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Министерство здравоохранения Республики Беларусь Учреждение

Preface
образования
“Гродненский государственный медицинский университет” Кафедра Textbook “Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology” is designed to be a
иностранных языков comprehensive textbook covering the entire curriculum for medical students in this
subject. The course “Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology” is a two-
Kondratyev, Dmitri
Vylegzhanina, Olga semester course that introduces students to the Latin and Greek medical terms that are
Knyazeva, Juliya commonly used in Medicine. The aim of the two-semester course is to achieve an

Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology active command of basic grammatical phenomena and rules with a special stress on
the system of the language and on the specific character of medical terminology, and
for Medical Students
that to the extent that enables an active use of Latin and Greek medical terms and
Approved by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus as course of promote further own work withthem.
Latin for foreigh students for education institutions providing higher medical
education The textbook consists of three basic parts:

ЛАТИНСКИЙ ЯЗЫК И ОСНОВЫ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ 1. Anatomical Terminology: The primary rank is occupied by anatomical

для студентов-медиков nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. All
of the anatomical nomenclatures produced so far have used Latin as their base.
Учебное пособие
The first official Latin anatomical nomenclature was introduced at a congress of
Допущено Министерством образования Республики Беларусь в качестве the Anatomische Gesellschaft in Basle in 1895, the last edition, called
учебного пособия для иностранных студентов учреждений, обеспечивающих
получение высшего медицинского образования Terminologia Anatomica, was introduced by the International Anatomical
Nomenclature Committee and published in 1998. Latin as a dead language does
not develop and does not belong to any country or nation. It has a number of
advantages that classical languages offer, its constancy, international character
andneutrality.

2. Clinical Terminology: Learning clinical terminology you should realize that it

is in many ways like learning a foreign language. Like a foreign language,

Гродно 2005 medical terms often sound strange and confusing. As a result of being unable to
understand the words, they will have very little meaning to you. But it is wrong
to assume that only highly educated people can use and understand them.
Medical terms sound like a foreign language because the vast majority of them
have Greek and Latin origin. So, for
example,theword"gastrectomy"isofaGreekoriginandmeans“the
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total removal of a stomach”. “Gastrectomy” comes from the Greek word
influenced by Roman and Greek art, Medicine, law, and religion. The pursuit of Latin
"gaster" which means "stomach" and the Greek word "ectome", which means
and Greek language skills not only provides the broadening experience which comes
"cut out". The main reason of using these words is that medical terms provide
from learning how to think and express oneself in another language, but can also be
one word that describes something that would otherwise take many words to
great aid to building vocabulary and language skills in English. Latin and Greek
say. For example, it is quicker to say "gastrectomy" than to say "the total
literature and mythology introduce you to classical authors whose excellence is beyond
removal of a stomach ". You will be able to learn medical terms by
question and whose works and genres have influenced Western literature down to our
understanding the origins of these words in Latin and Greek.
own day.
3. Pharmaceutical Terminology: In pharmaceutical terminology Latin has, for
the time being, remained a functioning means of international communication,  Greek is the language of Homer, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Diogenes, Plutarch

guaranteed by the European Pharmacopoeia (1996) and by the corpus of and theBible.

International Non-proprietary Names (1992, 1996), even though in the future an  Latin is the language of Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Vergil, Horace, Ovid, St.
ever stronger competition of national languages should be taken into account. Augustine and St.Francis ofAssisi.
But even though national languages have been favored in prescriptions in some  After the Roman conquest of Britain under Emperor Claudius, the native Picts'
countries, in many countries Latin has continued to be preferred and the Celtic language first became infused with Latin, then merged with the new
standard international nomenclature of drugs is based on the Latin version. The invaders' Germanic (Anglo-Saxon) dialects, and finally became English. Thus,
Latin version of the pharmacopoeia has been used in Germany, Switzerland, Greek and Latin can be great aids to building vocabulary and language skills
Japan, China,etc. inEnglish

As the Romans conquered the then known world, Latin became the universal language

The Role of the Latin and Greek Languages of Italy and the provinces. Many centuries after the fall of Rome, Latin still ruled
supreme. To this very day, Latin is the language of the Catholic Church, and during the
Greek and Roman cultures are the foundations of western culture - its literature, ideas,
formative period of the western European languages it was incorporated in every one
art, politics, and conceptions of the individual. Greek myth is still a shared fund of
of them. The Latin language has been around for more than 2500 years, and
images and narratives that express human experience. Latin is the major source of
throughout the years has played a leading role in various fields. Not only was Latin the
English vocabulary, and Greek provides scientific language in many fields. Greek and
language of the Romans in antiquity, but at a later stage it also became the language of
Roman cultures help us to understand the relationship between western culture and
administrators, the Catholic Church, scholars and artists. Even now the Latin language
other cultural systems and place ourselves better in the world.
is present in a prominent way, especially inMedicine.
The study of Latin and Greek culture provides students with a better understanding of
Science is of international nature. The development of technical languages in the
the roots of their own culture, which has been so strongly
individual branches of science is connected with frequent borrowing of foreign
language lexical material which is mostly of Latin or Greek origin. Greek and
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Latin represent the traditional language material to be used in medical terminology.
Contents
English medical terminology developed from medieval Latin terminology,
which had absorbed a developed Greek terminology. Greek medicine migrated to
Part I. Anatomical Terminology
Rome at an early date, and many Latin terms crept into its terminology. Only a few
medical terms came from the oldest developmental period of the English language 1. Lesson 1. PHONETICS: READING AND p. 9
PRONUNCIATION
(from Anglo-Saxon). Latin was the language of science up to the beginning of the
2. Lesson 2. ACCENT RULES, WORD STRESSING p. 19
18thCentury, so all medical texts were written in Latin.
3. Lesson 3. STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS. p. 26
NOUN AND ITS GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES
4. Lesson 4. ADJECTIVE. TWO GROUPS OF ADJECTIVES p. 37

5. Lesson 5. DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES p. 45

6. Lesson 6. LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. p. 52

MASCULINE GENDER
7. Lesson 7. LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. p. 59
FEMININE GENDER
8. Lesson 8. LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. NEUTER p. 64
GENDER
9. Lesson 9. NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND p. 68
ADJECTIVES
10. Lesson 10. GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND p. 74
ADJECTIVES
11. Lesson 11. PREFIXES IN THE ANATOMICAL p. 79
TERMINOLOGY
12. Lesson 12. SAMPLE FINAL TEST p. 84

Part II. Clinical Terminology

1. Lesson 1. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 86

2. Lesson 2. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 94

3. Lesson 3. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 98

4. Lesson 4. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 102

5. Lesson 5. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 107

6. Lesson 6. GREEK & LATIN COMPONENT ELEMENTS p. 112

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7. Lesson 7. SAMPLE FINAL TEST p. 117

Part III. Pharmaceutical Terminology PART I.

1. Lesson 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL p. 102 ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY
2. Lesson 2. STANDARD PRESCRIPTION PHRASES p. 107
LESSON 1
INDICATING ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS
3. Lesson 3. MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION p. 112 PHONETICS: READING AND PRONUNCIATION
LIQUIDS AND SEMISOLIDS IN PRESCRIPTIONS
4. Lesson 4. PRESCRIPTION REGULATIONS FOR In this lesson you will:
p. 102
TABLETS, SUPPOSITORIES AND OPHTHALMIC FILMS  Become familiar with the Romanalphabet.
SOLIDS AND OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS IN  Learn to pronounce Latin vowels andconsonants.
PRESCRIPTIONS
 Learn to pronounce Latin diphthongs anddigraphs.
5. Lesson 5. LATIN NAMES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS p. 107
NAMES OF ACIDS, OXIDES, PEROXIDES,  Learn to read Latin words and wordcombinations.
HYDROXIDES
6. Lesson 6. LATIN NAMES OF SALTS IN PRESCRIPTIONS p. 112 This lesson is divided into the following sections:

8. Lesson 7. SAMPLE FINAL TEST p. 117 I. Romanalphabet.

II. Pronunciation of vowels anddiphthongs.
Part IV. Appendix
III. Pronunciation of consonants anddigraphs.
1. Syllabus
IV. Pronunciation of lettercombinations.
2. Latin-English Anatomy Dictionary V. Exercises.
3. English-Latin Anatomy Dictionary VI. Vocabulary

4. Greek & Latin-English Clinical Dictionary

We cannot be sure exactly how the ancient Romans pronounced the alphabet and
5. Latin-English Pharmaceutical Dictionary
words. We should use the so-called Roman Pronunciation of Latin, which aims to
6. English-Latin Pharmaceutical Dictionary represent approximately the pronunciation of classical times. The English
7. Common Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions pronunciation should be used in Roman names occurring in English (as, Julĭus
Caesar); and in familiar quotations, as, e plurĭbus unum; viva voce; vice versa; a
8. Sample Final Examination
fortiōri; veni, vidi, vici,etc.
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I. ROMANALPHABET s as in “solve”: solútio (solution)
Ss es z as in “nose”: incisúra (slit or notch)
The Roman alphabet contains 25 letters: six vowels and nineteen consonants. The English
Tt te t as in “ten”: tráctus (tract)
language also uses the Roman alphabet with the additional letter
W. You should learn the Roman alphabet that follows: Uu u u as in “put”: púlmo (lung)

Letter Name
Pronunci-
Examples – Latin (English) Vv ve v as in “van”: válva (valve)
ation
Xx iks ks as in “next”: rádix (root)
Aa a a as in “under”: cáput (head)
ypsilon
Yy (igrek) i as in “crystal”: týmpanum (drum)
Bb be b as in “bath”: bráchium (shoulder)
ts as in “plants”: cérvix (neck) Zz zeta z as in “zero”: zygóma (check-bone)
Cc tse k as in “coner”: cósta (rib), crísta (crest)
Dd de d as in “danger”: déxter (right) II. PRONUNCIATION OF VOWELS ANDDIPHTHONGS

Ee e e as in “met”: vértebra The Latin vowels are similar to the corresponding English vowels.

Ff ef f as in “fast”: fácies (surface, face) a as in “under”: cáput(head)

Gg ge g as in “get”: gáster (stomach) e as in “met”:vértebra

i h as in “sit”: vagína(vagina)
y Hh ha (english as in “hand”: hómo (man) as in “crystal”: týmpanum(drum)
like)
o as in “spot”: córpus(body)
Ii I i as in “sit”: vagína (vagina)
u as in “put”: púlmo(lung)
Jj yot (j) as in “yes”: májor (large)
Diphthongis a combination of two vowel pronounced together in one syllable.
Kk ka k as in “key”: skéleton

Ll el l as in “life”: lábium (lip) au is pronounced as in “down” : áuris(ear)

eu is pronounced [eu] : pléura(pleura)

Mm em m as in “medical”: meátus (passage)

Nn en n as in “night”: násus (nose)

III. PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS ANDDIGRAPHS
Oo o o as in “spot”: córpus (body)
The Latin consonants are similar to the corresponding English consonants (see
p
Pp pe as in “palmer”: pálpebra (eyelid) under “Roman alphabet”), except c, g, j, l, s, x and z.

Qq ku k as in “quite”: quádriceps (four-headed)

Rr er r as in “rend”: ren (kidney)

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Before e, i, y, ae, oe is pronounced like /ts/. It is similar to the ts
c of English plants: cérvix /tserviks/ - neck: cýstis /tsistis/ -bladder; ch as /kh/: núcha /nuha/ neck ph
caécum /tsekum/ -cecum. as /f/: ráphe /rafe/ - suture rh
Before a, o, u, before consonants and at the end of a word it is
as /r/: rhéxis /reksis/ - rupture
c pronounced as /k/: cáput – head: cósta – rib; cutis – skin; crísta –
crest; lac –milk. th as /t/: thórax /toraks/ -chest
g Is always pronounced as /g/ in give, get,go.
IV. PRONUNCIATION OF LETTERCOMBINATIONS
j Is pronounced as /j/ in yes, you,young.

l Is always palatalized and soft as in look, live,life. These letter combinations are pronounced as follows:

Between two vowels or between a vowel and the voiced  as /ngv/ before vowels: língua /lingva/ - tongue,language;
consonant mornis pronounced as /z/ in nose, rose, but before vowels, ngu
s consonants and at the end of a word it is pronounced as  as /ngu/ before consonants: ángulus /angulus/ -angle
/s/ in solve, slow, maps.
qu as /kw/ áqua /akwa/ -water
Is pronounced as /ks/ in next, larynx, but sometimes between vowels
x  as /sv/ before vowels a,e: suávis /svavis/ -pleasant;
it is pronounced as /gz/ in examination, example. su
In Greek words is always pronounced as /z/ in zero, zone, but in as /su/ in different syllables: súlcus /sulkus/ - furrow orgroove
z words of other origin such as Zíncum (zinc), influénza (grippe) it is  as /tsi/ before vowels: spátium /spatsium/ - space;articulátio
pronounced as/ts/. /artikuliatsio/ - joint;
ti
as /ti/ before consonants, after s,t,x: tíbia /tibia/- shinebone;
One of the main differences between English and Latin consonants is óstium /ostium/ - opening.
that in Latin p, t, k are not aspirated (i.e. there is no puff of breath after
them) as in English.
Another difference is that “l” is always palatalized, or soft. V. EXERCISES

1. Read the following words paying special attention to thevowels:

Digraphis a group of two letters representing one sound.
ála (wing), mínor (small), artéria (artery), lámina (plate), abdómen (belly), fóvea (pit),
There are two vowel digraphs in Latin:
fíbula (fibula; long, thin outer bone from knee to ankle), fémur (thigh- bone), línea
ae/oe Representing the sound similar to the English /e/ in pen: vertebrae
(vertebrae), oedema(swelling). áspera (rough line), pálma (palm), infundíbulum (funnel), régio (region), inférior
Attention !!! -Two dots placed over the letter e indicate that aeor (lower), antérior (situated in front of), membrána (membrane), manúbrium stérni (first
oeare not digraphs and their letters denote different sounds: áër /a-er/ - or upper part of breast-bone), véna (vein), húmerus (bone of upper arm), gingíva
air; díploё /diploe/ - spongysubstance.
(gum), úlna (medial bone of forearm), úvula (lingula), hépar (liver), hílus(hilus).

