Astm D7460-10

Designation: D7460 – 10
Standard Test Method for

Determining Fatigue Failure of Compacted Asphalt Concrete
Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3549 Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted

1.1 This test method provides procedures for determining a Bituminous Paving Mixture Specimens
unique failure point for estimating the fatigue life of 380 mm D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
(14.96 in.) long by 50 mm (1.97 in.) thick by 63 mm (2.48 in.) cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
wide asphalt concrete beam specimens sawed from laboratory D5361 Practice for Sampling Compacted Bituminous Mix-
or field compacted asphalt concrete, which are subjected to tures for Laboratory Testing
repeated flexural bending. E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
1.2 The between-laboratory reproducibility of this test Determine Conformance with Specifications
method is being determined and will be available on or before 2.2 AASHTO Standards:3
June 2013. Therefore, this test method should not be used for T 321 Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fatigue
acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes. Life of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Subjected to
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes Repeated Flexural Bending
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes PP 3 Preparing Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) Specimens by
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered Means of the Rolling Wheel Compactor
as requirements of the standard. R 30 Standard Practice for Mixture Conditioning of Hot-
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded Mix Asphalt (HMA)
as standard. Other units of measurement included in this 3. Terminology
standard are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1 beam modulus—Flexural Beam Stiffness, as deter-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- mined in 10.1.3.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.2 failure point—the number of cycles to failure, Nf,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. which corresponds to the maximum or peak Normalized
Modulus 3 Cycles (Fig. 13) when plotted versus Number of
2. Referenced Documents Cycles.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 3.1.3 initial beam modulus—Flexural Beam Stiffness deter-
mined at approximately 50 load cycles.
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D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates

D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials 3.1.4 normalized modulus 3 cycles—see Rowe and Boul-
D979 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures din (1):4
D2041 Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific ~Beam Stiffness 3 Cycle Number!
Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures ~Initial Beam Modulus 3 Cycle of Initial Beam Modulus!
D3203 Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted
Dense and Open Bituminous Paving Mixtures 4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The four-point flexural bending test method is con-
ducted on compacted beam specimens to evaluate the fatigue
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
properties of an asphalt concrete mixture. A cyclic haversine
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.26 on (displaced sine wave with full amplitude on tension side of
Fundamental/Mechanistic Tests.
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approved
in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D7640–08. DOI: 10.1520/
3
D7460-10. Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM http://www.transportation.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
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D7460 – 10
zero) displacement is applied at the central H-frame third 6.1.1 Loading Device—The test system shall include a
points of a beam specimen, while the outer third points are held closed-loop, computer controlled loading component which,
in an articulating fixed position. The frequency rate ranges during each load cycle in response to commands from the data
from 5 to 10 Hz. This produces a constant bending moment processing and control component, adjusts and applies a load
over the center third (L/3) span (118.5 to 119 mm (4.66 to 4.69 such that the specimen experiences a constant level of displace-
in.)) between the H-frame contact points on the beam speci- ment (and resulting strain) during each load cycle. The loading
men. The level of desired strain is pre-calculated and an input device shall be capable of (1) providing cyclic haversine
for the displacement control. The deflection at the mid-length (= SIN2(degrees/2)) loading at a frequency range of 5 to 10 Hz,
position (L/2) of a beam specimen is regulated by the closed (2) subjecting specimens to 4-point bending with free rotation
loop control system. and horizontal translation at all load and reaction points, and
(3) forcing the specimen back to its original position (that is,
5. Significance and Use zero deflection) at the end of each loading cycle. Fig. 1
5.1 The laboratory fatigue life determined by this standard illustrates the haversine waveform. Figs. 2 and 3 show the
for beam specimens have been used to estimate the fatigue life movements of the Cox and IPC loading devices, respectively;
of asphalt concrete pavement layers under repeated traffic the Cox device loads in a downward direction and the IPC
loading. Although the field performance of asphalt concrete is loads in an upward direction. The early version of the IPC
impacted by many factors (traffic variation, speed, and wander; device does not have free translation at the inner clamps;
climate variation; rest periods between loads; aging; etc.), it however, the newer model allows free rotation and translation
has been more accurately predicted when laboratory properties at all four clamps.
are known along with an estimate of the strain level induced at 6.1.2 Environmental Chamber (Temperature Control
the layer depth by the traffic wheel load traveling over the System)—The environmental chamber shall enclose the entire
pavement. specimen and maintain the specimen at the desired test
NOTE 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are temperature. The temperature shall be within 60.5°C (60.9°F)
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure throughout the conditioning and testing times. An environmen-
and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. tal chamber is not required if the temperature of the surround-
Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally ing environment can be maintained within the specified limits.
considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/
6.1.3 Control and Data Acquisition System—During each
inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with
Specification D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. load cycle the control and data acquisition system shall be
Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of capable of measuring the displacement of the beam specimen,
Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a and adjusting the load applied by the loading device such that
means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors. the specimen experiences a constant level of displacement on
each load cycle. In addition, it shall be capable of recording
6. Apparatus
load cycles, applied loads, beam displacements, and tempera-
6.1 Test System—The test system shall consist of a load ture while computing and recording the maximum tensile
frame, an environmental chamber (temperature control system) stress, maximum tensile strain, phase angle, and stiffness at
and a closed loop control and data acquisition system. The test load cycle intervals specified by the user.
system shall meet the minimum requirements specified in 6.2 Miscellaneous Apparatus and Materials—For the Cox
Table 1. This standard specifically describes the systems of two device, an aluminum, wedge-shaped target for connecting the
primary suppliers (Cox and Sons, Inc. [Cox] and Industrial
displacement sensor to the neutral axis of the specimen and
Process Controls, Ltd. [IPC]); however, other similar equip-
cyanoacrylate (super glue) or equivalent is needed for attaching
ment could also be used.
the target to the specimen. With both the Cox and the IPC
equipment, an alignment fixture and a solid aluminum beam
TABLE 1 Test System Minimum Requirements
are needed for setting the proper clamp spacing and a saw
suitable for cutting the beams with parallel faces to the proper
Load Measurement and Control Range: 0 to 5 kN (0 to 1124 lbf)
Resolution: 2.5 N (0.56 lbf) tolerance.
Accuracy: 5 N (1 lbf)
7. Hazards
Displacement Measurement and Control Range: 0 to 5 mm (0 to 0.2 in.)
Resolution: 2.5 µm (9.8 3 105 in.) 7.1 Observe standard laboratory safety precautions when
Accuracy: 5 µm (2.0 3 104 in.)
preparing and testing asphalt concrete specimens.
Frequency Measurement and Control Range: 5 to 10 Hz
Resolution: 0.005 Hz 8. Sampling and Test Specimen Preparation
Accuracy: 0.01 Hz
8.1 Laboratory-Mixed and Compacted Specimens—Sample
Temperature Measurement and Control Resolution: 60.25°C (60.45°F)
Accuracy: 60.5°C (60.9°F) asphalt binder in accordance with Practice D140 and sample
aggregate in accordance with Practice D75. If a complete
Displacement Sensor Linear Variable Differential fatigue curve is desired, prepare nine replicate asphalt concrete
Transducer (LVDT), Extensometer,
or similar device beam specimens, from slab(s) or beam(s) compacted in accor-
dance with AASHTO PP 3. Otherwise, prepare as many
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D7460 – 10
FIG. 1 Illustration of Haversine Wave Form Relative to Sine Wave
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FIG. 2 Load and Freedom Characteristics of Fatigue Test Apparatus (Cox)

