1205)
27. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Alı̄ al-Jūrtānı̄ (d.500-590/1106-1194)
( (
28. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn al-H

(
. usayn al-Fārfānı̄ (514-597/1120-1201)

29. Abū al-Faraj Thābit Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ al-Faraj al-Madı̄nı̄ (d.595/1199)56
30. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Mu ammar (520-603/1126-1206)
( (
31. Abū Sa ı̄d Khalı̄l Ibn Badr Ibn Thābit Ibn al-Rārānı̄ (500-596/1107-1200)57
(
32. Abū al-Mājid Jāmi Ibn H 58

. āmid Ibn Rajā al-Ma dānı̄
( ) (
33. Abū Ghānim al-Muhadhdhib Ibn al-H . usayn Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn al-H . usayn Ibn Zı̄na
(d.af.632/1234-5)
34. Al- Adl Abū al-Makārim Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad ibn Muh.ammad al-Labbān (507-597/1113-1201)
(
35. Abū T.āhir Alı̄ Ibn Sa ı̄d Ibn Fādhshāh (d.594/1198)

( (
36. Abū Muslim al-Mu ayyad Ibn Abd Abd al-Rah.ı̄m Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn al-Ikhwa
) ( (
(d.527-606/1133-1210)59
37. Abū T.āhir Barakāt Ibn Ibrāhı̄m Ibn T.āhir al-Khushū ı̄ al-Qurashı̄ (510-598/1116-1201)60
(
38. Abū Nas.r S.ālih. Ibn Abı̄ Bakr Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Nas.r Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Abı̄ Nas.r tu raf [sic] (
bi-“qul huwa Allāh-khān”61

39. Abū al-Khat.t.āb S.ā id Ibn H 62
. āmid Ibn Rajā al-Ma dānı̄ (d.592/1196)
( ) (
40. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Z.afar Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Thābit al-Yazdı̄63
(
51 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 1009), “Al-Wayrij” is transcribed as “Wāraj”by the copier.
52 For his brother Mah.mūd (d.598/1202) and their father Muh.ammad (d.532/1138), see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 11, p. 581; vol. 12,
p. 1159).
54 “Al-Jammāl” is transcribed as “al-Khayyāt” by the copier. Cf. the person No. 1 in the list.
56 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 1029; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 15, p. 438), “Al-Madı̄nı̄” is transcribed as “al-Madinı̄” by
the copier.
58 )
For his brother Abū al-Qāsim Rajā (d.ca.561-570/1165-1175), see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 47; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006,
vol. 15, p. 241).
59 (
See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 13, p. 150; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 16, p. 43), “ Abd al-Rah.ı̄m” is transcribed as “ Abd
(
al-Raqı̄m” by the copier.

60 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 1135; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 15, pp. 450–51), “Ibn Ibrāhı̄m” is transcribed as “Ibn
Muh.ammad” by the copier.
61 For his ancestor, Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Nas.r (d.532/1137-8), see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 11, p. 581).
63 For his father, who died in 589/1193, see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 12, p. 878).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 11 of 17
The forty sayings end on f.95b, but it is continued with an addendum [dhayl] with ten prophetic
sayings reported from the following:
1. Abū H 64
. afs. Umar Ibn Muh.ammad Mu ammar Ibn T.abarzad (516-607/1123-1210-11)
( (
2. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Ās.im Ibn Zı̄na (d.btw.601-610/1204-1214)
( ( 65
3. Abū al-Faraj Thābit Ibn Muh.ammad al-Madı̄nı̄ (d.595/1199)

4. Abū Sa ı̄d Khalı̄l Ibn Badr Ibn Thābit Ibn al-Rārānı̄ (500-596/1107-1200)
(
5. Abū al-Fath. Nās.ir Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ al-Fath. al-Wayrij (d.593/1197)
6. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Z.afar Ibn Abd al-Rah.ı̄m Ibn Muh.ammad al-Mu addal66
( ( (
7. Abū Abd Allāh Mah.mūd Ibn Muh.ammad Ibn Abı̄ Bakr al-Hāshimı̄ al- Ādhbānı̄
( (
8. Abū Ah.mad al-Khalı̄l Ibn Abı̄ Nas.r Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Ubayd Allāh (Ibn) Siyāh al-Yazdı̄, when he
(
came to Shiraz to visit Abū T.āhir in Rabı̄ al-Awwal in 604/October 1207