Besides, there are several consonant digraphs commonly used in Latin. They are
pronounced as follows:
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2. Read the following words paying special attention to the vowels i andj:
cávitas (cavity), ócciput (back of the head), trúncus (trunk), caécus (cecal), claviculáris
intestínum (intestine), iáter (physician, doctor), páries inférior (lower wall), ínsula (clavicular), accessórius (additional), músculus (muscle), scéleton (skeleton), cruciátus
(island), junctúra (junction), júgum (iúgum) (eminence, mound), juguláris (iuguláris) (cruciform), ceméntum (cement), cávum cránii (cavity of skull), sáccus lacrimális (tear
(jugular), canális palatínus májor (máior) (greater palatine canal), fóssa infratemporális sac), cartilágo (cartilage), cóndylus (condyle), bíceps (two-headed), céllula (cell),
(infratemporal fossa), tubérculum május (máius) (greater tubercle), jejúnum (ieiúnum) córpus (body), súlci palatíni (palatine grooves), vértebrae cervicáles (cervical
(jejunum), ilíacus (iliac). vertebrae), vértebrae sacráles (sacral vertebrae), os coccýgis (coccygeal bone),
forámina sacrália dorsália (dorsal sacral openings), búcca (cheeck), búccae (cheeks).
3. Read the following words paying special attention to Latin vowel digraphs
anddiphthongs:
5. Read the following words paying special attention to the letter combinationsch,
áuris (ear), autopsía (necropsy), Áurum (gold), pléura (pleura), neurológia ph, qu, rh, th, nguandti:
(neurology), pneumonía (inflammation of the lungs), cóstae (ribs), oedéma (swelling), núcha (nape), chóle (bile), chórda (cord), chárta (paper), phálanx (fingerbone),
anaemía (anemia), gangraéna (gangrene), amoéba (ameba), áër (air), poëta (poet), Áloë diaphrágma (diaphragm), phárynx (pharynx), áqua (water), squamósus (scaly),
(aloe), aërophobía (morbid fear of drafts or of fresh air), vértebrae (vertebrae), caécus quádriceps (four-headed), rhizóma (rhizome), rhéxis (rupture), rheumatísmus
(cecal), oesóphagus (oesophagus), auriculáris (auricular), córpus vesícae félleae (body (rheumatism), thórax (chest), rhinorrhagía (bleeding from the nose), therapía
of gallbladder), aponeurósis (aponeurosis), pseudomembrána (false membrane), (treatment), thrómbus (blood clot), língua (tongue, language), únguis (nail), sánguis
uropoёticus (urogegenus/ urinogenous), díploë (diploe), aurícula (auricle), (blood), unguéntum (ointment), ángulus (angle), linguláris (lingular), trianguláris
haematopoёticus (hemopoietic), dýspnoë (dispnea), régio glutaéa (gluteal region), (triangular), tíbia (shinebone), téstis (testis), tinctúra (tincture), óstium (opening),
peronaéus (fibular), neurocránium (skull), caudális(caudal). articulátio (joint), substántia (substance), spátium (space), solútio (solution), curátio
(treatment), vítium (defect)
4. Read the following words paying particular attention to the consonants c, s, l, x
andz:
fácies (surface), cérvix (neck), cérebrum (brain), cýstis (cyst), cytológia (cytology), 6. Read the following words paying particular attention to the consonant s: fóssa
cósta (rib), cáput (head), córpus (body), colúmna (pillar), cávum (cavity), cóllum (cavity), húmerus (bone of upper arm), mesentérium (mesentery), impréssio
(neck), crísta (crest), lac (milk), canális (canal), súlcus (furrow, groove), árcus (arch), (impression), sínus (holow curvature or cavity), sigmoídeus (sigmoid), séptum nási
córnu (horn), stérnum (breastbone), scápula (shoulder- blade), os (bone), spína (spine), (nasal septum), canális hypoglossális (hyppoglossal
násus (nose), básis (base), plásma (plasma), organísmus (organism), squamósus canal), procéssus styloídeus (styloid process), básis cránii (base of skull), segméntum
(scaly), tuberósitas (tuberosity), lóbus (lobe), látus (wide), músculus (muscle), lábium (segment), pars petrósa (petrosal part), chiásma (chiasm), fissúra (fissure (slit)), dens
(lip), ángulus (angle), ánulus (ring), ápex (top, summit), rádix (root), déxter (right), incisívus (incisor tooth), platýsma (subcutaneous neck muscle), mesogástrium
thórax (chest), xiphoídeus (swordshaped), zóna (zone), zygóma (cheek-bone), (middle part of abdomen), mucósus (mucosal),
horizontális(horizontal),
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nasolacrimális (nasolacrimal), súlcus sínus transvérsi (transversal hollow groove)
sýmphysis (symphysis (adhesion)), synchondrósis (synchondrosis), ísthmus (isthmus),
trúncus brachicephálicus (brachiocephalic trunk), artéria ophthálmica (ophthalmic
7. Read the following words paying particular attention to the pronunciation of artery), véna saphéna (saphenous vein), nódus lympháticus (lymphatic node), dúctus
quandngu:
thorácicus (thoracic duct), spinothalámicus (spinothalamic), pars sympáthica
squáma occipitális (occipital scale), lámina quadrigémina (quadrigeminal plate),
(sympathetic part), cávum subarachnoidále (subarachnoidal cavity), os íschii (ischial
quadrátus (square), vértebra quínta (the fifth vertebra), línea oblíqua (oblique line),
bone), incisúra ischiádica májor (major ischiadic notch), aquaedúctus mesencéphali
língua (tongue, language), língula (small tongue), inguinális (inguinal), únguis (nail),
(aqueduct of midbrain).
squamósus (scale-like), os tríquetrum (trihedral bone), sublinguális (sublingual),
ángulus (angle), sánguis (blood), sanguíneus (circulatory(bloody)).
VI. VOCABULARY

Part1.
8. Read the following words paying particular attention to the pronunciation ofti:
1. ala,ae f wing
addúctio (adduction), abdúctio (abduction), periodóntium (peridontium), supinátio
2. costa,aef rib
(supination), articulátio (joint), eminéntia (eminence), tíbia (shinbone), óstium (mouth,
3. crista,aef crest
aperture), spátia intercostália (intercostal space), digéstio (digestion), distántia
4. fibŭla,aef fibula,splint-bone
trochantérica (trochanteric distance), substántia spongiósa (spongy substance),
5. fossa,aef shallow depression orcavity
forámina nutrícia (nourishing openings), míxtio (mixture), masticátio (chewing).
6. glandŭla,aef gland
7. lamĭna,aef plate
9. Read the following words paying particular attention to the pronunciation of
digraphs and lettercombinations: 8. liněa,aef line
núcha (nape of neck), thyreoídeus (thyroid), thórax (chest), línea núchae supérior 9. mandibŭla,aef lowerjaw
(upper nachal line), tubérculum pharyngéum (pharyngeal tubercle), os sphenoidále 10. maxilla,aef upperjaw
(wedge-shaped bone), fóssa hypophysiális (hypophysial cavity), labyrínthus 11. orbĭta,aef eyesocket
ethmoidális (cribriform labyrinth), kyphósis (hump back (arterior curvature)), 12. porta,aef entry
hemisphérium (hemisphere), sectiónes hypothálami (sections of hypothalamus), 13. scapŭla,aef shoulderblade
splanchnológia (splanchnology), sphíncter (sphincter), brónchus (main branch of 14. spina,aef spine
trachea), dúctus cholédochus (common bile duct), os scaphoídeum (boat-shaped bone), 15. tibĭa,aef shinebone, larger of two bones of
phalánges (bones of fingers ortoes), leg
16. vena,aef vein
17. vertěbra,aef vertebra
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Part 2.
LESSON 2
18. apertūra,aef aperture,opening
ACCENT RULES, WORD STRESSING
19. aorta,aef main artery ofbody
20. arterĭa,aef artery In this lesson you will:

21. capsŭla,aef capsule, membrane or saclike  Become familiar with the main rules of word stress inLatin

structure
22. chorda,aef cord This lesson is divided into the following sections:

23. cochlěa,aef cochlea I. Division of words intosyllables.

24. columna,aef column II. The main rules for the position of an accent inLatin.
III. Graphically signedstress.
25. concha,aef concha
26. fascĭa,aef fascia IV. Accent in words of Greekorigin.

27. fověa,aef small pit ordepression V. Exercises.

28. incisūra,aef notch VI. Vocabulary

29. lingua,aef tongue,language

I. DIVISION OF WORDS INTOSYLLABLES
30. nucha,aef nape ofneck
31. sella,aef saddle One of the syllables in a word is always more accentuated than the others.
32. sutūra,aef suture; line ofjunction We say that the syllable is stressed.
33. vagīna,aef sheath To determine which syllable is stressed the word should be divided into
34. valvŭla,aef small valva;valve syllables. Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In
Latin syllables are usually counted from the end of aword.

Examples:
Ar- te- ri- a (artery)
4 3 2 1

Ar- ti- cu- la- ti- o (joint)

6 5 4 3 2 1
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II. THE MAIN RULES FOR THE POSITION OF AN ACCENTIN 3. if its vowel is followed by diagraphs cho – lé – do - chus
LATIN. ch, ph, th, rh. stó – ma – chus
1. The final syllable of a word is notstressed.
4. if it contains such suffixes as: tho- rá- ci- cus
2. In disyllabic words (consisting of two syllables) the second syllable (from the -ic-, -ol-, -ul-. fo- vé- o- la
lín- gu- la
end) is alwaysstressed.
3. In polysyllabic words (consisting of more than two syllables) the second or the
thirdsyllable from the end of the word isstressed.
III. GRAPHICALLY SIGNEDSTRESS
To stress correctly a Latin word you should: If the word can’t be read according to any stress rule you should consult a

1. divide a word into itssyllables, dictionary.

2. find the next to lastsyllable, Both stressed and unstressed syllables are graphically signed with the special

3. determine whether the next to last syllable is stressed or not. If the next to last marks. Stressed syllables are graphically signed by a stroke (-):

syllable is not stressed, the accent is shifted to the third syllable from the end of For example: pylōrus - pylórus.

theword. Unstressed syllables are indicated in this book by a circumflex ( ˘ ) on the

vowel.
The basic rules when the next to last syllable is stressed/not stressed:
For example: skelĕton - skéleton.
Rules Examples