D7460 – 10
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NOTE 1—Early model shown; the newer model allows free rotation and translation at all four clamps.
FIG. 3 Load and Freedom Characteristics of IPC Fatigue Test Apparatus
specimens as desired for individual beam test results. Labora- erwise, prepare as many specimens as desired for individual
tory prepared mixtures are typically conditioned with a short- beam test results. See Notes 2 and 3. Test at least six replicate
term aging process, such as defined in AASHTO R 30. Test at asphalt concrete beam specimens at different strain levels in
least six replicate asphalt concrete beam specimens at different order to develop a fatigue curve, as shown in Fig. 4. The extra
strain levels in order to develop a fatigue curve, as shown in specimens may also be tested as desired, if the data appears to
Fig. 4. The extra specimens may also be tested as desired, if the include an outlier, or if a beam failure occurs directly at a
data appears to include an outlier, or if a beam failure occurs clamp.
directly at a clamp. A linear relationship on a log-log plot exists
8.3 Roadway Specimens—Obtain compacted asphalt con-
between Nf and the level of strain (µ´, microstrain = strain 3
crete samples from the roadway in accordance with Practice
106).
D5361.
NOTE 2—The type of compaction device (linear kneading, rolling 8.4 Specimen Trimming—Saw at least 6 mm from all sides
wheel, vibratory) may influence the test results, relative to representing
actual construction. of each compacted specimen to provide smooth, parallel
NOTE 3—Normally test specimens are compacted using a standard (saw-cut) surfaces for mounting the measurement gages. The
compactive effort. However, the standard compactive effort may not final required dimensions of the test specimen, after sawing,
reproduce the air voids of roadway specimens measured according to Test are 380 6 6 mm (14.96 6 0.24 in.) in length, 50 6 2 mm (1.96
Method D3203. If specimens are to be compacted to a target air void 6 0.08 in.) in height, and 63 6 2 mm (2.48 6 0.08 in.) in
content, the compactive effort should be determined experimentally.
width. To minimize specimen variability, it is recommended
8.2 Plant-Mixed, Laboratory Compacted Specimens— that the beams be immediately labeled to ensure consistent
Obtain asphalt concrete samples in accordance with Practice orientation (top and sides) during testing, relative to the
D979. If a complete fatigue curve is desired, prepare nine compaction process.
replicate asphalt concrete beam specimens, from slab(s) or
beam(s) compacted in accordance with AASHTO PP 3. Oth-

D7460 – 10
NOTE—Strain levels should be adjusted for the material.