(
9. Abū al-Futūh. Dāwūd Ibn Mu ammar Ibn Abd al-Wāh.id al-Qurashı̄ (534-624/1140-1227)67
( (
10. Al-Sayyid Abū al-Fath. Sharafshāh Ibn Abı̄ Abd Allāh Ibn Muh.ammad al- Alawı̄.
( (
The immediate authorities of Abū T.āhir that we encounter in Al-Arba ūn fı̄ Fad.ı̄lat al-S.alāt alā Rasūl
( (
Allāh comprise a rich list, and it allows us to make a few broad yet important observations. First, Abū
T.āhir must have been born at least a few years before 590/1194, the year his teacher al-Jūrtānı̄ died.
This indirect evidence is the sole information on Abū T.āhir’s year of birth. Second, none of the names
on this long list seem to be found among the dozens of early transmitters of the Awārif al-Ma ārif.68 ( (
This is not surprising, insofar as most of them seem to have flourished before the completion of the book.
Third, the list is comprised of pietists and Sufis, who likely had particularly scripturalist theological
and conservative practical orientations. A good case is the name Abd al-Muh.sin al-Abharı̄, who
(
transmitted traditions to Abū T.āhir in Safar 620/March–April 1223. Al-Abharı̄ is known to us as the first
significant Sufi master of the famous scripturalist Sufi, and the leading disciple of Umar al-Suhrawardı̄, (
Qut.b al-Dı̄n Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄. Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ received multiple Sufi robes from different masters,
including Nās.ir al- At.t.ār al-Mis.rı̄ (538-634/1144-1236), and Umar al-Suhrawardı̄, while the first name
( (
he mentions is al-Abharı̄. Accordingly, Abd al-Muh.sin came to Hijaz in 621/1224, when he taught Qut.b
(
al-Dı̄n and bestowed on him the Sufi robe.69 In other words, Umar al-Suhrawardı̄ and Abd al-Muh.sin
( (
al-Abharı̄ are the two teachers of Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ and Abū T.āhir. Unlike Umar al-Suhrawardı̄, (
Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ was engaging in polemics with Sufis like Ibn Sab ı̄n (d.669/1269) and Afı̄f al-Dı̄n
( (
al-Tilimsānı̄ (d.690/1291), whose monism he sharply criticized. Abū T.āhir may have a similar profile
closer to Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ than Umar al-Suhrawardı̄. On the other hand, Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ transmitted
(
both the Suhrawardian corpus and the robe, while Abū T.āhir did not participate in any of these
Sufi processes.
7. Conclusions
This study introduced the life and works of a prominent yet understudied traditionist, Imād (
al-Dı̄n Abū T.āhir Abd al-Salām Ibn Abı̄ al-Rabı̄ al-H

(
. anafı̄ al-Shı̄rāzı̄ (b.bef.590/1194, d.661/1263),

(
through the help of two newly discovered manuscripts. The copy of al-Suhrawardı̄’s magnum opus,
(
Awārif al-Ma ārif, which he transcribed in Mecca, is currently the earliest copy available. This copy is in
(
itself valuable, as it pushes the terminus ad quem to 603/1206, providing further help with developing
a chronology of al-Suhrawardı̄’s corpus and personality. It also contains a significant record of an
64 See (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 13, p. 167; Al-Dhahabı̄ [1427] 2006, vol. 16, pp. 55–57).
66 For his father, who died in 468/1075-6, see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 10, p. 261).
69 See (Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄ 2002, pp. 76–78).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 12 of 17
audition session that is informative on the early transmission of Awārif al-Ma ārif and on the profiles
( (
and networks of these transmitters.