Next to last 1. if it contains a diphthong such as pe – ri – to – naé - um

syllable is ae, oe: pe – ro – naé - us
IV. ACCENT IN WORDS OF GREEKORIGIN
stressed 2. if a vowel of this syllable is li- ga- mén-tum
followed by two or more consonants ref- lé- xus As for the words of Greek origin you should pay attention to the following
or letters «x»; «z»: gly – cy – rrhý – za
peculiarities:
3. if it contains such suffixes as: me- di- á- lis
-al-, -ar-, -at-, -in-, -ur-, -os-, di-gi- tá- tus In Greek clinical terms with the ending - ia the letter «i» is always stressed:
-iv- . fib- ró- sus
myopathía - myopathia
Next to last 1. if its vowel is followed by ar- té- ri- a
syllable is not anothervowel su- pé- ri- or dysentería -dysentery
stressed hypotonía -hypotension
(accent is 2. if its vowel is followed by such letter vér- te- bra
shifted tothe combinations as: quá- dru- plex
third syllable br, pl, tr, trí- que- trus Except for the words containing Greek root - logia:
from theend)
biológia - biology
pharmacológia -pharmacology
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V. EXERCISES
(anterior joint surface), sulcus arteriae vertebralis (vertebral furrow of artery), nucleus
1. Stress the following words observing the rules of Latin word- stressing: pulposus (pulpal nucleus), anulus fibrosus (fibrous ring of tissue about an opening),
columna, processus, cerebrum, bursa, cavum, palpebra, profundus, transversus, atlas I, ligamentum longitutinale anterius (anterior longitudunal ligament), juncturae columnae
internus, bulbus, gangraena, refluxus, cauda, linea, rabies, barba, reflexus, ampulla, vertebralis et cranii (junctions of spinal column and skull), articulatio atlantooccipitalis
collum, tibia, sinister, cornu, spurius, Oryza, situs, xiphoiděus, facies, anatomia, (joint between first cervical vertebra and occipital bone), canalis vertebralis (vertebral
ramus, coccygēus, caries, tabuletta, minorpodagra, pterygoiděus, externus, maxilla, canal), sulcus costovertebralis minor (major) (small (large) costovertebral furrow),
curatio, solutio, substantia, eminentia, Belladonna, ligamentum, vertebra, costa, apex, incisurae costales (costal slits), ligamentum capĭtis costae (ligament of the head of rib),
arcus, minor, manus, vomer, sternum,sella. articulatio capĭtis costae (joint of the head of rib), spatia intercostalia (intercostal
spaces), apertura thorācis superior (inferior) (superior (inferior) thoracic apertura),
2. Stress thewords: angulus infrasternalis (angle, situated below or beneath sternum), fissura sterni (narrow
apertura (opening), anulus (ring), angulus (angle), foveola (pit), incisura (notch, split), slit of breastbone).
tuberculum (tubercle), spinosus (spinous), thoracicus (thoracic), articularis (articular),
4. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms:
opticus (visual), basilaris (basic), cervicalis (cervical), musculus (muscle), fissura
(cleft), lateralis (lateral), vertebralis (vertebral), lumbalis (lumbar), fossula (small medulla ossium (bone marrow), arcus vertebrae (vertebral arch), membrum inferius
depression or cavity), ventriculus (ventricle, stomach), glandula (gland), scapula (leg), epigastrium (part of abdomen immediately over stomach), processus transversus
(shoulder-blade), mandibula (lower jaw), clavicula (clavicle), fibula (fibula), (transverse process), substantia compacta (thick substance), palpebra superior (upper
maxillaris (maxillary), chronicus (chronic), gastricus (gastric), pelvinus (pelvic), eyelid), corpus maxillae (body of upper jaw), quadruplex (fourfold), facies poplitea
fibrosus (fibrous), gelatinosus (gelatinous), venosus (venous), squamosus (scaly), (popliteal surface), ductus choledochus (bile duct).
spirituosus (spiritual), capitatus (capitate), destillatus (destilled), ceratus (waxy),
5. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms:
auditivus (auditory), vegetativus (vegetative), incubativus (incubative), incisivus
(incisive, cutting), junctura (junction), sutura (suture), temperatura(temperature). digitatus (pertaining to finger or toe), hiatus sacralis (sacral opening), cribrosus (sieve-
shaped), vertebralis (vertebral), incisura supraorbitalis (supraorbital notch), clavicularis
3. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms: (pertaining to collar-bone), fossa pterygopalatina (pterygopalatine cavity), processus
costa fluctuans (free rib), vertebra thoracica (thoracic vertebra), columna vertebralis zygomaticus (zygomatic process), hamulus pterygoiděus (wing-shaped hook), mentalis
(spinal column), processus articularis superior (higher joint appendix), tuberculum (pertaining to chin), sulcus pulmonalis (pulmonary furrow), forāmen spinosum
anterius (anterior tubercle), facies articularisanterior (spinous opening), fossa glandulae lacrimalis (shallow depression of lacrimal gland),
pubicus (pertaining
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to lower part of abdomen, covered with hair), pars squamosa (scaly (platelike) part),
processus accessorius (additional appendix), arcus posterior atlāntis (posterior arch of
nodi pancreatici (pancreatic nodes), pelvinus (pelvic), foveolae granulares (small
first cervical vertebra), lineae transversae (transverse lines), eminentia cruciformis
granular spit), glomerulus (small ball), incisura vertebralis (vertebral slit).
(cruciform eminence), facies anterior (anterior surface), os triquetrum (three-sided

6. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms: bone), basis patellae (base of kneecap), recessus sacciformis (sacciform recess), spatia
interossea metacarpi (interosseous spaces of metacarpus), labium superius (upper lip),
alae voměris (wings of thin bone separating nostrils), pars superior duodēni (upper
pancreas accessorium (additional pancreas), regio respiratoria (respiratory region),
part of duodenum), cartilaginěus (pertaining to cartilage), articulatio sacrococcygēa
bifurcatio trachēae (bifurcation of trachea).
(sacral-coccygeal joint), gingīva (gum), trachēa (windpipe), apertura thorācis inferior
(lower opening of chest), orgănon gustus (taste organ), osteologia (science about VI. VOCABULARY
bones), glossopharyngēus (pertaining to tongue and pharynx), myologia (science about
Masculine
muscles), orbĭta oculi (eye-pit), pylōrus (opening of stomach into duodenum),
1. angŭlus,i m angle
peritonēum (serous membrane lining abdominal cavity), metathalămus (part of brain
2. canalicŭlus,im small canal
behind visual tuber), minĭmus (smallest), musculus levator fornĭcis (muscle that raises
3. muscŭlus,i m muscle
fornix), os coccýgis (last bone of spinal column), peronēus (pertaining to fibular bone),
4. nasus,i m nose
carpēus (pertaining to wrist), glutēus (pertaining to buttocks), nervus trigemĭnus
5. nuclěus,im spheroid body within acell
(trigeminal nerve), labyrinthus ethmoidalis (sieve-shaped labyrinth (ethmoidal bone)).
6. pedicŭlus,im pedicle, smallfoot
7. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms: 7. radĭus,i m thicker and shorter bone offorearm

lamĭna arcus vertebrae (plate of vertebral arch), forāmen rotundum (round opening), 8. sulcus,i m furrow orgroove

vagīna processus styloiděi (sheath of awl-shaped appendix), tuberosĭtas pterygoiděa Neuter

(pterygoid tuberosity), palātum osseum (bony palate), ligamentum popliteum 9. brachĭum,in upperarm
oblīquum (oblique popliteal ligament), cavĭtas oris propria (proper oral cavity), atrium 10. cavum,in cavity
meātus medii (atrium middle meatus), cartilāgo thyroiděa (thyroid cartilage), vesīca 11. collum,in neck
urinaria (bladder), extremĭtas inferior (lowerextremity). 12. cranĭum,in skull
8. Practise stressing the following Latin anatomicalterms: 13. dorsum,in back
14. membrum,in member,extremity
15. palātum,in palate
16. septum,in partition, dividingwall
17. tubercŭlum,in tubercle; small roundedswelling
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LESSON3
Latin is the international basis for creating equivalent terms in other languages. English is
not the basis for terminology in other languages.
STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICAL TERMS. NOUN AND ITS
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES There is only a very little Latin grammar necessary to dissect anatomical terms.
One needs only know about nouns and adjectives, and even then only two cases in the
In this lesson you will:
singular and plural. The two cases are Nominative (subjective) and
 Become familiar with structure of anatomicalterms.
Genitive(possessive).
 Learn grammatical categories of Latinnouns.
Nounis a name of a thing: digĭtus (finger), costa (rib) etc.
 Learn how to determine the stem, the gender and the declension ofnouns.
Adjectiveis a word expressing a quality of a thing: major (large), longus
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
(long), frontālis (frontal).
I. Anatomicalterminology.
II. Structure of anatomicalterms. II. STRUCTURE OF ANATOMICALTERMS
III. Grammatical categories of anoun.
The anatomical term is a word used to name a definite unit or structure of a
IV. Gender
human body. Anatomical terms may consist of one, two, three, four and more words
V. Number (up to8).
VI. Case
VII. Dictionary form of anoun. 1. One-WordTerms

VIII. Declension They consist of one noun in singular orplural:

IX. Stem ofnouns Costa (rib), costae (ribs)

X. Exercises. 2. Two-WordTerms
XI. Vocabulary They may consist of:
a. two nouns in singular or plural: corpus vertěbrae (body of vertebra), corpŏra
I. ANATOMICALTERMINOLOGY vertebrārum (bodies ofvertebrae)

Anatomical terminology is a system of terms used in Anatomy. The revision of b. a noun with an adjective: vertěbra thoracĭca (thoracicvertebra)

modern anatomical terminology was initiated in 1887. More than a hundred years later 3. Three-WordTerms
the new Terminologia Anatomica - International Anatomical Terminology was finally They may consist of:
accepted by the International Federation of Association of Anatomists (IFAA) in 1997. a. three nouns: ligamentum tubercŭli costae (ligament of tubercle ofrib)
Anatomical terminology is the foundation of medical terminology and Latin is the b. a noun and two adjectives: processus articulāris superĭor (superior articular
international anatomical language. Only process)
c. two nouns and an adjective: sulcus nervi spinālis (furrow of the spinalnerve)
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4. MultiwordTerms
NUMBER
They may consist of several nouns and adjectives in singular and plural:
In common with English there are two numbers in Latin - singular (singulāris)
Facĭes temporālis alae minōris ossis sphenoidālis (temporal surface of the smaller
and plural (plurālis). Number is the grammatical category showing whether we speak
wing of the sphenoid bone).
of one thing ore more than one. In English the plural is formed by the endings –s or –
es. In Latin the ending of the plural varies according to the gender anddeclension:
III. GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF ANOUN
Vertěbrae (vertebrae), nervi (nerves), corpŏra (bodies), facĭes (surfaces)
The grammatical categories of a noun are as follows: etc.
1. Gender
CASE
2. Number
Case is defined as the change of the noun form according to its relation to other
3. Case
words. In modern English we can speak about “common case” and “possessive case”.
4. Declension In contrast to English there are six cases in Latin, but only two cases are used in the
anatomicalterminology:
GENDER
English Latin and abbreviation
There are three genders in Latin: masculine (masculīnum), feminine (feminīnum)
and neuter (neutrum). In contrast to Latin English nouns have only a natural gender, Nominative Nominatīvus (Nom.)

i.e. according to their sex: nouns designating males are masculine (man, boy), nouns Genitive Genetīvus (Gen.)
designating females are feminine (woman, girl), and nouns designating inanimates are
in the neuter gender. Nominative indicates the subject and answers the questions who, what.
Latin nouns have grammatical gender. Their gender is determined by the ending Genitive indicates the possession and answers the questions whose, of
of Nominative singular. what.
Thus, nouns ending in -a are feminine: scapŭla (shoulder blade), nouns ending in – IV. DICTIONARY FORM OF ANOUN
us are masculine: muscŭlus (muscle), nouns ending in –um are neuteretc.
You should learn Latin nouns in their “Dictionary Form”. The dictionary form
The genders of a noun are indicated in the dictionaries with the letters:
of a noun consists of three components:
 m -masculine
 f -feminine 1. the full form of Nominativesingular;

 n –neuter 2. the Genitive singularending;

3. the designation of gender (with the letters m, f, n).

E.g.: ala, ae f -wing;

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sternum, i n - breast bone;
Third declension
ductus, us m - duct.
The third declension includes nouns of all the three genders which have
different endings in Nominative singular and –is in Genitive singular.
V. DECLENSION
E.g.: canālis, is m - canal;
There are five declensions in Latin; that is, five categories of nouns, each with its
regĭo, ōnis f - region;
own endings. The declension is determined by the Genitive singular endings.
os, ossis n - bone.
First declension
Fourth declension
The nouns of feminine which end in -a are ascribed to the first declension.
The fourth declension includes masculines which end in –us, and the neuters
The Genitive form of the first declension nouns ends in–ae.
which end with –u. The Genitive singular form of these nouns ends in – us.
E.g.: costa, ae f -rib
E.g.: arcus, us m -arch;
vertěbra, ae f - vertebra
cornu, us n –horn.
Second declension Attention!!! - In the anatomical terminology there are only two neuters of the
To the second declension are referred masculines which end in –us and – er, 4thdeclension which end in –u: cornu, us n (horn), genu, us n (knee).
and neuters which end in –um, -on. The Genitive form of the second declension
Attention!!! - In the anatomical terminology there is only a limited number of
nouns ends in –i.
masculines of the fourth declension. You should remember some of them as follows:
E.g.: nasus, i m -nose;
collum, i n -neck;
olecrănon, i n - tip of the elbow;  aqu(a)eductus,usm aqueduct

cancer, cri m - cancer.  arcus,us m arch

Attention!!! – In the anatomical terminology there are no nouns which end in –er.  ductus,us m duct
The ending –on have the following anatomical terms:
 meātus,us m tract,passage
 acromĭon, i n – acromialprocess
 processus,us m process
 colon, i n – largeintestine
 sinus,us m sinus;hollow
 encephălon, i n –brain
 textus,us m tissue
 ganglĭon, i n –ganglion
 olecrănon, i n - tip of theelbow
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Fifth declension

The fifth declension includes nouns of feminine which end in –es in Nominative VII. EXERCISES
singular and in -ei in Genitive singular. 1. Make up the dictionary form ofnouns:
E.g.: facĭes, ēi f – surface, face (this is the only noun of the fifth declension you
arcus (arch), bulbus (bulb; any rounded mass), concha (concha), incisūra (slit or
meet in the exercises).
notch), sulcus (furrow or groove), cornu (horn), nasus (nose), amnion (amnion),
tubercŭlum (tubercle; small rounded swelling), scapŭla (shoulder blade), adĭtus (enter),
Remember the endings of Nominative and Genitive singular of all
declensions: septum (dividing wall), ganglion (nerve node), collum (neck), porus (opening, pore),
fossa (shallow depression or cavity), encephălon (brain), colon (part of large intestine),
Declension I II III IV V
olecrănon (elbow appendix), muscŭlus (muscle), ramus (branch), genu (knee), nodus
Gender f m n mfn m n f (node), pleura (membrane lining chest and covering lungs), lingua (tongue; language),
Nominative sinus (cavity, sinus), orgănon (organ).
a us um different us u es
singular
endings er on
2. Determine the declension of thenouns:
Genitive facies, ēi f (surface); pars, partis f (part); ala, ae f (wing); magister, tri m (teacher);
singular ae i is us ēi
endings nervus, i m (nerve); ramus, i m (branch); sphincter, ēris m (sphincter); colon, i n (part
of large intestine); plexus, us m (network, chiefly of veins or nerves); forāmen, ĭnis n
(opening); ligamentum, i n (ligament); dens, dentis m (tooth); tuber, ěris n (thickend
VI. STEM OFNOUNS
portion of underground stem; rounded swelling); tempus, ŏris n (temple, time); genu,
To make a Genitive form from the Nominative form you should determine the us n (knee); articulatio, ōnis f (joint); cartilāgo, ĭnis f (cartilage); meniscus, i m
stem of the noun. To determine the stem you should detach the ending from thenoun:
(meniscus); diaphragma, ătis n (septum between thorax and abdomen, diaphragm);
E.g.:
canālis, is m (canal); cervix, īcis f(neck).
Dictionary form Genitive Stem

3. Pay attention to the wordorder:

crista, ae f crist - ae crist -
spina scapŭlae (spine of shoulder bone); raphe palāti (suture of palate); skelěton
collum, i n coll – i coll -
membri (skeleton of a limb); ossa cranii (bones of skull); fossa glandŭlae (cavity of
facĭes, ēi f faci – ēi faci - gland); vena portae (portal vein); septum nasi (dividing wall of nose); crista tubercŭli
pars, partis f part – is part - (crest of tubercle); processus radii (appendix of radial bone); caput

vomer, ěris m voměr - is voměr -

caput, ĭtis n capĭt - is capĭt -

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fibŭlae (head of fibular bone); corpus tibiae (body of shin bone); facies acromii
cock’s crest; aperture of aqueduct of vestibule; vestibule of nose; dividing wall of
(surface of acromion); linea nuchae (line of neck nape); sulcus sinus (furrow of sinus);
nose; base of cochlea; small pit of process; small foot of arch of vertebra; surface of
basis cranii (base of skull); angŭlus mandibŭlae (angle of lower jaw).
the costaltubercle.