FIG. 4 Example Fatigue Curve
8.5 Specimen Storage—The specimens should be stored on show the deformation that can occur due to years of fatigue
a 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.) steel plate with a flatness of 0.127 mm testing; any shortening of the shaft changes the stroke location.
(0.005 in.) across the surface of the plate from end to end. This If the fixture uses this type of coupler, this initial sensor
flat surface keeps the beam specimens from being pre-strained location should be checked after every seven testing days to
before testing. Limit stacking of specimens to two high on evaluate the condition of the coupler. If the fixture is hard
storage racks. coupled, as with the IPC device, this alignment check can be
performed less frequently.
9. Procedure
9.2 Specimen Measurement—Measure the height and width
9.1 Fixture Alignment—A solid aluminum beam, having of the specimen to the nearest 0.01 mm (3.94 3 10-4 in.) at
dimensions specified in 8.4 with tolerances to a flatness of three or more different points along the middle 100 mm (3.94
0.051 mm (0.002 in.) across the length of the aluminum beam in.) of the specimen length in accordance with applicable
(measured using a straight edge and feeler gauges), is used to sections of Test Method D3549, Determine the average of the
ensure proper alignment of the beam fixture prior to testing. measurements for each dimension and record the averages to
Insert the aluminum beam into the fixture, clamping the side the nearest 0.1 mm (0.004 in).
clamps on the outside frame first. Clamp the top clamps on the
9.3 Attaching the Target to the Neutral Axis of Specimen
outside frames followed by the top clamps on the inside
(Required with the Cox Fixture)—Locate the center of a
frames. Place the actuator in load control and remove the load.
Verify that the clamps are fully seated on the aluminum beam. specimen on one of its 50 mm (1.97 in.) high lengthwise sides
On the Cox frame, apply the side clamps to the inside frames. (i.e., mid-height and mid-length of the beam). Apply cy-
After returning to displacement control, adjust the load to the anoacrylate (super glue) or equivalent in a circle around this
positive side of zero; make a note of the actuator displacement point and place the target on the glue such that the top of the
sensor location and start cycling from this position. Once this target is at the center point of the beam. Allow the glue to cure
zero load position is located and used as a guide, the bottom of before moving the specimen. Fig. 6 illustrates the target
all the clamps will be aligned. If the top and bottom sides of the attached to the neutral axis of the specimen.
beam test specimen are not parallel, it should not be an issue 9.4 Place the specimen on a stiff flat surface in an environ-
with the clamping. The saw cuts are typically straight on all ment holding the desired test temperature for two hours to
sides of the beam even if these are not parallel to each other; ensure that the specimen has equilibrated to the desired test
the top clamps will compensate for the lack of parallelism, temperature prior to beginning the test. Based on past experi-
since the clamps are all independent of each other. The Cox ence, approximately 1.5 to 2 hours is sufficient to equilibrate
fixture is designed to use the 3.175 mm (1⁄8 in.) tensile bar the temperature of a beam that was stored near room tempera-
coupler for facilitating 360° movement without creating an ture to its testing environment. The temperature shall be within
eccentric moment, as shown in Fig. 5. The two spent 3.175 mm 60.5°C (60.9°F) throughout the conditioning and testing
(1⁄8 in.) tensile bars pictured on the right-hand side of Fig. 5 times.
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D7460 – 10
FIG. 5 Tensile Bar Coupler Connecting the Actuator to the H-frame (Inner Clamps)
FIG. 6 Target Attached to the Beam Neutral Axis (Mid-Height, Mid-Length) (Cox)
NOTE 4—A common temperature used for this test method is 20°C (68°F), since it is near the critical temperature level for most of the U.S.
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D7460 – 10
Another method that has been used to determine the effective test With the IPC fixture (Figs. 11 and 12), the beam displacement
temperature for equivalent pavement fatigue damage is the following is measured on the tensile reaction side (top) of the beam.
equation developed during the Strategic Highway Research Program
Clamp the displacement sensor into position so that it rests on
(SHRP):
top of the flat surface of the contact position and check that the
Teff.Fatigue 5 0.8~MAPT! – 2.7 (1)
displacement sensor will not over extend its designed length of
where: travel.
MAPT = mean annual pavement temperature (°C), 9.7 Select the desired initial strain (50 to 3000 µ´; typically
MAPT = T20mm 5 Tair – 0.00618~lat2! 1 0.2289~lat! 200 to 800 µ´ for conventional asphalt concrete; 70 to 150 µ´
1 42.2~0.9545! – 17.78, (2) for evaluating severely high-repetition but low strain condi-
T20mm = temperature at 20 mm depth from pavement surface (°C),
Tair = mean annual air temperature (°C), and tions; 1500 to 3000 µ´ for some interlayer materials) and
lat = latitude of project location (degrees). loading frequency, and the load cycle intervals at which test
results are to be recorded and computed. The load cycle
9.5 Open the clamps and slide the specimen into position
(Figs. 7-10). With both the Cox and the IPC equipment, use the intervals to be recorded are typically spread out to adequately
alignment fixture to ensure proper horizontal spacing of the cover each decade on a log scale (that is, 100, 200, 300, 400,
clamps, (Cox: 119 mm (4.69 in.); IPC: 1 18.5 mm (4.66 in.)) 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 cycles) for the entire
center-to-center. When the specimen and clamps are in the expected length of test. Enter these values into the specific
proper positions, apply the side clamps to the outside frames, template for this testing program in the Control and Data
then apply the top clamps to the outside frames. Next, apply the Acquisition System. Typically, the loading frequency is set
top clamps to the inside frames. With the Cox, apply the side within a range of 5 to 10 Hz (10 Hz is the most commonly used
clamps of the inside frames. Check for adequate clamping frequency) for simulating highway repetitive loading condi-
pressure by toggling (lightly shaking) each frame with the tions.
spacing fixture in place and make sure that all clamps are
NOTE 5—Selection of load cycle intervals at which test results are
seated properly, flat against the specimen.
computed and recorded may be limited by the amount of memory
9.6 Set the displacement amplitude to the desired strain rate available for storing data.
by manually adjusting the sensor and the parameters in the test
control software while lowering the displacement sensor onto 9.8 Within the load cycles to be recorded, include an
the proper specimen contact position. Fig. 8 illustrates the Cox interval near the point of 50 cycles. Determine the specimen
fixture with the displacement sensor resting on the target, such stiffness at the 50th load cycle; this stiffness is the recom-
that beam displacement will be measured at the neutral axis. mended estimate of the initial beam stiffness.
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FIG. 7 Order of Specimen Clamping Procedure

D7460 – 10
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FIG. 8 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, Side View
FIG. 9 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, Top View
9.9 Select a displacement level (strain level) near the the strain up and down on additional replicate beams to
mid-range initially for the specific material based on trial and evaluate performance of the material over a range of strain
error or experience, such that the specimen will undergo a levels.
minimum of 10 000 load cycles prior to failure. A minimum of 9.10 After selecting the appropriate test parameters, begin
10 000 load cycles ensures that the specimen does not decrease the test. Activate the control and data acquisition system so that
in stiffness too rapidly. For establishing a fatigue curve, adjust the test results at the selected load cycle intervals are monitored