It is worth noting that both Abū T.āhir’s life and works seem to revolve entirely around the study
and transmission of prophetic sayings, and there is no direct reference to al-Suhrawardı̄ or to Sufism
in the sources on Abū T.āhir that we analyzed. I argued that this absence is emblematic of many
transmitters of the Awārif al-Ma ārif, especially those in the Hijaz, who neither received a Sufi robe nor
( (
developed a Sufi identity. Abū T.āhir’s students included the H . anbalı̄ Sufi Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄,
a key figure in the early Suhrawardiyya, who seems to have studied purely prophetic sayings under
Abū T.āhir. Hence, while being the scribe of the earliest copy of the Awārif al-Ma ārif discovered to
( (
date, he is not featured beyond the transmission of prophetic sayings. He is yet another embodiment
of the inseparability of h.adı̄th from Sufism, and possibly a case of what is aptly called “Sufism without
mysticism,” where Sufism is primarily about legalistic ethics [ādāb al-shar iyya] and h.adı̄th-based
(
pietism, exemplified by traditionists like Qut.b al-Dı̄n Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄, Imād al-Dı̄n Ah.mad al-Wāsit.ı̄
(
(d.711/1311), and Ibn Rajab (d.795/1392), who joined into, or associated with, the Suhrawardian Sufis.70
Abū T.āhir is an early case of a traditionist pietist who developed strong connections with the emerging
Suhrawardian networks without actually becoming a Sufi. The prominence of Awārif al-Ma ārif among
( (
traditionists from early on likely played a major role in its popularity.

The teachers in the transmission of the Awārif al-Ma ārif that Abū T.āhir copied, and Abū T.āhir’s
( (
own teachers in transmitting prophetic sayings, do not seem to have overlaps. Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n al-Muqrı̄
and Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄ are the only two scholars that initially appear to be shared between the two
transmissions. A H . anbalı̄ pietist, Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n, was also known as a Sufi who received an initiatory
robe from al-Suhrawardı̄ and transmitted from him. Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n transmitted the Awārif al-Ma ārif to ( (
various scholars while he was also a pupil of Abū T.āhir, and reported prophetic sayings from him
to many students, including to al-Qazwı̄nı̄. Al-Qazwı̄nı̄, on the other hand, transmitted from his
teacher Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n multiple traditionist works along with the Awārif al-Ma ārif, which he received
( (
from at least five different teachers.71 A teacher of Rashı̄d al-Dı̄n, Abū T.āhir is not known to have
transmitted the Awārif al-Ma ārif, though he transcribed an earlier copy of it; nor is al-Suhrawardı̄
( (
featured in any chain in Abū T.āhir’s Book of Forty Sayings. On the other hand, Abū T.āhir is said to
mention three hundred of his masters in his mashyakha. A study of the extant MS Qādiriyya 1502 copy
of his S.inwān al-Riwāya and the discovery of his other works may give us a better picture of how the
circles transmitting al-Suhrawardı̄’s works related to the transmission of prophetic sayings.
Most of the teachers that al-Qazwı̄nı̄ attributes to Abū T.āhir are confirmed by the list that we find
in the MS Manisa copy of Abū T.āhir’s Al-Arba ūn fı̄ Fad.ı̄lat al-S.alāt alā Rasūl Allāh. On the other hand,
( (
none of the teachers attributed to Abū T.āhir by Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ or Ibn al-Jazarı̄ appear in this particular
book. It seems that Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ or Ibn al-Jazarı̄ was familiar only with Abū T.āhir’s S.inwān al-Riwāya,
while his Al-Arba ūn expands the list of his masters and corroborates al-Qazwı̄nı̄’s Mashyakha. The MS
(
Belgrade O.1115 copy the Awārif al-Ma ārif, on the other hand, corroborates Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄’s statement
( (
that Abū T.āhir has beautiful handwriting. With the diacritics throughout the transcription, his copy of
the Awārif al-Ma ārif is not only the earliest copy discovered so far, but it is also a reliable copy that
( (
can be used in the future editions and translations of as well as studies on this influential work. Abū
T.āhir’s copy was used by al-Suhrawardı̄’s leading disciples, and was corrected at points if needed.
It was also seen and endorsed by al-Suhrawardı̄, while other early copies of Awārif al-Ma ārif —for ( (
example, the two hitherto unstudied copies in Kastamonu, Turkey, MS 37 Hk 1563 and MS 37 Hk
904—do not have his autograph. We observed that al-Suhrawardı̄’s signature became an embodiment
of his presence, and was imitated by the Sufi master Abū al-Khayr al-H . usaynı̄, who represented him in
the audition session that reenacted the original transmission of sacred knowledge.
70 See (Anjum 2010).

Religions 2020, 11, 613 13 of 17
Religions 2020, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 17
Funding: This research received no external funding.