4. Determine the gender of thenouns:

VIII. VOCABULARY
septum (dividing wall); substantia (substance, material); encephălon (brain); ocŭlus, i
2nddeclension
(eye); nasus, i (nose); scapŭla (shoulder blade); arcus, us (arch);
1. acromĭon,i n shoulderappendix
acromion (acromion); lingua (tongue, language); mandibŭla (lower jaw); processus, us 2. antrum, in cavity
(appendix); cranium (skull); dorsum (back); incisūra (slit or 3. gallus, im cock
notch); clavicŭla (collar-bone); skelĕton (skeleton); cornu (horn); meātus, us 4. ganglĭon,in nervous node
(passage); palātum (palate); huměrus, i (humeral bone); lympha (lymph); cerebrum 5. ligamentum,in ligament
(brain); concha (concha); maxilla (upper jaw); ductus, us (duct); olecrănon (elbow 6. lobus,i m lobe
appendix); tubercŭlum (tubercle); lamĭna (plate); ramus, i (branch); ganglion (nerve 7. nodus,i m node
node); vertebra (vertebra; each segment of vertebral column); sinus, us (sinus). 8. ramus,im branch
9. skelěton,in skeleton
5. Pay attention to the wordorder:
10. truncus,im trunk
collum costae (scapŭlae) (neck of rib (shoulder blade)); corpus fibŭlae (huměri, 11. tympănum,in tympanum
maxillae, tibiae) (head of fibular bone (humeral bone, upper jaw, shin bone)); incisūra 12. vestibŭlum,in vestibule
mandibŭlae (scapŭlae) (notch of lower jaw (shoulder blade)); radix dentis (linguae)
(root of tooth (tongue)); angŭlus costae (mandibŭlae) (angle of rib (lower jaw)). 3rddeclension

6. Translate terms intoLatin: 13. basis,is f base

14. canālis,ism canal
muscle of neck; capsule of nerve node; back of saddle; tuber of upper jaw; body of
15. caput,ĭtisn head
vertebra, head of rib; arch of aorta; notch of lower jaw; base of skull; cavity of nose;
16. corpus,ŏrisn body
passage of nose; neck of shoulder blade; sheath of process; aperture of cohlear
17. forāmen,ĭnisn opening
canaliculus; crest of the costal head; canaliculus (small canal) of chorda
18. os,ossis n bone
tympani;ligamentofthecostaltubercle;plateofarch(ofvertebra);wingof
19. pars,partisf part
20. tuber,ěrisn large roundedswelling
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4thdeclension LESSON 4

21. arcus,us m arch

ADJECTIVE. TWO GROUPS OF ADJECTIVES
22. aquaeductus,usm waterduct
23. cornu,usn horn; horn-shapedprocess In this lesson you will:
24. ductus,us m duct  Become familiar with the characteristics of Latinadjectives.
25. meātus,us m passage,tract  Learn morphological categories of Latinadjectives.
26. plexus,us m network; chiefly of veins and  Learn how to find the stem and the declension ofadjectives.
nerves  Learn how to make grammatical agreement of adjectives withnouns.
27. processus,us m process; appendix
28. sinus,us m hollow orcavity This lesson is divided into the following sections:

5th declension I. Introduction.

II. The 1stgroup ofadjectives.
29. facĭes,ēi f face,surface
III. The 2ndgroup ofadjectives.
IV. Adjectives of one form for allgenders.
V. Agreement of adjectives andnouns.
VI. Exercises.
VII. Vocabulary

I. INTRODUCTION

Adjectiveis a word expressing a quality of a thing: major (large), longus

(long), frontālis (frontal).
In all Latin terms the position of adjectives is after the nounwith which it
has grammaticalagreement.
According to their endings all Latin adjectives can be divided into two groups:
the first and the second group.

II. THE 1STGROUP OFADJECTIVES

The adjectives of the 1stgroup have different forms for every gender:
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Masculine Feminine Neuter As for the stemof adjectives with the ending - er in masculine it is obtained

Nominative longus longa longum from the Nominative form by removing the feminine ending.

Genitive longi longae longi

Dictionary Form Feminine Stem
These adjectives are declined on the pattern of the 1 stand 2nddeclensions. They dexter, tra, trum dextra dextr-
have identical Nominative and Genitive forms with nouns: masculine – us (-i), sinister, tra, trum sinistra sinistr-
feminine –a (-ae), neuter –um(-i). ruber, bra, brum rubra rubr-

Their dictionary form consists of three components: liber, ĕra, ĕrum libĕra liber-

1. adjective in the masculineform; III. THE 2NDGROUP OFADJECTIVES

2. the feminineending; Into this group fall adjectives of the 3rddeclension. The adjectives of the
2ndgroup are the adjectives of the frontālistype:
3. the neuterending.

E.g.: transversus, a, um (transverse); internus, a, um (internal); profundus, a, um Masculine Feminine Neuter

(profound). Nominative frontālis frontālis frontāle

Genitive frontālis
The stem of the 1stgroup adjectives is obtained from the Nominative form by
removing the gender ending: As indicated in the table the adjectives of this group have identical
 longus stem:long- Nominative masculine and feminine forms ending in –is and the neuter ending –e.
The Genitive form is identical for all genders.
 transversum stem:transvers-
Their dictionary form consists of two components:
 externa stem:extern-
1. the common masculine and feminine Nominativeform;

The adjectives ending in –er fall also into this adjective group. In the 2. the neuter ending–e.
anatomical terminology only some of them are used:
E.g.: frontālis, e (frontal); cervicālis, e (cervical).
Masculine Feminine Neuter Dictionary Form English
The stem of the 2ndgroup adjectives is obtained from the Nominative form by
dexter dextra dextrum dexter, tra, trum right
removing the genderending:
sinister sinistra sinistrum sinister, tra, trum left
liber libĕra libĕrum liber, ĕra, ĕrum free  vertebrālis stem:vertebrāl-

ruber rubra rubrum ruber, bra, brum red  temporālis stem:temporāl-

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 Process – processus: gender - masculine, singular, Nominative. Mastoid –
IV. THE 2NDGROUP ADJECTIVES OF ONE FORM FOR ALL
GENDERS mastoiděus, a, um: adjective of the 1stgroup. We agree the adjective mastoiděus

In the anatomical terminology some adjectives of one form for all genders are in the masculine gender, singular number, Nominative case:

used. In the dictionary form of such adjectives the Nominative form (common for all processusmastoiděus.

genders) is first indicated, and then the Genitive ending with the stempart.  Foramen – forāmen: neuter, singular, Nominative. Vertebral – vertebrālis, e:

Remember these adjectives: adjective of the 2ndgroup. We agree the adjective vertebrālis in the neuter
gender, singular number, Nominative case: forāmenvertebrāle.
 simplex,ĭcis simple
 multĭplex,ĭcis multiple VI. EXERCISES
 teres,ětis round
1. Translate the following terms into Latin according to grammatical agreement:
The stem of such adjectives is obtained from the Genitive form singular by
pharyngeal network; deep cervical lymphatic node; oval opening; thoracic fascia;
removing theending.
transverse palatine raphe; stony branch; internal capsule; middle temporal artery;
Dictionary form Gen. Singular Stem spinous opening; parietal lobe; superficialvein.
simplex, ĭcis simplĭcis simplĭc-
multĭplex, ĭcis multiplĭcis multiplĭc- 2. Translate the following terms into Latin according to grammatical agreement:

teres, ětis terětis terět- articular process of vertebra; bony septum of nose; palatine process of upper jaw;
valve of coronary sinus; middle fossa of skull; left lumbartrunk.
V. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES ANDNOUNS
To agree a noun and an adjective means to use them in the same Gender,
3. Translate the following terms into Latin according to grammatical agreement:
Number and Case.
ligament of vertebral column; fibrous capsule of thyroid gland; furrow (groove) of
To agree a noun and an adjective you should:
occipital artery; aperture of frontal sinus.
1. determine gender, number and case of thenoun;
4. Translate the following terms into Latin according to grammatical agreement:
2. determine group of the adjective by its dictionaryform;
pulmonary surface; lateral ligament; right plate; palatine process; vertebral ganglion
3. agree the adjective and the noun by gender, number andcase.
(nerve node); costal arch; frontal crest; occipital angle; medial head;
For example, you translate from English into Latin the following anatomical
terms: mastoid process, vertebral foramen.
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sacral canal; superficial vein; simple joint; medial root; costal surface; arched (arch-
VII. VOCABULARY
shaped) crest.

1stgroup of adjectives
5. Make up grammatical agreement of the following adjectives with the given
1. coronarĭus,a,um coronary
nouns:
2. fibrōsus,a,um fibrous
1 sulcus,i m transversus, a, um
ligamentum, in 3. internus,a,um internal
linea, ae f 4. lymphatĭcus,a,um lymphatic
2 sulcus,i m palatīnus, a, um 5. mastoiděus,a,um mammiform
os, ossisn
6. medĭus,a,um middle
processus, us m
7. ossěus,a,um bony
3 sutūra,aef frontālis, e
angŭlus, im 8. palatīnus,a,um palatine
tuber, ěris n 9. petrōsus,a,um stony
4 valvŭla,aef venōsus, a, um 10. pharyngēus,a,um pharyngeal
plexus, usm
11. profundus,a,um deep
sinus, us m
12. pterygoiděus,a,um wing-shaped,pterygoid
5 processus,us m articulāris, e
facies, ēif 13. sinister,tra,trum left
tubercŭlum, i n 14. spinōsus,a,um spinous
6 muscŭlus,i m pterygoiděus, a um 15. thoracĭcus,a,um thoracic
fossa, aef
16. thyreoideus,a,um thyroid
7 arcus,us m zygomatĭcus, a, um
os, ossisn 17. transversus,a,um transverse
18. venōsus,a,um venous
8 facies,ēi f internus, a, um
ganglion, in 19. zygomatĭcus,a,um zygomatic

6. Make up Genitive forms of the followingadjectives:

2ndgroup of adjectives
1. cervicālis,e 7. thoracĭcus, a,um
20. arciformis,e arch-shaped
2. internus,a,um 8. medius, a,um
21. articulāris,e articular
3. sinister,tra,trum 9. lumbālis,e
22. cervicālis,e cervical
4. simplex,ĭcis 10. laterālis,e
23. ethmoidālis,e sieve-shaped
5. osseus,a,um 11. temporālis,e
24. frontālis,e frontal
6. lymphatĭcus,a,um 12. vertebrālis,e
25. horizontālis,e horizontal
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26. laterālis,e lateral
LESSON5
27. lumbālis,e lumbar
28. occipitālis,e occipital
DEGREES OF COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
29. orbitālis,e orbital
In this lesson you will:
30. ovālis,e oval
 Become familiar with the degrees ofcomparison.
31. parietālis,e parietal
 Learn how to form the comparativedegree.
32. pulmonālis,e pulmonary
 Learn how to form the superlativedegree.
33. sagittālis,e sagital
34. sphenoidālis,e wedge-shaped,sphenoid
This lesson is divided into the followingsections:
35. superficiālis,e superficial
I. Introduction: Degrees ofcomparison.
36. temporālis,e temporal
II. The comparativedegree.
37. vertebrālis,e vertebral
III. The superlativedegree.
IV. Exercises.
V. Vocabulary

I. INTRODUCTION: DEGREES OFCOMPARISON

The adjectives are gradable. This means that the person or thing referred to can
possess more or less of the quality mentioned. The usual way to indicate the amount of
a quality in Latin is by adding specific suffixes to the word’s stem.
There are three degrees of comparison of adjectives in Latin:
 Positive degree: The positive degree expresses a quality of thing or person for
itself, without comparing to a similar quality of other things or persons. It is the
basic form of adjective, by which it is presented in the dictionaries: longus, a, um;
frontālis,e.
 Comparativedegree.
 Superlativedegree.
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II. THE COMPARATIVEDEGREE The stem of the adjectives in the comparative degree coincides with the
Nominative masculine & feminine form terminated by –ior. The comparative degree is
The comparative degree expresses a higher quality of thing or person as
declined on the pattern of the 3 rddeclension. The Genitive singular form in the
compared with the same quality of other things or persons. It is formed by adding the
comparative degree is formed by adding the ending –is to the stem.
suffixes –ĭor for masculine & feminine and –ĭus for neuter to the stem of adjectives
(obtained from the genitive form without itsending). E.g.: stem - superior + Genitive ending of the 3 rddeclension –is = superiōris for

The dictionary form of the adjectives has two components: masculine & feminine & neuter.

