Unit 25

Unit 25
Outcome 1
Understand the structure of the television and video
industry
Organisation and Income Generation
Name a Public Service Broadcaster
The biggest Public Service Broadcaster is the British Broadcasting Company (BBC)
What is a Public Service Broadcaster?
Public service broadcasting, also known as PSB for short, is broadcasting which is
funded and developed by and for the public. Public service broadcasting involves the
public paying a licensing fee to view the different range of programmes and this fee
is given to the government, who then needs to pay the broadcaster as a means of
financing. In 2018/19 there were 4.6 million licences paid for by the public. It also
means that they do not have to watch advertisements.
What are the debates on whether Public Service Broadcasting is relevant

today?
There is lots of debate on whether Public Service Broadcasting is even still relevant.
In today’s society, we have social media, subscriptions, streaming and so much
more, which is only some of the key debates on if it’s relevant, not only this but
people who earn less money will not be able to afford the license fee and you can be
fined up to £1000. But with all these negatives, there are positive reasons that
people debate to whether it’s still relevant. You get to watch live shows and recorded
shows. It funds the BBC and majorly helps out the company. The BBC offer a better-
quality content than the other competitors because their aim isn't to make a profit.
Any viewer can watch a previously recorded programme for free. Believe it or not,
but public service broadcasting still accounts for over half of the audience figures in
the United Kingdom.
Identify 3 Commercial Broadcasters. How do they obtain their revenue

compared to the BBC? What debates recently have been about product
placement on Commercial Television?
ITV, Channel 5, 5Spike
Commercial is something that isn’t public and have products that are advertised at
the start, in between and at the end to the audience. The commercial company
would sell these advertisements to other businesses and this is how they make their
profit.
Bullet point the key benefits of Sky 1.
 Sky One promotes the sale of goods through merchandising. There is multiple
examples of this, such as NOWTV, Sky Q, Tech, Internet, Sky+ and other
accessories like keyrings, bottles, mugs, etc…
 Sky One is a pay to view television channel and because of this, it enables
Sky to be able to create other Sky channels which generate more revenue. It
also means they have a wide range of programmes.
 Sky One usually have spin off’s that their demographic audience might be
interested in, whether that’s storylines or characters.
What is a Multi-national Media Conglomerate and give four examples? Name

five well known organisations/companies that they own.
A multinational conglomerate would be when numerous subsidiaries working in

different industries start coming together to produce a single larger enterprise /
corporate group operating on a multinational scale with one parent / head quarter in
one country and different outlets around the globe. This can also be in various media
such as radio, television, music, games and more.
Comcast own Sky, NBCUniversal Media, AT&T Broadband and Xfinity.

Microsoft own Xbox Live, Azure, Bing, OneDrive, LinkedIn and Outlook.
Sony owns Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Sony Pictures, Sony Pictures

Television, Sony Music Entertainment, Naughty Dog, Guerrilla Games and
PlayStation Network
Disney own Lifetime, The History Channel, ESPN, ABC, Marvel, and A&E.
What is the difference between a Monopoly and an Oligopoly with examples?
A monopoly are where one company or partnership massively up sells and

dominates most other market rivalry, thereby granting it a monopoly over the other
players in their business. Microsoft Office is my example. They use packages like
selling together Access, Excel, PowerPoint, Punisher and Word, to make it more
difficult for other rivals to reach their market.
By comparison, an oligopoly is a far more transparent instance of a sector, with

several competitors and companies dominating the market, but it is also possible for
smaller firms to operate successfully in the very same market, a great example of
that would be the film and music industry, because it operates as a highly
competitive market, but smaller firms also have an audience and support.
What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal integration, with

examples?
A horizontal integration happens when a corporation (usually a cooperative that has

a monopoly or a potential business monopoly it is already in) purchases a similar
company that isn't on its market, such as Facebook's 2012 acquisition of Instagram
or Disney's 2006 acquisition of Pixar. This approach significantly improves
production and services within the same business sector and can boost their profits if
done properly.
Vertical Integration is where a business or cooperation extends its activities in the
same sector but in different regions, either before or after the company in the
distribution line. Netflix is a prime example of vertical integration whereby the
company started as a DVD rental company supplying film and TV content. The
company's executive management realised they could generate more revenue by
shifting to original content creation. Today, Netflix uses its distribution model to
promote their original content alongside films from major studios.
What is an Independent Production Company and give three examples? Name

four TV programs that they make.
What is an Independent production company? Well, it’s in the name. They are a
company that makes films independently, usually contracted by a bigger company.
Films produced by independent production companies don't typically follow the same
method as studio films. They differ in style and genre, instead.
Independent movies are also intended to make you think about certain subjects or
problems and feature complex plots that are more realistic and less escapist than in
studio movies.
Examples of UK independent film companies are BBC Films (Brooklyn), Big Talk
Productions (The World's End), Heyday Films (The Boy In The Striped Pyjamas),
Cloud Eight Films (Selma), Ruby Films (Suffragette), and Vertigo Films
(StreetDance).
Technologies
What is Channel Proliferation and Multi-Channel TV?
Channel Proliferation is the outcome of channels striving to provide their consumers

with better content and developing, which led to their channels proliferating in order
to become more advanced and personalised, meaning their customers have a
broader range of channels from which to choose, culminating in multi-channel
choices.
Identify when and how Multi Channel TV came about.
The 1990 Broadcasting Act resulted in Multi-channel TV. The broadcasting law was
passed with a view to providing a legal structure for electronic communication and
thereby providing more outlets, eg Channel 5. The law was passed under the
premise that this would bring in far more consumer choice, resulting in a broader
variety of choices for consumers to choose from and thereby increase overall
revenues for film and television in general, providing less restrictive rules for
independent television and allowing many other broadcasters to also have increased
revenue.
How is the Internet now being used to broadcast television programmes?
The television industry has changed from provider-led to consumer-driven market.