Funding: This research received no external funding.
Acknowledgments: This
Acknowledgments: This research
researchwas supported
was by the
supported by Ibn
theArabi Interreligious
Ibn Arabi ResearchResearch
Interreligious InitiativeInitiative
at Monashat
University.
Monash University.
ConflictsofofInterest:
Conflicts Interest:The
Theauthor
authordeclares
declaresno
noconflict
conflict of
of interest.
interest.
Appendix
AppendixAA
Figure A1. MS Belgrade O.1115, f.264b (colophon, with al-Suhrawardı̄’s handwriting on the
Figure A1. MS Belgrade O.1115, f.264b (colophon, with al-Suhrawardī’s handwriting on the right
right margin).
margin).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 14 of 17
MSBelgrade
Figure A2. MS BelgradeO.1115,
O.1115,f.263b
f.263b(audition
(audition record
record onon
thethe marginalia
marginalia and
and autograph
autograph of Ab
of Abū ū
al-
al-Khayr al-H usaynı̄
Khayr al-Ḥusaynī
. on on
thethe bottom
bottom margin).
margin).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 15 of 17
Figure
Figure A3.
A3. MS
MS Lala
Lala Ismail
Ismail 180,
180, f.1a
f.1a (audition
(audition record
record with
with the
the autograph
autograph of
of al-Suhrawardī
al-Suhrawardı̄ on
on the
the
bottom
bottom margin).
margin).
Religions 2020, 11, 613 16 of 17
ff.65b–66a (preface of Al-Arbaʿūn).