1. Nominative singular masculine & feminine form with the suffix–ĭor; The adjectives in the comparative degree are placed on the last position:
2. Suffix –ĭus of the Nominative singular neuterform. E.g.: nervus cutaněus brachĭi laterālis inferĭor – inferior lateral cutaneous nerve of
E.g.: anterĭor, ĭus the arm

You should remember the adjectives in comparitive degree used in the

III. THE SUPERLATIVEDEGREE
anatomical terminology:
The superlative degree expresses a highest quality of thing or person as
Masculine & Dictionary compared with the same quality of other things or persons.
Neuter Genitive form English
feminine form You should remember the adjectives in superlative degree used in the
anterior anterius anteriōris anterior anterior, ius
anatomical terminology:
posterior posterius posteriōris posterior posterior, ius
upper,
superior, ius
 Latissĭmus,a,um broadest
superior superius superiōris
superior
inferior inferius inferiōris lower, inferior inferior, ius  Longissĭmus,a,um longest
great, greater,
major majus majōris major, jus  Maxĭmus,a,um greatest
major
small, lesser,  Minĭmus,a,um least
minor minus minōris minor, us
minor
 Suprēmus,a,um supreme
Examples of different English translations of the comparative degree:

1) Lat. Tubercŭlum majus(humĕri)- Eng. Greater tubercle ofhumeri The dictionary form of the adjectives in the superlative degree coincides with the
dictionary form of the 1stgroup adjectives and consists of three components:
2) Lat. Forāmen occipitālemagnum- Eng. Great occipitalforamen
1. adjective in the masculineform;
3) Lat. Nervus petrōsusmajor- Eng. Greater petrosalnerve
2. the feminineending;
4) Lat. Nervus occipitālismajor- Eng. Greater occipitalnerve

5) Lat. Nervus auriculārismagnus- Eng. Great auricularnerve

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3. the neuterending.
horn); caput majus (greater head); ligamentum posterius (posterior ligament); sulcus
The superlative degree is declined on the pattern of the 1 stand 2nddeclensions, i.e. major (greater sulcus), ala major (greater wing).
the adjectives have the masculine & neuter genitive ending –i, and the feminine
genitive ending–ae. 5. Make up grammatical agreement of following adjectives withnouns:

tubercŭlum thyr(e)oidě... superi... (superior thyroid tubercle); fissūra orbitāl... inferi...

VI. EXERCISES
(lower orbital fissure); linea glutē... anteri... (anterior gluteal line); forāmen
1. Make up the dictionary form of theadjectives: ethmoidāl... anter... (anterior ethmoidal opening); spīna tympanĭc... min... (small
brevior (shorter); longior (longer); minor (small, minor); major (great, greater, major); tympanic spine); processus articulār... inferi... (lower articular process); plexus
anterior (anterior); posterior (posterior); superior (upper, superior); inferior (lower, hypogastrĭc.. superi... (superior hypogastric network); ligamentum longitudināl...
inferior); simplicior (simpler). anteri... (anterior longitudinal ligament).

2. Translate into Latin and make up grammatical agreement of the following 6. Translate intoLatin:
nouns:
a) small tubercle; small horn; smallpelvis
lower (sinus, part, spine); small (tubercle, opening, fossa); anterior (sulcus, tubercle,
b) anterior arch; anterior plate; anteriorleg
crest, opening, ligament); posterior (arch, surface, ligament); higher (process, opening,
c) superior angle; superior surface; superiorlip
slit); great (sulcus, wing, head); small and great (horn).

3. Make up Genitive singular forms, find thestem: 7. Make up Genitive singularforms:

major, jus (great, major); albior, ius (white); minor, us (small, minor); latior, ius facies anterior (anterior surface); angŭlus inferior (lower angle); cornu majus (greater
(wider); inferior, ius (lower); simplicior, ius (simpler); superior, ius (upper, superior); horn); ganglion superius (superior ganglion (nerve node)); pelvis minor (small pelvis);
longior, ius (longer); brevior, ius (shorter); posterior, ius (posterior); anterior, ius tubercŭlum majus (greater tubercle); arcus posterior (posterior arch); radix anterior
(anterior). (anterior root).

4. Make up Genitive singularforms: 8. Determine the case of each word and the part ofspeech:

tubercŭlum obturatorium posterius (posterior obturative tubercle); processus superior facies anterior partis petrōsae; linea temporālis superior; fovea articulāris processus
(superior process); incisūra ischiadĭca major (greater ischiadic slit); forāmen superius articulāris superiōris; ala minor ossis sphenoidālis; arcus dentālis inferior; processus
(superior opening); ramus superior (superior branch); arcus posterior (posterior arch); articulāris superior vertebrae lumbālis; ramus dexter venae portae; muscŭlus palpebrae
incisūra superior (superior slit); labium inferius (lower lip); facies posterior (posterior superiōris; crista tubercŭli majōris; sulcus nervi petrōsi majōris; caput superius
surface); cornu majus et minus (small and great muscŭli pterygoiděi laterālis; tubercŭlum mediāle
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processus posteriōris tali; pars laterālis ossis occipitālis; hiātus canālis nervi petrōsi
20. talus,i m ankle bone,talus
minōris; nervus cutaněus brachii laterālis inferior; processus maxillāris conchae nasālis
21. tendo,ĭnis m tendon
inferiōris; ligamentum longitudināle anterius columnae vertebrālis.
22. thorax,ācism chest

9. Translate into Latin using superlativedegree: 23. tibiālis,e tibial

gluteus maximus muscle; the longest muscle of neck; superior nuchal line; Positive degree of comparison
longissimus chest muscle; supreme nasal concha; the widest back muscle bursa 24. magnus,a,um large,great
;gluteus minimus muscle; the widest back muscle; scalenus minimus muscle; little (the 25. parvus,a,um little,small
fifth) finger. Comparative degree
26. anterĭor,ĭus anterior,front
VII. VOCABULARY
27. inferĭor,ĭus lower
1. brevis,e short
28. major,us large
2. bulbus,i m bulb
29. minor,us small
3. bursa,aef pouch,sac
30. posterĭor,ĭus back
4. cavus,a,um caval,hollow
31. superĭor,ĭus higher,upper
5. cervix,īcis f neck
Superlative degree
6. cingŭlum,in girdle
32. latissĭmus,a,um widest
7. cutaněus,a,um cutaneous
33. longissĭmus,a,um longest
8. dexter,tra,trum right
34. maxĭmus,a,um largest
9. digĭtus,i m finger; toe
35. minĭmus,a,um smallest
10. glutaeus,a,um pertaining tobuttocks
36. suprēmus,a,um highest
11. hyoiděus,a,um sublingual,hypoglossal
12. jugulāris,e jugular
13. longitudinālis,e longitudinal,lengthwise
14. mediālis,e medial
15. nasālis,e nasal
16. nervus,i m nerve
17. ostĭum,in mouth, aperture,opening
18. palpěbra,aef eyelid
19. scalēnus,a,um stairs-shaped
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LESSON6
auris, is f –ear

LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. cutis, is f –skin

MASCULINE GENDER
The nouns that have one more syllable in Genitive singular than in
In this lesson you will: Nominative singular are called imparisyllaba, cf. the following examples:
 Become familiar with the Latin third declensionnouns. corpus, ŏris n – body
 Learn how to find the stem of the third declensionnouns.
caput, ĭtis n – head
 Learn the endings of the masculine third declensionnouns.
 Become familiar with the structure of musclesnames.
II. STEM OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSIONNOUNS

The stem determination of Latin third declension nouns is of great practical

This lesson is divided into the followingsections:
significance because the stem gives the clue to the formation of most of the other
I. Particularities of the thirddeclension.
forms, for example of plural forms.
II. Stem of Latin third declensionnouns.
The stem of nouns of the 3 rddeclension is determined by the Genitive
III. Endings of Latin third declensionnouns.
singular form.
IV. Exceptions to the rule of the masculine third declension nouns endings.
V. Latin musclenames. The stem of nouns of the 3 rddeclension is obtained from the Genitive singular

VI. Exercises. form by dropping the ending –is.

VII. Vocabulary E.g.:

forāmen, ĭnis n → foramĭn-is opening

I. PARTICULARITIES OF THE THIRDDECLENSION caput, ĭtis n → capĭt-is head
The third declension includes nouns of all the three genders which have parĭes, ētis m → pariēt-is wall

different endings in Nominative singular and –is in Genitive singular.

Parisyllaba and imparisyllaba third declension nouns III. ENDINGS OF LATIN THIRD DECLENSIONNOUNS

The Latin nouns of the 3rddeclension can be divided into parisyllaba and Most nouns ending by –os, -or, -o, -er, -ex, -es (imparisyllaba) are masculine,
cf.:
imparisyllaba. Endings
Genitive (witha Examples
The first group includes a few feminine nouns that have equal number of Nominative
part of thestem)
syllables in Nominative singular and Genitive singular, such as: 1. - os - ōris flos, floris m - flower
constrictor, constrictōris m –
2. - or - ōris
constrictor
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- ōnis pulmo, pulmōnis m - lung 2) the second element is a masculine noun ending in –or (-ōris) or –er (- ēris).
3. -o
- ĭnis homo, homĭnis m – man E.g.: muscŭlus flexor – flexor muscle
- ris venter, ventris m – belly of a muscle
4. - er In the Latin Anatomical Nomenclature all the muscle names are
- ēris trochanter, trochantēris m - trochanter
masculine third declension nounsending in:
5. - ex - ĭcis cortex, cortĭcis m - cortex
- ědis pes, pedis m - foot - or, ōris m (e.g.: rotātor, ōrism);
6. - es
- ētis parĭes, pariētis m - wall - er, ēris m (e.g.: massēter, ērism).

The Latin muscle names are usually translated into English without a word
IV. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE MASCULINE THIRD “muscle”,cf.:
DECLENSION NOUNSENDINGS
 muscŭlus massēter -chewer;
The following nouns having masculine endings are feminine:  muscŭlus levātor – elevatoretc.
a. arbor, ōris f – tree (arbor vitae cerebelli – medullary body of vermis) Most of the muscle names are not translated but transliterated, i.e. reproduced
b. gaster, tris f (Greek) -stomach; with the Latin letters:

c. mater, tris f – cerebralcoat E.g.: muscŭlus pronātor – pronator.

 pia mater - pia mater ofbrain

Word order in the Latin muscle names:
 dura mater - dura mater ofbrain
1) word muscŭlus inNominative;
Attention!!! - In these terms the noun «mater» follows an adjective.
2) name of the muscle – a masculine noun in Nominative ending in –or (-ōris)
The following nouns having masculine endings are neuter: or –er(-ēris).
a. cor, cordis n -heart; 3) any other noun is inGenitive;
b. os, ossis n -bone; 4) adjectives are placed at the end of theterm.
c. os, oris n -mouth; E.g.:
d. tuber, ĕris n -tuber.

V. LATIN MUSCLENAMES

The Latin muscle names are composed of two elements:

1) the first element is the noun «muscle» -«muscŭlus»;

1 2 3 Final position
Muscŭlus constrictor pharyngis medius
Muscŭlus tensor fasciae latae
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VI. EXERCISES
VII. VOCABULARY

1. Make up grammatical agreement of the adjectives with the givennouns:

1. apex, ĭcism apex, top, tip
1) tuber (frontālis, e; parietālis, e; major, jus; minor,us) 2. atrĭum, in first chamber of the heart (atrium)
2) pulmo (dexter, tra, trum; sinister, tra,trum) 3. cardiăcus, a,um cardiac
4. cerebellum, in cerebellum
3) mater (pius, a, um; durus, a,um)
5. cerěbrum, in brain
4) venter (posterior, ius; frontālis,e)
6. cochleāris,e cochlear
5) os (nasālis, e; hyoiděus, a, um; frontālis, e; parietālis,e) 7. cor, cordisn heart cortex

6) paries (laterālis, e; jugulāris, e; anterior, ius; tympanĭcus, a,um) 8. cortex, ĭcism hard, solid

9. durus, a,um brain

10. encephălon, in fissure, narrow slit

2. Translate intoLatin:
11. fissūra, aef stomach
1) tensor muscle of tympanicmembrane
12. gaster, trisf lip
2) inferior constrictor muscle ofpharynx membrane of brain or spinal cord
13. labĭum, in
3) elevator muscle ofscapula 14. mater, trisf membrane

15. membrāna, aef membranous

4) rotator muscle ofneck
16. membranacěus, a,um mouth
5) elevator muscle of thyroidgland
parietal
17. os, orisn
6) depressor muscle of lowerlip wall
18. parietālis,e
pharynx
19. parĭes, ētism
3. Translate intoLatin: soft lung
20. pharynx, ýngism
pulmonary
cortex of cerebellum, cortex of brain, cortex of lymphatic node, small (great)
21. pius, a,um spinous
trochanter, heart apex, left (right) lung, sublingual bone, first chamber of the heart
22. pulmo, ōnism tympanic
(atrium), dura mater of brain, frontal tuber, sulcus of vomer, medial surface of lung,
23. pulmonālis,e trochanter
floor of tympanic cavity, wedge-shaped bone, membranous wall of trachea, frontal
24. spinōsus, a,um vomer
wall of stomach, small horn of sublingual bone, zygomatic process of temporal bone,
ethmoidal sulcus of nasal bone, notch of heartapex. 25. tympanĭcus, a,um
26. trochanter, ērism
27. vomer, ěrism
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LESSON 7
Names of muscles:
1. Muscŭlusconstrictor constrictor(muscle) LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. FEMININE GENDER
2. Muscŭlusdepressor depressor(muscle)
In this lesson you will:
3. Muscŭluslevātor elevator(muscle)
 Learn the endings of the feminine third declensionnouns.
4. Muscŭlusrotātor rotator(muscle)
 Learn exceptions to the rule of the feminine third declension nounsendings.
5. Muscŭlustensor tensor(muscle)