The internet has proven to be a most disruptive development for broadcasters and
operators – who used to determine if content lived or died – rising threateningly over
their income stream. The internet is changing the TV business forever.
Such developments influence the concept of television itself. It used to refer to a

cabinet-like unit, with programming spread over a limited number of broadcast
channels. With hundreds of channels it became cable, satellite, and internet
television (IPTV). Viewers will watch football, drama, news and the latest cat video at
will today, even sometimes simultaneously on their laptops, phones, computers,
tablets and more.
Viewers are in charge, making personal playlists while binge-watching is

accommodated by digital recorders, apps and TV web pages. Commentary shifts to
social media quickly, not to a weekly TV Guide or the daily newspaper. YouTube
intermingles with commercial materials. This has been going on for years, but the
television industry is just starting to face its challenges.
Some TV channels have now even started t0 adapt to a digital environment,

including programming on television and streaming internet platforms such as BBC
via BBC iPlayer and Channel 4 on demand.
What is the difference between satellite, digital and cable?
- Satellite TV is broadcast over satellite signals
- Digital TV is broadcast through a digital device that is mainly in television or

connected to it
- Cable TV is broadcast through radio signals
Regulation
What does the terms ‘regulation’ and ‘de-regulation’ mean?
Regulation is primarily controlled and strengthened by the government with a view to

monitoring and thus 'regulating' the media produced and presented to the public in
total. Contrary to this. De-regulation is the reverse, which means that there are no
laws which legislation to stick to on the media being displayed.
What does ‘desensitisation’ mean?
Desensitisation is nowadays a major media subject of concern, with violent video

games, films and graphic content easier to access than ever before. Desensitisation
is when usually 'bad' or obscene imagery on the screen is conditioned to the
audience and thus dulls their immediate reaction completely when faced with the
same obscene or disturbing image in real situations, meaning that they don’t react
with the empathy or concern that they should in that situation. This means they don't
respond with the empathy or concern they should have in that situation.
How has the concept of the Watershed become blurred?
The watershed is the moment that shows that contain NSFW adult material or
offensive language can be seen and transmitted, this is usually about 9 pm, the main
reason the watershed has become blurred today is cultures that change definitions
on what is and is not deemed offensive today compared to what used to be shown
specifically in previous years. However, this has brought broadcasters under fire, as
parents and adults concerned are worried about the younger generation being
exposed to such material and want it to be stricter with the proper code of conduct
when it comes to what media is acceptable to display.
What are the main roles of Ofcom and briefly the ASA?
Ofcom is the regulator and competition authority for the UK communications

industries. It regulates the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms, mobiles, postal
services, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate. The ASA usually
investigates concerns that have been made about advertising and product
promotions, etc., their role is to respond to such concerns and to ensure that there is
no violation of regulations about discrimination or security of the public, as well as
other matters.

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Unit 25

Organisation and Income Generation

Name a Public Service Broadcaster

What is a Public Service Broadcaster?

What are the debates on whether Public Service Broadcasting is relevant

Identify 3 Commercial Broadcasters. How do they obtain their revenue

ITV, Channel 5, 5Spike

Bullet point the key benefits of Sky 1.

What is a Multi-national Media Conglomerate and give four examples? Name

A multinational conglomerate would be when numerous subsidiaries working in

Comcast own Sky, NBCUniversal Media, AT&T Broadband and Xfinity.

Sony owns Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Sony Pictures, Sony Pictures

What is the difference between a Monopoly and an Oligopoly with examples?

A monopoly are where one company or partnership massively up sells and

By comparison, an oligopoly is a far more transparent instance of a sector, with

What is the difference between Vertical and Horizontal integration, with

A horizontal integration happens when a corporation (usually a cooperative that has

What is an Independent Production Company and give three examples? Name

What is Channel Proliferation and Multi-Channel TV?

Channel Proliferation is the outcome of channels striving to provide their consumers

How is the Internet now being used to broadcast television programmes?

The television industry has changed from provider-led to consumer-driven market.

Such developments influence the concept of television itself. It used to refer to a

Viewers are in charge, making personal playlists while binge-watching is

Some TV channels have now even started t0 adapt to a digital environment,

- Satellite TV is broadcast over satellite signals

- Digital TV is broadcast through a digital device that is mainly in television or

- Cable TV is broadcast through radio signals

What does the terms ‘regulation’ and ‘de-regulation’ mean?

Regulation is primarily controlled and strengthened by the government with a view to

What does ‘desensitisation’ mean?

Desensitisation is nowadays a major media subject of concern, with violent video

How has the concept of the Watershed become blurred?

Ofcom is the regulator and competition authority for the UK communications

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