(
MS Manisa
Figure A4. MS Manisa 45
45 Hk
Hk 1080,
1080, ff.65b–66a Al-Arba ūn).
References
( ( (
Ab ū T.Ṭāhir
(Abū āhir al-Shı̄rāzı̄,
al-Shīrāzī MS Abd al-Salām
Manisa) AbūIbn ṬāhirAbı̄al-Shīrāzī,
al-Rabı̄ al-HʿAbd. anafı̄.
al-Salām Al-Arba ūn. al-Rabīʿ
Ibn Abī MS Manisa 45 HkAl-Arbaʿūn.
al-Ḥanafī. 1080. Manisa: MS
Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi, ff.65b–108a.
Manisa 45 Hk 1080. Manisa: Manisa İl Halk Kütüphanesi, ff.65b–108a.
Aigle,
(Aigle Denise. 2018.Denise.
2018) Aigle, Among Saints
2018. and Poets:
Among SaintsThe
and Spiritual
Poets: The Topography of MedievalofShiraz.
Spiritual Topography MedievalEurasian
Shiraz. Studies 16:
Eurasian
142–76.
Studies 16:[CrossRef]
142–76.
( ( )
Al-Dhahabı̄, Shams2006)
(Al-Dhahabī [1427] al-Dı̄n Abū Abd Allāh.
Al-Dhahabī, 2006. Siyar
Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbdA lāmAllāh.
al-Nubalā
2006.. Siyar
Cairo:Aʿlām
Dār al-H. adı̄th, 18
al-Nubalāʾ. vols,Dār
Cairo: p. al-
13.
First published 1427.
Ḥadīth, 18 vols, p. 13. First published 1427.
( ) (
Al-Dhahabı̄,
(Al-Dhahabī Shams al-Dı̄n Abū Shams
2003) Al-Dhahabī, Abd Allāh.
al-Dīn AbūTā
2003. rikh Allāh.
ʿAbd al-Islām2003.
wa Wafayāt
Tāʾrikh al-Mashāhı̄r wa-l-A lām.
al-Islām wa Wafayāt Beirut: Dār
al-Mashāhīr wa-
al-GharbBeirut:
l-Aʿlām. al-Islāmı̄,
Dār15 vols. al-Islāmī, 15 vols.
al-Gharb
( ( )
Al-Makkı̄,
(Al-MakkīTaqı̄ 1988) al-Dı̄n Muh.ammad
Al-Makkī, Ibn Ah.Muḥammad
Taqī al-Dīn mad Ibn Alı̄ al-H Ibn. usaynı̄
Aḥmadal-Fāsı̄.
Ibn ʿAlī 1988. Al- Iqd al-Thamı̄n
al-Ḥusaynī al-Fāsī. fı̄ Tā rı̄kh
1988. al-Balad
Al-ʿIqd al-
(
al-Amı̄n. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al- Ilmiyya, 7 vols.
Thamīn fī Tāʾrīkh al-Balad al-Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 7 vols.
( ( (
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-SuhrawardīAb ū H
1891) . afs. Umar. 1891. The
Al-Suhrawardī, Abū Awarif-u’l-Ma
Ḥafṣ ʿUmar.arif: Written
1891. in the Thirteenth Century.
The ʿAwarif-uʼl-Maʿarif: ThisinTranslation
Written was
the Thirteenth
( (
reprinted in 1980 with the Title Awarif-ul-Ma arif: A Dervish Textbook. Translated
Century. This Translation was reprinted in 1980 with the Title ʿAwarif-ul-Maʿarif: A Dervish Textbook. by Henry Wilberforce Clarke.
Delhi: Taj. by Henry Wilberforce Clarke. Delhi: Taj.
Translated
(
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-Suhrawardī 1978) Abū H . afs. Umar. 1978.
Al-Suhrawardī, Abū Die ḤafṣGaben
ʿUmar.der Erkenntnisse
1978. Die Gabendes der Umar as-Suhrawardi.
Erkenntnisse Translated by
des Umar as-Suhrawardi.
Richard Gramlich. Wiesbaden: Wiesbaden Steiner.
Translated by Richard Gramlich. Wiesbaden: Wiesbaden Steiner.
ff.1b–264b.
( ( (
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-Suhrawardī Ab MSū Belgrade)
H. afs. Umar. Awārif al-Ma Abū
Al-Suhrawardī, ārif. MS
ḤafṣO.1115.
ʿUmar.Serbia:ʿAwārifBelgrade
al-Maʿārif. University
MS O.1115.Library,
Serbia: Belgrade
Umar. 1988. Risāla fı̄-l-Ghinā wa-l-Faqr. MS Dār al-Kutub al-Mis.riyya. Cairo, ff.235–39.
( )
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
UniversityAb ū H. afs.ff.1b–264b.
Library,
( (
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-Suhrawardī MS AbūDār H. afs
al-Kutub) Al-Lawāmi al-Ghaybiyya
. Umar. Al-Suhrawardī, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar.fı̄-l-Rūh.Risāla
. MS fī-l-Ghināʾ
Jagiellonska Sprenger
wa-l-Faqr. MS769. Krakow,
Dār al-Kutub
ff.40a–42a.
al-Miṣriyya 1988. Cairo, ff.235–39.
ff.1a–235b.
( ( (
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-Suhrawardī Ab MSū H afs. Umar. Awārif
.Jagiellonska) al-Ma ārif. MS
Al-Suhrawardī, Abū LalaḤafṣ
Ismail 180. Istanbul,
ʿUmar. Al-Lawāmiʿ al-Ghaybiyya fī-l-Rūḥ. MS
ff.89b–92a.
(
Al-Suhrawardı̄, Ab ū
Jagiellonska Sprenger H afs Umar.
. . 769. Krakow,Fut ūh . MS Majlis-e
. ff.40a–42a. Shura 594/4. Tehran,
180. ff.1b–47a.
(
Al-Suhrawardı̄,
(Al-SuhrawardīAb MSūLala
H. afs.İsmail) Irshād al-Murı̄dı̄n
Umar.Al-Suhrawardī, Abū waḤafṣ
InjādʿUmar.
al-T.ālibı̄n. MS al-Maʿārif.
ʿAwārif Şehit Ali Paşa 1397.İsmail
MS Lala Istanbul, Istanbul,
ff.1a–235b.
Religions 2020, 11, 613 17 of 17
. afs. Umar. Risālat al-Sayr wa-l-T.ayr. MS Tübingen Ma VI 90. Tübingen, ff.106b–108b.