D7460 – 10
FIG. 10 Schematic of Cox Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus, End View
FIG. 11 Schematic and Photo of IPC Flexural Beam Fatigue Test Apparatus (newer model), Side View
and recorded, ensuring that the test system is operating normalized complex modulus 3 cycles versus cycles, as
properly. Ideally, the test should be terminated some time after shown in Fig. 13. To extend beyond this failure point, it is
the peak value has been achieved on a graphical plot of
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suggested that the test be terminated after the beam flexural

D7460 – 10
FIG. 12 Displacement in the IPC Apparatus (early model shown) is Measured With a Sensor Located on Top of Specimen
FIG. 13 Normalized Complex Modulus 3 Cycles versus Cycles
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10
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D7460 – 10
stiffness reduces to about 40 percent of the initial beam No = actual cycle number where initial flexural beam
stiffness. With low-strain testing, it may be impractical to reach stiffness is estimated.
this desired failure point; in this case, the failure point may be 10.1.6 Failure Point (Nf, Number of Cycles to Failure)—
estimated using the extrapolation procedure described in Occurs at the maximum or peak value of Normalized Modulus
10.1.7. 3 Cycles (Fig. 13) when plotted versus Number of Cycles
NOTE 6—The point of failure can also be continually evaluated by (1-3). A portion of the data is shown in Table 2 to show how the
monitoring the cyclic stress versus strain plot on the scope for the point at beam fatigue data is processed. The approximate maximum
which the hysteresis loop (continuous plot of stress versus strain during value can be easily read from the calculated data in the table.
loading) collapses, loses its shape, appears horizontal, or combinations In addition, the raw calculated Normalized Modulus data can
thereof. also be fit statistically to a best-fit polynomial curve, for more
easily selecting the peak of the curve and determining Nf;
10. Calculation or Interpretation of Results mathematically, the peak is found where the second-order
10.1 Perform the following calculations at the operator- differential of the curve equation is equal to zero. In this
specified load cycle intervals: example, the beam failure point is determined to be approxi-
10.1.1 Maximum Tensile Stress (Pa): mately 1 000 000 cycles.
33a3P
10.1.7 Extrapolating a Failure Point (based on One-Stage
st 5 (3) Weibull Survivor Function)—Used for those fatigue test results
b 3 h2
obtained especially at low strain levels, where the peak value
where: of the Normalized Modulus 3 Cycles when plotted versus
a = center to center spacing between clamps (Cox: Number of Cycles exceeds the duration of the test. This
0.1190 m; IPC: 0.1185 m), procedure, per Tsai, Harvey, and Monismith (4, 5), uses the
P = load applied by actuator (N), following equation:
b = average specimen width (m), and Ln~–Ln~SR!! 5 g 3 Ln~N! 1 Ln~l! (8)
h = average specimen height (m).
10.1.2 Maximum Tensile Strain (m/m):
12 3 d 3 h TABLE 2 Beam Fatigue Data Processing
´t 5 (4)
~ 3 3 L2 ! – ~ 4 3 a2 ! Curve Fit
Beam Beam Normalized
Cycle Normalized
Modulus Modulus Modulus
where: Number
MPa (ksi) 3 Cycles
Modulus
3 Cycles
d = maximum deflection at center of beam (m),
a = space between inside clamps, L/3, (Cox: 0.1190 m; 49 2,845.63 (412.73) 1.00 1.00
59 2,807.98 (407.27) 1.19 1.19
IPC: 0.1185 m); and 69 2,784.96 (403.93) 1.38 1.38
L = length of beam between outside clamps, (Cox: 79 2,763.79 (400.86) 1.57 1.56
0.3570 m; IPC: 0.3555 m). 89 2,750.69 (398.86) 1.76 1.72
99 2,738.07 (397.13) 1.94 1.94
10.1.3 Flexural Beam Stiffness (Pa): 199 2,599.42 (377.02) 3.71 3.71
299 2,518.00 (365.21) 5.40 5.40
st
S5´ (5) 399 2,454.15 (355.95) 7.02 7.04
t – – – – –
639,999 1,235.18 (179.15) 5669.41 5739.15
10.1.4 Phase Angle (deg): 659,999 1,242.14 (180.16) 5879.60 5939.54
f 5 360 3 f 3 s (6) 679,999 1,230.69 (178.50) 6001.87 6083.25
699,999 1,220.77 (177.06) 6128.54 6197.14
719,999 1,224.56 (177.61) 6323.17 6282.33
where: 739,999 1,219.59 (176.89) 6472.51 6525.92
f = load frequency (Hz), and 759,999 1,202.43 (174.40) 6553.89 6626.00
s = time lag between Pmax and dmax, (s). 779,999 1,198.08 (173.77) 6701.97 6777.35
799,999 1,190.15 (172.62) 6828.41 6904.06
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NOTE 7—When automated testing software is used in the control and 819,999 1,172.30 (170.03) 6894.02 6982.29
839,999 1,169.54 (169.63) 7045.86 7009.76
data acquisition system, f is approximated by an algorithm contained in
859,999 1,154.78 (167.49) 7122.23 7211.63
the automated testing software. 879,999 1,142.93 (165.77) 7213.18 7279.26
899,999 1,136.51 (164.84) 7335.90 7413.91
10.1.5 Normalized Modulus 3 Cycles (Pa/Pa)—See Refs 919,999 1,125.55 (163.25) 7426.54 7503.34
(1-3): 939,999 1,107.49 (160.63) 7466.30 7559.20
959,999 1,112.04 (161.29) 7656.28 7750.53
S i 3 Ni 979,999 1,095.22 (158.85) 7697.81 7684.28
NM 5 S 3 N (7)
o o 999,999 1,071.08 (155.35) 7681.79 7796.08
1,019,999 1,049.57 (152.23) 7677.64 7821.54
where: 1,039,999 1,026.61 (148.90) 7657.07 7759.67
NM = normalized modulus 3 cycles, 1,059,999 984.21 (142.75) 7482.08 7642.30
1,079,999 948.63 (137.59) 7347.61 7491.58
Si = flexural beam stiffness at cycle i (Pa), 1,099,999 896.24 (129.99) 7070.20 7102.10
Ni = cycle i, 1,119,999 811.02 (117.63) 6514.41 6736.92
So = initial flexural beam stiffness (Pa), estimated at 1,139,999 724.70 (105.11) 5924.85 6232.63
1,159,999 617.83 (89.61) 5139.73 5487.98
approximately 50 cycles, and