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Endings of feminine third declensionnouns.
II. Exceptions to the rule of the feminine third declension nouns endings.
III. Exercises.
IV. Vocabulary

I. ENDINGS OF FEMININE THIRD DECLENSIONNOUNS

Most nouns ending by -io, -as, -is, -s, -x (imparisyllaba), -is (parisyllaba) are feminine,
cf.:
Endings
Genitive (witha Examples
Nominative
part of thestem)
1. - as - ātis cavĭtas, cavitātis f - cavity
2. - is - ĭdis pyrămis, pyramĭdis f - pyramid
(imparisyllaba
)
- is - is auris, auris f – ear
3. (parisyllaba)

4. -s - tis pars, partis f - part

-x - cis radix, radīcis f – root
5. meninx, meningis f - meninx
- gis
-o - ĭnis cartilāgo, cartilagĭnis f –cartilage
6. - io - ōnis articulatĭo, articulatiōnis f –joint
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pars liběra gingīvae, cartilāgo septi nasi, cavĭtas oris propria, labyrinthus ossěus auris
II. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE FEMININE THIRD
DECLENSION NOUNSENDINGS internae, terminatio nervi cutis, vas lymphatĭcum superficiāle, canālis palatīnus major,
caput pancreătis, regio thorācis posterior, sanguis venōsus et arteriōsus.
The following nouns having feminine endings are masculine (according to 6
endings in the foregoingtable): 2. Make up grammatical agreement of adjectives with the given nouns:
1) cavĭtas (pleurālis, e; articulāris, e; medullāris,e)

1atlas
atlas, ntis m pulvis, ěris m sanguis, ĭnis m axis, is m canālis, powder
is m unguis,blood axis canal
is m dens, dentis 2) margo
nailmtooth arch
fornix, m(anterior,
ĭcis larynx ius; frontālis,
pharynx
larynx, ngis m pharynx,e ; dexter,
ngism tra,trum)
coccyx, ýgism 2tailbone 3) auris (internus, a, um ; externus, a, um ; medius, a,um)
thorax, ācis m tendo, ĭnis m margo, ĭnis m 4) cartilāgo (costālis, e; alāris, e; articulāris, e; major,jus)
3 5) pars (ossěus, a, um; laterālis, e; anterior, ius; dexter, tra,trum)
6) vas (lymphatĭcus, a, um; sanguiněus, a, um; capillāris,e)

4 3. Translate intoLatin:
5 dura mater of brain, pyloric canal, fornix of stomach, canal of great stony nerve, angle
of stomach, fornix of pharynx, ring-shaped part of fibrous vagina, sholder joint,
capsule of pancreas, tympanic cavity of middle ear, greater palatine canal, cartilage of
nasal septum, inferior constrictor of pharynx.

chest sinew
V. VOCABULARY
edge
1. alāris,e alar
6
2. anulāris,e ring-shaped
The following nouns having feminine endings are neuter: 3. abor,ōris f abor
1. pancrĕas, ătis n -pancreas 4. arteriōsus,a,um arterial
5. articulatĭo,ōnisf joint
2. vas, vasis n -vessel
6. auris,is f ear

III. EXERCISES 7. bifurcatĭo,ōnisf bifurcation

8. capillāris,e capillary
1. Translate intoEnglish:
9. carotĭcus,a,um carotid
cavĭtas medullāris, basis cranii externa, cartilāgo thyroiděa, cartilāgo alāris major,
margo inferior pulmōnis sinistri, auris externa, bifurcatio trachēae, basis pyramĭdis
renālis, margo utěri dexter, axis bulbi externus, pancreas accessorium,
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10. cartilāgo, ĭnis f cartilage 32. simplex, ĭcis simple
11. cavĭtas, ātis f cavity 33. sternālis, e sternal
12. coccyx, ýgis m coccyx, coccygeal bone 34. tuberosĭtas, ātis f tuberosity
13. composĭtus, a, um complex 35. vas, vasis n vessel
14. costālis, e costal 36. vita, ae f life
15. cutis, is f skin
16. dens, dentis m tooth
 denscanīnus canine, cuspid tooth
 densincisīvus incisor tooth
 densmolāris molar tooth
 denspremolāris premolar tooth

 densdecidŭus (dens milk tooth

 dens sapientĭae wisdom tooth

serotĭnus)
17. fornix, ĭcis m fornix, arc
18. iliăcus, a, um iliac
19. incisīvus, a, um incisive, cutting, sharp
20. labyrinthus, i m labyrinth
21. mandibulāris, e mandibular
22. masseterĭcus, a, um masticatory, chewing
23. molāris, e molar
24. optĭcus, a, um optic, visual
25. pancrěas, ătis n pancreas
26. pelvis, is f pelvis
27. pleurālis, e pleural
28. pylorĭcus, a, um pyloric
29. regĭo, ōnis f region
30. sanguiněus, a, um blood, sanguiferous
31. sanguis, ĭnis m blood
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LESSON 8

II. EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE OF THE NEUTER THIRD

LATIN THIRD DECLENSION NOUNS. NEUTER GENDER
DECLENSION NOUNSENDINGS
In this lesson you will:
 Learn the endings of the neuter third declensionnouns. The following nouns having neuter endings are masculine:

 Learn exceptions to the rule of the neuter third declension nounsendings. 1. lien, liēnis m -spleen

2. ren, renis m –kidney

This lesson is divided into the following sections: The neuter third declension nouns ending in –ma should be distinguished from
I. Endings of neuter third declensionnouns. feminine first declension nouns ending in –a:
II. Exceptions to the rule of the neuter third declension nounsendings. E.g.: diaphragma, ătis n - diaphragm;
III. Exercises.
chiasma, ătis n - chiasm; stroma,
IV. Vocabulary
ătis n - stroma; systēma, ătis n -
system; zygōma, ătis n – cheek-
bone.

I. ENDINGS OF NEUTER THIRD DECLENSIONNOUNS but

Endings squama, ae f - scales;
Most nouns ending by –ar, -e, -en, -ma, -ur, -us are neuter, cf.:
Examples
Nominative Genitive (witha struma, ae f – crop.
part of thestem)
1.
- ar - ătis hepar, hepătis n - liver
III. EXERCISES
2.
-e - tis rete, retis n - network
1. Make up grammatical agreement of the adjectives with the givennouns:
3. - en - ĭnis abdōmen, abdomĭnis n - abdomen
1) forāmen (occipitālis,e; mentālis, e; incisīvus, a, um; mastoiděus, a, um; major, jus)
4.
- ma - ătis zygōma, zygomătis n – cheek-bone
2) systēma (centrālis, e; nervōsus, a, um; lymphatĭcus, a,um)
5.
- ur - ŏris femur, femŏris n - thigh
3) caput (longus, a, um; transversus, a, um; laterālis, e; brevis,e)
- us - ěris glomus, gloměris n - glome 4) ren (dexter, tra, trum; mobĭlis, e; sinister, tra, trum; lobātus, a,um)
6.
- ŏris pectus, pectŏris n – chest
5) crus (sinister, tra, trum; laterālis, e; brevis, e; simplex, ĭcis; anterior,ius)
- uris crus, cruris n - shank
7. 6) hepar (mobĭlis, e; lobātus, a, um; major,jus)
- ut - ĭtis caput, capĭtis n – head
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18. nervōsus, a, um nervous
2. Translate intoLatin:
19.oblīquus, a, um oblique
superficial lymphatic vessel, posterior nucleus of trapezoid body, internal carotid 20.radix, īcis f 21.ren, root, radix
artery, base of heart, apex of heart, root of lung, cavity of uterus, renal pelvis, thyroid renis m 22.renālis, e kidney
cartilage, pylorus part, left lobe of lung, ventricle of larynx, superior constrictor of 23.rotundus, a, um renal
larynx, capsule of pancreas, external oblique muscle of stomach, mucous membrane of 24.stroma, ătis n round
mouth, cardiac impression of lung, body of mammary gland, spinal muscle of neck, 25.synchondrōsis, is f stroma
the longest muscle of head, canal of neck of uterus, frontal region of face, external 26.systēma, ătis n synchondrosis
base of skull, wing of vomer, membranous wall oftrachea. 27.tegmen, ĭnis n system
28.thymus, im roof
V. VOCABULARY thymus

1. abdōmen, ĭnisn
abdomen
2. accessorĭus, a,um
additional
3. aortĭcus, a,um
aortic, aortal
4. appendix, īcisf
process, appendix
5. cavernōsus, a,um
cavernous
6. centrālis,e
central
7. coccygēus, a,um coccygeal
8. crus, crurisn leg, crus
9. glomus, ěris n glome, glomus
10.hepar, ătis n liver impression
11.impressio, ōnis f spleen
12.lien, ēnis m lobulose, lobulous, lobulated
13.lobātus, a, um long
14.longus, a, um mammary gland
15.mamma, ae f mental
16.mentālis, e mobile
17.mobĭlis,e
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LESSON9 The Latin adjectives have Nominative plural endings as follows:

NOMINATIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND Adjectives of the

Adjectives of the Adjectives in the
ADJECTIVES 1stgroup + adjectives in
2ndgroup comparative degree
the superlative degree
In this lesson you will:
m f n m, f n m, f n
 Learn how to form the plural forms of nouns in the anatomicalterminology.
-i -ae -a -es -ĭa -es -a
 Learn how to form the plural forms of adjectives in the anatomical terminology.
 Learn abbreviations used in the anatomicalterminology.
Attention!!!- All neuter nouns irrespective of their declension as well as all

This lesson is divided into the following sections: adjectives in the neuter form in Nominative plural end in –а (adjectives of the

I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Nominativeplural. 2ndgroup in-ĭa).

II. Formation of Nominative pluralforms.

II. FORMATION OF NOMINATIVE PLURALFORMS
III. Abbreviations used in the anatomicalterminology.
In order to form the Nominative plural forms you should:
IV. Exercises.
V. Vocabulary 1) determine:

 declension and gender of a nounor

I. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDINGS IN NOMINATIVEPLURAL
 group and gender of anadjective;
The Latin nouns have Nominative plural endings as follows:
2) find the stem and form the plural form by adding to the stem the appropriate
Declension 1 2 3 4 5 Nominative plural ending of this declension andgender.

Gender f m n m, f n m n f E.g.:

Endings -ae -i -a -es -a -us -ŭa -es Declension, gender, group Stem Nominative
(-ĭa) and degree of comparison plural
Attention!!! – Remember one neuter noun of the 3 rddeclension which has the Nouns
Nominative plural ending -ia: rete – retia (network – networks). Other neuter nouns vena, ae f 1 declension, feminine ven - ven - ae
of the 3rddeclension, which have the Nominative plural ending –ia, are not used in the nervus, i m 2 declension, masculine nerv - nerv - i
anatomicalterminology. spatium, i n 2 declension, neuter spati - spati - a
sinus, us m 4 declension, masculine sin - sin - us
cornu, us n 4 declension, neuter corn - corn - ŭa
facies, ēi f 5 declension, feminine faci - faci - es
Adjectives
cavernōsus I group, masculine cavernōs - cavernōs - i
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IV. EXERCISES
cavernōsa 1 group, feminine cavernōs - cavernōs - ae
cavernōsum 1 group, neuter cavernōs - cavernōs - a
1. Determine the dictionary form of eachword:
frontālis 2 group, masculine or frontāl - frontāl - es
feminine alveŏli dentāles (dental alveoli), spatia interglobularia (interglobular spaces), valvŭlae
frontāle 2 group, neuter frontāl - frontāl - ia venōsae (venous valvulae), nomĭna anatomĭca (anatomical names), juga alveolaria
minor Comparative degree, minor - minōr - es (alveolar eminences), venae intercostāles anteriōres (anterior intercostal venae), labia
masculine or feminine
Attention!!! - In order to form the Nominative plural form of the nouns of the oris (lips of mouth), canalicŭli dentāles (dental small canales), facies articulāres
minus
rd
Comparative degree, neuter minor - minōr - a
3 declension youshould: (articular surfaces), ductus sublinguāles minōres (minor sublingual ducts), vasa

1. form the Genitive singularform; sinusoiděa liēnis (sinusoid vessels of spleen), crura ossea (bony crura), arteriae ciliāres
posteriōres longae (long posterior ciliaryarteries).
2. determine the stem (obtained from the Genitive form without its ending–is);

3. add the appropriate Nominative plural genderending. 2. Translate into Latin. Make up Nominative pluralforms:

E.g.: carotic (tuber, sulcus, canal), lymphatic (vessel, node, valve), incisive (canal, opening,
fossa), articular (cavity, process, cartilage), nasal (concha, bone, opening), anterior
Dens →dent-is →dent- + -es → dentes
(margin, surface, septum), palatine (tonsil, process), jugular (tubercle, incisure (slit),
Forāmen → foramĭn-is → foramĭn- +-a →foramĭna process), wing-shaped (canal, process, fossa), ethmoidal (crest, bone, foramen),
occipital (region, lobe, opening), mammiform (process, incisure, opening), lower
III. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY (wall, fissure, arch), transverse (process, lobe, ligament, artery), posterior (horn,
nucleus,surface).
Singular form Plural form
A. – arteria Aa. - arteriae 3. Determine the case, number and part of speech of each word in theterms:
B. – bursa Bb. - bursae
1) venaerectālesinferiōres 9) ductus sublinguālesminōres
Gl. - glandŭla Gll. - glandŭlae 2) incisūraecartilagĭnis 10) partes orbitāles ossis
frontālis
For. - forāmen Forr. - foramĭna
3) meātusacustĭci 11) vasa sanguinearetīnae
Lig. - ligamentum Ligg. - ligamenta 4) rami cardiăcicervicālesinferiōres 12) nomĭnaanatomĭca
M. - muscŭlus Mm. - muscŭli 5) regiōnesmembriinferiōris 13) plexus venōsi vertebāles
interni
N. - nervus Nn. - nervi 6) sutūraecranii 14) arteriae ciliāresposteriōres
R. - ramus Rr. - rami 7) radīcesspināles 15) spatiumintercostāle
8) canāles palatīniminōres
Vag. - vagīna Vagg. - vagīnae
V. - vena Vv. – venae
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4. Make up Nominative plural of followingnouns:
11. interspinōsus,a,um interspinal
ala, ae f margo, ĭnis m paries, ētis m 12. jugum,in eminence
arteria, ae f forāmen, ĭnis n fundus, i m 13. nomen,ĭnisn name
digĭtus, i m os, ossis n arcus, us m 14. pectorālis,e pectoral
septum, i n ductus, us m 15. retīna,aef retina
alveŏlus, i m cornu, us n 16. serrātus,a,um serrate
ligamentum, i n sinus, us m 17. sinusoiděus,a,um sinusoid

facies, ēi f 18. spatĭum,in space

19. spinālis,e spinal

5. Form Nominative plural of the followingterms: 20. sublinguālis,e sublingual

21. synoviālis,e synovial
1) processusciliāris
22. carotĭcus,a,um carotic
2) arteria gastrĭcabrevis
23. vas,vasis n vessel
3) nodus lymphatĭcuslumbālis
24. cartilāgo,ĭnisf cartilage
4) glandŭlalinguālis
25. rectālis,e rectal
5) ganglionthoracĭcum
26. crus,cruris n crus
6) vena nasālisexterna
27. lien,ēnism spleen
28. cardiăcus,a,um cardiac
V. VOCABULARY

1. alveolāris,e alveolar
2. alveŏlus,i m alveole
3. anatomĭcus,a,um anatomical
4. dentālis,e dental
5. dorsālis,e dorsal
6. foveŏla,aef foveola
7. gastrĭcus,a,um gastric
8. intercostālis,e intercostal
9. interglobulāris,e interglobular
10. interlobulāris,e interlobular
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LESSON10
maxĭmus, a, um – maximōrum, ārum, ōrum

GENITIVE PLURAL OF NOUNS AND II. PARTICULARITIES OF THE GENITIVE PLURAL FORMATION IN
ADJECTIVES THE 3RDDECLENSION.

The following nouns of the 3rddeclension end by –um:

In this lesson you will:
 Learn how to form the Genitive plural forms of nouns in the anatomical 1) the so-called imparisyllaba, i.e. the nouns that have unequal number of syllables

terminology. in Nominative and Genitive, which stem is terminated by one consonant:

E.g.: forāmen, ĭnis n - foramĭn-um;
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
pulmo, ōnis m - pulmōn-um;
I. Nouns and adjectives endings in Genitiveplural.
rd
II. Particularities of the Genitive plural formation in the 3 declension. pes, pedis m -ped-um.

III. Exercises. 2) adjectives in comparativedegree:

IV. Vocabulary E.g: anterior, ius - anteriōr-um.

The following nouns of the 3rddeclension end by –ium:

I. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES ENDINGS IN GENITIVEPLURAL
1) the so-called imparisyllaba, i.e. the nouns that have unequal number of syllables
in Nominative and Genitive, which stem is terminated by two consonants:
The Latin nouns have Genitive plural endings as follows:
E.g: dens, dentis m - dent-ium;
Declension 1 2 3 4 5 pars, partis f - part-ium; os,
Endings of Genitive - um, ossis n -oss-ium.
plural - ārum - ōrum - ŭum - ērum
- ĭum
2) adjectives of the 2ndgroup:
E.g.: vena, ae f - venārum; E.g: brevis, e - brev-ium;
nervus, i m - nervōrum; frontālis, e - frontal-ium;
cornu, us n - cornŭum; simplex, ĭcis –simplic-ium.
facies, ei f -faciērum.
Remember also the Genitive plural forms of the following nouns:
Attention!!! - Adjectives of the 1stgroup and adjectives in the superlative degree are
st nd
declined on the pattern of the 1 and 2 declensions (feminines – 1 declension,st  rete, is n –retium
nd
masculines and neuters – 2 declension).  canālis, is m –canalium

E.g.: longus, a, um - longōrum, ārum,ōrum

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Attention!!! - The noun of the 3rddeclension - vas, vasis n (vessel) is declined in
3. Make up the Genitive plural forms of the followingadjectives:
plural on the pattern of the 2nddeclension: Genitive plural -vasōrum.
1) dexter,tra,trum 7) articulāris,e

III. EXERCISES 2) inferior,ius 8) mucōsus, a,um

1. Determine the declension of each word, give the dictionaryform: 3) laterālis,e 9) thoracĭcus, a,um

4) internus,a,um 10) temporālis,e

capsulārum faciērum
5) commūnis,e 11) superior,ius
angulōrum digitōrum
6) latus,a,um 12) longissĭmus, a,um
arteriārum plexuum

foramĭnum cavōrum
4. Make up the Genitive pluralforms:
ligamentōrum gingivārum
vas lymphatĭcum superficiāle;
arcuum processuum
nervus craniālis;
canalium palpebrārum vena pulmonālis; cornu
tendĭnum cingulōrum minus; processus
transversus; concha
2. Translate into Latin. Give the dictionary form of each noun, make up nasālis; valvŭla
Genitiveplural: semilunāris.
incisura trunk

valve node
IV. VOCABULARY
duct shoulderblade
1. articulatĭo,ōnisf joint
back tubercle
2. auriculāris,e auricular
canal eye 3. chiasma,ătisn chiasm

horn layer 4. craniālis,e cranial

5. extensor,ōrism extensor
neck muscle
6. fibulāris,e fibular
palate 7. flavus,a,um yellow
8. flexor,ōris m flexor
9. interalveolāris,e interalveolar
10. interradiculāris,e interradicular
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11. linguālis,e lingual
LESSON 11
12. massa,aef mass
13. medulla,aef medulla
PREFIXES IN THE ANATOMICAL
14. medullaossĭum (bone)marrow TERMINOLOGY
15. nodŭlus,i m nodulus
In this lesson you will:
16. papilla,aef papila
17. peron(a)eus,a,um fibular  Become familiar with the role of prefixion in the formation of anatomical and

18. plica,aef fold histologicalterms

19. retinacŭlum,in retinaculum  Learn the principal Latin and Greek prefixes used in the anatomical terminology
20. ruber,bra,brum red
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
21. semilunāris,e semilunar
22. trigeminālis,e trigeminal V. Role of prefixion in the formation of anatomical and histological terms

23. trochleāris,e trochlear VI. Latin and Greek prefixes used in the anatomicalterminology
24. regĭo,ōnis f region VII. Exercises.
25. incisīvus,a,um incisive VIII. Vocabulary
26. radix,īcis f root
27. sanguiněus,a,um blood
28. ciliāris,e ciliary I. ROLE OF PREFIXION IN THE FORMATION OF ANATOMICAL
AND HISTOLOGICALTERMS
29. tonsilla,aef tonsil
30. parĭes,ētis m wall It is known that the body or organs of the body may be sectioned according to
planes of reference. These include a midsagittal plane that runs vertically through a
structure, dividing it into right and left halves; a sagittal plane that runs vertically
through a structure, dividing it into right and left portions; a coronal (frontal) plane that
runs vertically through a structure, dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
portions; and a transverse (cross-sectional) plane that runs horizontally through a
structure, dividing it into upper and lower portions.
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In the anatomical terminology a great variety of terms with the spatial location
meaning is used. The fundamental importance in this aspect have Latin and Greek Ab- from; away from abductor (abductor)

prefixes as follows: beside, around

Para- beside; beyond; around paraduodenālis (paraduodenal)

II. LATIN AND GREEK PREFIXES USED IN THE ANATOMICAL Peri- surrounding (outer) pericardĭum (pericardium)
TERMINOLOGY
together, joined

Prefixes Meaning of the prefixes Examples Syn- together; joined synarthrōsis (synarthrosis)

before/behind Com-(con-) together commissūra (commissure)

Ante- before, preceding antebrachĭum (forarm)

Pre- before, ahead of presacrālis (presacral) III. EXERCISES
Post- after, behind postaortālis (postaortal) 1. Make up new words using prefixes and translate intoEnglish:
Retro- back, behind retrocavālis (retrocaval)
a) extra- cellulāris, e cellular
above/under
capsulāris, e capsular
Supra- above supraauriculāris (supra-
b) intra- craniālis, e cranial
auricular)
Infra- under; below infraspinālis (infraspinal) glandulāris, e glandular
Epi- on; upon; over epigastrĭum epigastrium) c) infra- orbitālis, e orbital
Sub- under; below subarachnoidālis (subarachnoid) patellāris, e patellar
below; incomplete; d) supra- claviculāris, e clavicular
Hypo- hypochondrĭum (hypochondrium)
deficient scapulāris, e scapular

inside/outside renālis, e renal

Intra- within e) para- sternālis, e sternal

intramusculāris (intramuscular)
Endo- within endocervicālis (endocervical) vertebrālis, e vertebral

Extra- outside of; beyond extracapsulāris (etracapsular) f) inter- costālis, e costal

osseus, a, um bony
between
between intervertebrālis (intervertebral) alveolāris, e alveolar
Inter-
middle mesogastrĭum (mesogastrium) g) pre- (prae) centrālis, e central
Meso-
axillāris, e axillar
to/from
h) retro- mandibulāris, e mandibular
Ad- to; toward adductor (adductor)
i) sub- cutaneus, a, um cutaneous
linguālis, e lingular
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2. Translate intoEnglish:
17. sublinguālis,e sublingual
facies interlobāris, muscŭlus infraspinātus, fossa infraclaviculāris, pars intracraniālis,
18. submandibulāris,e submandibular
margo interosseus, arteria suprascapulāris, muscŭli suboccipitāles, septum
19. suboccipitālis,e suboccipital
intermusculāre cruris anterius, muscŭlus infraspinātus, margo interosseus, ductus
20. supraclaviculāris,e supraclavicular
sublinguāles minōres, arteria suprarenālis media, membrāna intercostālis interna. 21. suprarenālis,e suprarenal
22. suprascapulāris,e suprascapularis
3. Translate intoLatin:
interlobar artery, preoccipital notch, suprapleural membrane, submandibular gland,
interclavicular ligament, intermandibular suture, intraglandular lymphatic node,
supraorbital vein, common interosseal artery, external intercostal muscles, interosseal
nerves of leg, fascia of forearm.

IV. VOCABULARY

1. antebrachĭum,in forearm
2. collaterālis,e collateral
3. epigastrĭum,in epigastrium
4. hypogastrĭum,in hypogastrium
5. infraclaviculāris,e infraclavicular
6. infraorbitālis,e infraorbital
7. infraspinātus,a,um infraspinatus
8. intercostālis,e intercostal
9. interlobāris,e interlobar
10. intermusculāris,e intermuscular
11. interossěus,a,um interosseal
12. interspinālis,e interspinal
13. intracraniālis,e intracranial
14. retromandibulāris,e retromandibular
15. subclavĭus,a,um subclavicular
16. subcutaněus,a,um subcutaneous
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LESSON12
III. Make up the Genitive singular and the Nominative and the Genitive plural

SAMPLE FINAL TEST IN ANATOMICAL forms:

TERMINOLOGY
1. alamajor
In this lesson you will:
2. lobusoccipitālis
 become familiar with a Final Testsample
3. membruminferius
4. muscŭluszygomatĭcus
Final Test in Anatomical Terminology
5. conchanasālis
V-2 6. forāmenethmoidāle
I. Translate into Latin in the dictionaryform:

1. wing 6.articular

2. cord 7.gum

3. upperarm 8.lower

4. nervousnode 9.palate

5. middle 10.widest

II. Make up grammatical agreement and put the terms into Genitivesingular:

1. paries,ētism 4. processus, usm

inferior,ius palatīnus, a,um

2. tubercŭlum,in 5. arteria, aef

jugulāris,e brevis,e

3. fossa,aef 6. ganglion, in
pterygoiděus,a,um thoracĭcus, a,um
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still used to-day are, in many instances, simply descriptions of the outstanding
PART II. CLINICAL TERMINOLOGY symptoms; for example, hydro-phobia-fear of water-for rabies.