(
Al-Suhrawardı̄, Abū H
Anjum, Ovamir. 2010. Sufism without Mysticism: Ibn Qayyim al-Ǧawziyyah’s Objectives in ‘Madāriǧ al-Sālikı̄n’.
Oriente Moderno 90: 161–88. [CrossRef]
Birnbaum, Eleazar. 1983. Turkish Manuscripts: Cataloguing since 1960 and Manuscripts Still Uncatalogued.
Part 2: Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania. Journal of the American Oriental Society 103: 515–32. [CrossRef]
(
Hartmann, Angelika. 1983. Bemerkungen zu Handschriften Umar as-Suhrawardı̄s, Echten und Vermeintlichen
Autographen. Der Islam 60: 112–42.
Hartmann, Angelika. 2012. Al-Suhrawardı̄. In Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. Edited by Peri Bearman,
Thierry Bianquis, Edmund Bosworth, Emeri van Donzel and Wolfhart Heinrichs. Leiden: Brill.
( ( )
Ibn Asākir, Abū al-Qāsim Alı̄ Ibn al-H . asan. 1995. Tā rı̄kh Dimashq. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 80 vols. First published 1415.
( ( (
Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄, Kamāl al-Dı̄n Abū al-Fad.l Abd al-Razzāq Ibn Ah.mad. 1995. Majma al-Ādāb fı̄ Mu jam al-Alqāb.
) (
Iran: Mu assasat al-T.ibā a wa-l-Nashr, 6 vols. First published 1416.
)
Ibn al-Jazarı̄, Shams al-Dı̄n Abū al-Khayr. 1994. Manāqib al-Asad al-Ghālib. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qur ān.
( (
Ibn Nuqt.a, al-H . anbalı̄. 1988. Al-Taqyı̄d li-Ma rifat Ruwāt al-Sunan. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al- Ilmiyya.
First publish 1408.
( )
Ibn al-Qast.allānı̄, Qut.b al-Dı̄n Abū Bakr. 2002. Irtifā al-Rutba bi-l-Libās wa-l-S.uh.ba. In Rasā il min al-Turāth al-S.ūfı̄
(
fı̄ Lubs al-Khirqa. Edited by Ih.sān Dhunūn al-Thāmarı̄ and Muh.ammad Abd Allāh al-Qadh.āt. Amman:
Dār al-Rāzı̄, pp. 76–78.
Kars, Aydogan. 2019. Unsaying God: Negative Theology in Medieval Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
( (
Kars, Aydogan. Forthcoming. The Early Transmission of al-Suhrawardı̄’s Awārif al-Ma ārif. Journal of Religion
forthcoming.
( (
Mu ı̄n al-Dı̄n al-Shı̄rāzı̄, Abū al-Qāsim al-Junayd Ibn Mah.mūd. 1949. Shadd al-Izār fı̄ Khat..t al-Awzār an Zawwār
(
al-Mazār. Tehran: Mat.ba at al-Majlis. First published 1368.
(
Ohlander, Erik. 2006. Sufism in an Age of Transition: Umar Al-Suhrawardı̄ and the Rise of the Islamic Mystical
Brotherhoods. Leiden: Brill.
(
Ohlander, Erik. 2008. A New Terminus Ad Quem for Umar al-Suhrawardı̄’s Magnum Opus. Journal of the
American Oriental Society 128: 285–93.
) ( ( ( (
Ra ūf, Imād Abd al-Salām. 1980. Al-Āthār al-Khat..tiyya fı̄-l-Maktaba al-Qādiriyya. Baghdad: Mat.ba at al-Ma ārif,
vol. 5.
Ritter, Helmut. 1939. Philologika IX: Die vier Suhrawardı̄: Fortsetzung und Schluß. Der Islam 25: 35–86.
( ( )
Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄, Abū H . afs. Umar Ibn Alı̄. 2005. Mashyakha. Beirut: Dār al-Bashā ir al-Islāmiyya.
First published 1426.
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
© 2020 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Religions: An Earlier Copy of Al-Suhraward I's Aw Arif Al-Ma Arif and Its Scribe, Ab U T. Ahir Al-H.anaf I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Religions: An Earlier Copy of Al-Suhraward I's Aw Arif Al-Ma Arif and Its Scribe, Ab U T. Ahir Al-H.anaf I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Religions: An Earlier Copy of Al-Suhraward I's Aw Arif Al-Ma Arif and Its Scribe, Ab U T. Ahir Al-H.anaf I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

religions

earliest extant copy available to us.

Keywords: Sufism; Islamic manuscripts; h.adı̄th studies

1. Introduction: Towards a Chronology of al-Suhrawardı̄’s Corpus

1 See (Hartmann 2012).

Religions 2020, 11, 613; doi:10.3390/rel11110613 www.mdpi.com/journal/religions

al-Suhrawardı̄, see (Al-Dhahabı̄ 2003, vol. 15, p. 871; Kars forthcoming).