D7460 – 10
where: 11.6 Report the measured or estimated cycles to failure.

Ln(–Ln(SR)) = the natural logarithm of the negative of the 11.7 Prepare a plot of Normalized Complex Modulus 3
natural logarithm of SR, Cycles versus Cycles as shown in Fig. 13.
SR = flexural beam stiffness ratio, beam stiffness
at cycle i / initial beam stiffness, 12. Precision and Bias
N = number of cycles, 12.1 Precision—The within-laboratory repeatability stan-
g = the slope of the linear regression (Fig. 14) dard deviation on log scale has been determined to be 0.278,
of the Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N), and based on testing in one laboratory, three test replicates at each
Ln (l) = the intercept of the linear regression of the strain level (ranging from 200 to 2000 µ´), and eleven different
Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N). types of mixture specimens. Therefore, the results of two
10.1.7.1 The failure point is estimated by solving this properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar
equation for the value of N where SR is equal to 0.500 replicate beam specimens in the same equipment at the same
[Ln(–Ln(SR)) = –0.3675], or 50 % initial beam stiffness. strain level should not differ by more than 0.787 on a log scale.
11. Report Table 3 shows a summary of the data used to generate the
within-laboratory standard deviation. This estimate of preci-
11.1 Asphalt Concrete Description—Report the binder type, sion is a combination of both replicate specimen preparation
binder content, aggregate gradation, and air void percentage. variability and testing variability. The between-laboratory re-
11.2 Specimen Dimensions—Report the specimen length, producibility of this test method is being determined and will
average specimen height, and average specimen width in be available on or before June 2013. Therefore, this test
meters, to four significant digits. method should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a
NOTE 8—See Practice E29 for information on determination of signifi- material for purchasing purposes.
cant figures in calculations. 12.2 Bias—No information can be presented on the bias of
11.3 Report the average test temperature to the nearest this method for measuring fatigue life because this is a
0.2°C (0.36°F). destructive test and no material having an accepted reference
11.4 Report the following test results for each load cycle value is available.
interval selected by the operator to three significant figures:
Applied Load (N), Beam Deflection (m), Tensile Stress (Pa), 13. Keywords
Tensile Strain (m/m), Flexural Stiffness (MPa), and Normal- 13.1 asphalt concrete fatigue; asphalt concrete flexural test-
ized Modulus 3 Cycles (MPa). ing; asphalt concrete stiffness; asphalt concrete tensile testing;
11.5 Report the initial flexural stiffness (MPa). fatigue life; flexural bending
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FIG. 14 Example of Linear Regression of Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N)

12
D7460 – 10
TABLE 3 Single Laboratory Precision Data
Standard
Standard
Asphalt Log Deviation
Controlled Number of Deviation
Concrete Number of Log
Strain Cycles Number of
Mixture Cycles Number of
(micro) to Failure Cycles
ID to Failure Cycles
to Failure
to Failure
1 300 85 790 4.933
300 165 560 5.219
300 54 682 57 191 4.738 0.242
2 300 39 392 4.595
300 197 160 5.295
300 241 360 106 172 5.383 0.431
200 805 800 5.906
200 1 190 120 6.076
200 408 320 390 918 5.611 0.235
3 300 192 480 5.284
300 24 278 4.385
300 48 176 91 001 4.683 0.458
200 966 160 5.985
200 1 105 600 6.044
200 306 759 426 693 5.487 0.306
4 300 75 670 4.879
300 12 290 4.090
300 43 782 31 690 4.641 0.405
200 287 000 5.458
200 456 200 5.659
200 179 833 139 339 5.255 0.202
5 800 21 310 4.329
800 8780 3.943
800 20 674 7058 4.315 0.219
400 250 960 5.400
400 36 656 4.564
400 105 440 109 418 5.023 0.418
6 350 222 920 5.348
350 555 240 5.744
350 582 440 200 180 5.765 0.235
7 2000 417 039 5.620
2000 294 039 5.468
2000 556 799 131 469 5.746 0.139
8 2000 437 999 5.641
2000 218 839 5.340
2000 181 479 138 582 5.259 0.202
9 2000 482 559 5.684
2000 487 719 5.688
2000 281 600 117 542 5.450 0.136
10 2000 186 439 5.271
2000 32 737 4.515
2000 52 479 83 625 4.720 0.391
11 2000 115 359 5.062
2000 210 839 5.324
2000 112 299 56 030 5.050 0.155
Average: 139 127 0.278
REFERENCES
(1) Rowe, G. M., and Bouldin, M. G., “Improved Techniques to Evaluate (4) Tsai, Bor-Wen, Harvey, J. T., and Monismith, C. L., “High Tempera-
the Fatigue Resistance of Asphaltic Mixtures,” Proceedings of 2nd ture Fatigue and Fatigue Damage Process of Aggregate-Asphalt
Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Barcelona, Spain, 2000. Mixes,” Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists,
(2) Rowe, G. M., “Performance of Asphalt Mixtures in the Trapezoidal Vol 71, 2002, pp. 345–385.
Fatigue Test,” Journal of Association of Asphalt Paving Technolo- (5) Tsai, Bor-Wen, Harvey, J. T., and Monismith, C. L., “High Tempera-
gists, Volume 62, 1992.
ture Fatigue and Fatigue Damage Process of Aggregate-Asphalt
(3) Hopman, P. C., Kunst, P. A., and Pronk, A. C., “A Renewed
Mixes,” Transportation Research Record 1832, 2003.
Interpretation Method for Fatigue Measurements, Verification of
Miner’s Rule,” 4th Eurobitume Symposium, Madrid, Spain, Volume
1, 1989.
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13
D7460 – 10
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What is the scope of this test method?

What is the scope of this test method?

What materials and properties does this test method determine?

What materials and properties does this test method determine?

Designation: D7460 – 10

Standard Test Method for

1. Scope D3549 Test Method for Thickness or Height of Compacted

D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates

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FIG. 1 Illustration of Haversine Wave Form Relative to Sine Wave

FIG. 2 Load and Freedom Characteristics of Fatigue Test Apparatus (Cox)

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NOTE—Strain levels should be adjusted for the material.

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FIG. 7 Order of Specimen Clamping Procedure

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FIG. 13 Normalized Complex Modulus 3 Cycles versus Cycles

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where: 11.6 Report the measured or estimated cycles to failure.

FIG. 14 Example of Linear Regression of Ln(–Ln(SR)) versus Ln(N)

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