2. MS Belgrade O.1115, al-Suhrawardı̄’s Awārif al-Ma ārif ( (

as a footnote in a survey of Turkish manuscripts in Eastern European library collections published in

(see Figures A1 and A2).

ff.1b–2a, title page added before the Awārif al-Ma ārif. ( (

ff.1b–264b, Awārif al-Ma ārif, al-Suhrawardı̄.

12 See (Al-Suhrawardı̄ MS Belgrade, ff.1b–264b).

. ayy al-Qayyūm, followed

.‫ي وهو والده يغمده هللا برحمته‬ّ ‫ي الفاس‬

‫ قطب‬... ‫ي رضي هللا عنه‬ ّ ‫ي الفاس‬

.‫ أخبر المص ّنف رضي هللا عنه‬:‫قالو كلّهم‬

.‫ ﺃﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨّﻒ ﺭﺿﻲ ﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‬:‫ﻗﺎﻟﻮ ﻛﻠّﻬﻢ‬

Religions‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬ 11, ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﺮ‬

powerful al-Qasṭallānīs, Quṭb al-Dīn (d.686/1287) Al-Ḍiyāʾ (d.663/1265), played a fundamental

18 See (Kars forthcoming).

three-hundred masters with whom he studied.20

the scripturalist theological attitude of his A lām al-Hudā.22

(515-600/1121-1203), Abū al-Makārim al-Labbān (507-597/1113-1201), and (Ibn) Mu ammar al-Qurashı̄ (

al-Jūzdānı̄, Abū al-H

. anbalı̄ Sufi and a

20 See (Ibn al-Fuwat.ı̄ [1416] 1995, vol. 2, p. 97).

5. Abū T.āhir’s Works

2. Dhakhı̄rat al- Ibād li-Yawm al-Ma ād

3. Fad.l al-Sājid wa Sharaf al-Masājid

5. Al-Ma lı̄ li-Dhikr man ma ı̄ wa Dhikr man qablı̄

6. Al-At.rāf fı̄ Ashrāf al-At.rāf.

6. MS Manisa 45 Hk 1080, Abū Ṭāhir’s Kitāb al-Arbaʿūn

34 See (Sirāj al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī [1426] 2005, p. 465).

34 See (Sirāj al-Dı̄n al-Qazwı̄nı̄ [1426] 2005, p. 465).

(520-603/1126-1206)37 Abū al-Mah.āsin Muh.ammad Ibn al-H

4. Abū Ja far Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-Jı̄lānı̄ (509-603/1116-1207)42

5. Abū Bakr Lāmi Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-S.aydalānı̄43

9. Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn al-H 45

12. Abū al-Mah.āsin Muh.ammad Ibn al-H 48

18. Abū Bakr Lāmi Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Nas.r al-S.aydalānı̄

21. Abū al-H 54

24. Abū al-Maymūn al-Rashı̄d Ibn Ah.mad Ibn Muh.ammad al-Shāshı̄

28. Abū Abd Allāh Muh.ammad Ibn Ah.mad Ibn al-H

. usayn al-Fārfānı̄ (514-597/1120-1201)

32. Abū al-Mājid Jāmi Ibn H 58

35. Abū T.āhir Alı̄ Ibn Sa ı̄d Ibn Fādhshāh (d.594/1198)

bi-“qul huwa Allāh-khān”61

al-Raqı̄m” by the copier.

3. Abū al-Faraj Thābit Ibn Muh.ammad al-Madı̄nı̄ (d.595/1199)

came to Shiraz to visit Abū T.āhir in Rabı̄ al-Awwal in 604/October 1207

al-Dı̄n Abū T.āhir Abd al-Salām Ibn Abı̄ al-Rabı̄ al-H

. anafı̄ al-Shı̄rāzı̄ (b.bef.590/1194, d.661/1263),

and networks of these transmitters.

traditionists from early on likely played a major role in its popularity.

70 See (Anjum 2010).

Funding: This research received no external funding.

ff.65b–66a (preface of Al-Arbaʿūn).

. afs. Umar. Risālat al-Sayr wa-l-T.ayr. MS Tübingen Ma VI 90. Tübingen, ff.106b–108b.