1. It is estimated that about three-fourths of the English medical terminology is of

LESSON 1 Greek origin. The main reason for this is that the Greeks were the founders of
rational medicine in the golden age of Greek civilization in the 5 thCentury B.C.
The Hippocratic School and, later on, Galen (the Greek from Asia Minor who
In this lesson youwill:
lived in Rome in the 2nd century A.D.) formulated the theories which
 BecomefamiliarwiththecharacteristicfeaturesoftheGreekandLatin
dominated medicine up to the beginning of the 18 thCentury. The Hippocratics
medicalterms.
were the first to describe diseases based on observation, and the names given by
 Learn to divide the medical terms into their basicparts.
them to many conditions are still used today, for example, arthritis, nephritis,
 Learn basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms.
pleuritis(pleurisy).
 Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms.
2. The second reason for the large number of Greek medical terms is that the

This lesson is divided into the following sections: Greek language lends itself easily to the building of compounds. When new

I. Introduction to Greek and Latin medicalterminology. terms were needed, with the rapid expansion of medical science during the last

II. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms. century, Greek words or Latin words with Greek endings were used to express

III. Exercises. the new ideas, conditions, or instruments. The new words follow the older
models so closely that it is impossible to distinguish the two by their forms.
Such recent words as appendicitis, creatinine, cystoscope, epinephrine,
I. INTRODUCTION TO GREEK AND LATIN MEDICAL streptococcus, and many others do not appear different from the classical terms.
TERMINOLOGY
The fact is that about one- half of our medical terminology is less than a
Although medical terms have been drawn from many languages, a large majority are centuryold.
from Greek andLatin.
3. The third reason for using the classical roots is that they form an international
The long and formidable sounding medical terms are a combination of words which language, easily understood by anyone familiar with the subjectmatter.
describe parts of the body, a function, or a condition. The basic terms occur over and
over again in various combinations. A knowledge of the meaning of the roots,
1.
prefixes, and suffixes enables the student to analyze the medical terms into component
parts. This is of the greatest aid in learning to understand the vocabulary of medicine. The terminology of the modern medicine is the most complicated terminological
Some names of diseases given by the ancients and system of the modern science. The total amount of medical terms remains unknown,
but its estimated amount exceeds one million terms. You realize that
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it is impossible to learn one million words, even for an intelligent person, because we
4. combiningvowels
use in our native language only several thousands words. Our course will help you to
An example of a word with three of the above parts is the medical term
understand and use about fifty thousand main medical terms. This course teaches you
pericarditis, which means inflammation of the outer layer of the heart.
how medical terms are ‘built’ or ‘put together’ instead of just memorizing lots of
Pericarditis can be divided into three parts:
medical words and their meanings. You will learn to recognize the meaning of a
medical term by dividing the word into its three basic component parts: the prefix, root  peri - card -itis
and suffix. By knowing the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root words, you can Once divided into its essential parts, pericarditis can be translated:
easily figure out the meaning of a medicalterm.
 the prefix peri- translates tosurrounding,
For example, if you see a medical term containing the root word ‘cardi’ and the suffix
 the root –card- translates to heart,and
‘itis’, you know that the term has to do with an ‘inflamed’ (itis) ‘heart’ (cardi).
 the suffix –itis translates toinflammation.
This technique of word building is a simple and straightforward way to learn medical
terminology without long hours of memorizing the medical vocabulary. Hence, pericarditis is an inflammation of the area surrounding the heart, or an
inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, anatomically known as the pericardium.
 You will learn Latin and Greek terminologicalelements.
 You will be able to figure out unfamiliar words by recognizing their Medical terms always consist of at least one root, although they may contain more.
building blocks from which they areconstructed. The root of a word is that part which contains the essential meaning of the word. An
 You will be able to construct many words correctly by learning to put these example of this was seen above in the term pericarditis. The root of the word - card -
building blocks together in the properway. refers to the heart, so any prefix or suffix added to the root (card) will only function to
 You will be able to determine the meanings of thousands of words that you have add to the specificity of that word. An example of this would be the prefix brady,
never seen before and which are used inmedicine. which means slow. If "brady" is added to the root "card", the term bradycard - which
2. roughly means slow heart - is created. Then, if the suffix ia - which means abnormal
state - is added to "bradycard", the medical term bradycardia is formed. The
Greek and Latin medical terms can be broken down into one or more word parts. For
translation of bradycardia (brady- card-ia) is slow - heart - abnormal state, or the
simplicity in explanation, let's say that there are four possible word parts, and any
abnormal state of a slow heart rate.
given medical term may contain one, some, or all of theseparts:

1. root terminological elements (a shorthand notation“root”) 3.

2. final terminological elements (a shorthand notation“suffixes”) Linking or Combining Vowels: As was discussed above, a medical term must have at
least one root, but may not have a prefix and/or a suffix. An example of this is the term
3. prefixes
sternocleidomastoid, which is a muscle that has attachments at
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the sternum, the clavicle, and the mastoid. The term sternocleidomastoid can be
divided into three parts (three roots, in this case): stern - o - cleid - o - mastoid. cholecyst- cholecyst- gallbladder cholecystotomia
Notice that there are vowels between the three roots. These are linking or combining kerat- kerat- cornea; horny keratotomia
vowels, which serve to make a term easier to pronounce. The vowel used most of the mast-; mast-; breast mastographia
(-mastia); -masty
time is o, but other vowels such as i and a are also used. Combining vowels are often mamm-
used between roots and suffixes or roots and other roots, but they are NOT used brain encephalogramma
encephal- encephal-
between prefixes androots. gastr-; gastr- stomach gastrotomia
(-gastria)
4. LEARNING TO READ A MEDICALTERM colp- colp- vagina colpectomia
enter- enter- small intestine gastroenterologia
When you look at a medical term and attempt to decipher its meaning you begin with
physi- physi- nature physiotherapia
the suffix, move to the prefix (if present) and then the root word.

For example: When trying to understand the word pericarditis you would identify itis
(meaning inflammation), then peri (meaning around) and then card (meaning heart). SUFFIXES
Therefore, this word means inflammation around the heart.

Let’s try another one: for example: leukocytopenia - penia (meaning decrease), then
leuk/o (meaning white) and finally cyt/o (meaning cell). Therefore, this word means a
decrease in white cells.

II. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN

MEDICALTERMS

ROOTS
 Greek and English Meaning Examples of
Latin word medical
suffixes elements terms
-graphia -graphy recording; X-ray angiographia
examination
-gramma -gram record; X-ray film angiogramma
-ectomia -ectomy removal; resection; cystectomia
to cut out
-logia -logy science; study biologia
-pathia -pathy any disease; disease enteropathia
process
-tomia -tomy cutting; incision; gastrotomia
section
-therapia -therapy treatment physiotherapia
Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examples of medical
roots elements terms
III. EXERCISES
angi-; vas- angi- blood vessel angiogramma
1. bio-; vit- bio- life biologia Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
cardi-; cardi- heart cardiologia
E.g.: When you join the root gastr(o)- with the suffix –pathia you get the term
(-cardia)
cyt-; cyt-; cell adenocytus gastropathia which means “disease process of the stomach”.
(-cytus) -cyte  cardi(o)- (-graphia; -gramma; -pathia;-logia);
cyst- cyst- urinary bladder; sac cystectomia
of fluid
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 angi(o)- (-pathia; -graphia; -logia;-gramma);
 science ofcells;
 cholecyst(o)- (-pathia; -tomia; -ectomia; -graphia;-gramma);
 removal ofstomach;
 mast(o)-; mamm(o)- (-graphia; -ectomia;-gramma);
 science of natural vital processes in the humanbody;
 cyst(o)- (-graphia; -tomia; -ectomia;-gramma);
 disease of smallintestine;
 encephal(o)- (-pathia; -gramma;-graphia).
 X-ray examination ofheart;
2. Explain the meaning of the followingterms:
 X-ray film ofbrain;
 X-ray examination of urinarybladder;
1) gastrectomia
2) angiogramma  removal ofcornea;
gastrotomia
angiologia
angiopathia  cutting ofvagina;
angiographia
 X-ray film ofgallbladder;
angiocardiographia
3) keratectomia
keratotomia 4) cystectomia  X-ray film ofheart;
cystogramma
 science oflife;
cystographia
5) cytologia cystotomia  disease ofbreast;
cytogramma 6) colpotomia  science of bloodvessels.
enteropathia

3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:

angiogram; cholecystotomy; gastrectomy; colpotomy; encephalogram; enteropathy;

cytology; cardiogram; mastopathy; angiology; keratectomy; biology; gastrotomy;
cholecystectomy; cytogram; mastectomy

4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:

biology; cystography; angiopathy; keratectomy; gastrotomy; colpotomy; enteropathy;

mammogram; encephalography; cytogram; cystectomy; cardiology;
cholecystogram;keratectomy

5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:

 disease ofvessels;
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LESSON 2
SUFFIXES
Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examplesof
suffixes elements medicalterms
In this lesson you will: -genēsis -genesis origin; cause pathogenēsis
 Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms. -gēnus, a, um -genic; developing from gastrogēnus
-genous inner state; to be the
 Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms. result of
-ītis -itis inflammation dermatītis
This lesson is divided into the following sections: -ōma -oma tumour; swelling angiōma
I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms. -ōsis -osis abnormal condition; keratōsis
disease
II. Exercises.
-pexia -pexy fixation enteropexia
I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN -scopia -scopy internal examination gastroscopia
MEDICALTERMS PREFIXES

ROOTS Greek and English Meaning Examples of

Latin word medical
prefixes elements terms
Greek and English Meaning Examples of endo- endo- within; in
Latin word medical endometrītis
roots elements terms para- para- beside; near parametrītis
cheil-; cheil- lip cheilōsis peri- peri- surrounding (outer) perinephrītis
(-cheilia) (-cheilia)
derm-; derm-; skin dermatologia
dermat-; dermat-; II. EXERCISES
(-dermia) -dermia
hyster-; hyster- uterus hysterotomia 1. Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
metr- metrotomia
 -(o)scopia (gastr-; cholecyst-; colp-; cyst-; stomat-; rhin-; cyt-;proct-);
nephr- nephr- kidney nephropexia
 -(o)pexia (hyster-; nephr-; proct-;enter-);
oste- oste- bone osteologia
 -(o)pathia (rhin-; spondyl-; nephr-; oste-; cholecyst-; encephal-; angi-; mast-;
proct- proct- anus and rectum proctectomia
cardi-);
pyel- pyel- renal pelvis pyelographia
 -itis (colp-; nephr-; proct-; cholecyst-; kerat-; pyel-; dermat-; cheil-; stomat-; rhin-;
rhin- rhin- nose rhinopathia
encephal-; mast-;spondyl-);
spondyl- spondyl- vertebrae; backbone spondylōsis
stomat- stomat-  para- (-metritis; -nephritis;-proctitis);
mouth stomatītis
 endo- (-genus; -scopia; -metritis; -cardium;-carditis).
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2. Explain the meaning of the followingterms:
cholecystopexy; osteoma; osteogenesis; gastrogenic; dermatology; rhinopathy;
perinephritis; endometritis; gastrectomy; nephrogram; mastectomy; osteocytes;

1) angiocholecystitis 2) nephritis spondylogram; dermatoscopy.

angioma nephrectomia
angiomatosis nephropathia
angiopathia nephroma 5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:
angiitis angiologia nephropexia
nephropyelitis  inflammation of the tissue surrounding theheart
nephrosis
 internal examination ofnose
3) pyelographia nephrotomia
pyelocystitis  fixation ofkidney
pyelitis 4) dermatitis
pyelonephritis dermatologia  removal ofbone
pyelotomia dermatoma
dermatosis  inflammation of uterusmucous
5) pathologia  science ofskin
biologia
6) osteogenesis
osteologia  cutting ofuterus
osteologia
proctologia
osteoectomia  removal of anus andrectum
nephrologia
osteoma
stomatologia
osteopathia  inflammation of renal pelvis and urinarybladder
cardiologia
osteotomia
cytologia
ostitis  disease ofbones
angiologia
endosteum
 abnormal condition ofskin

 inflammation oflips
3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
 fixation of anus andrectum
endoscopy; osteotomy; endometritis; endocardium; endocarditis; metritis; metropathy;
dermatology; spondylotomy; nephrogenic; nephropathy; osteocytoma; nephropexy;  removal ofkidney

pyelography; proctoscopy; gastroscopy; enteropexy; spondylopathy; encephalopathy;  disease ofuterus

proctectomy; keratosis; osteology; keratoma; nephroma; osteopathology; spondilitis.  inflammation ofvertebrae

 internal examination of oralcavity

4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:
 inflammation ofnose
nephrology; endogenous; nephropyelography; colposcopy; metrography; angiitis;
angiocardiogram; spondylosis; osteopathy; stomatology;stomatoscopy;  tumour ofkidney
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LESSON 3
SUFFIXES
Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examples of medical
suffixes elements terms
-alg; -algia pain trichalgia
In this lesson you will: -algia
-iāter; -iatrist; physician; paediater;
-iatria -iatrician paediatria
 Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical -iatry; science about
terms. -iatria treatment
-plasia -plasia formation; hyperplasia
 Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms. development
-rrhagia -rrhagia bleeding rhinorrhagia
This lesson is divided into the following sections: -rrhaphia -rrhaphy suturing metrorrhaphia
I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms. -rrhoea -rrhea discharge; rhinorrhoea
elimination
II. Exercises. -trophia -trophy nourishment; dystrophia
development
I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN
MEDICALTERMS PREFIXES

ROOTS Greek and English Meaning Examples of

Latin word medical
prefixes elements terms
Greek and English Meaning Examples of
Latin word medical a-; an- a-; an- no;not; aplasia
roots elements terms without
odont-; odont-; tooth odontalgia dys- dys- malfunction; dysplasia
(-odontia); -odontia; difficulty
(-dentia) -dentia hyper- hyper- above; hyperplasia
ophthalm-; ophthalm-; eye ophthalmopathia excessive
-ophthalmia -ophthalmy hypo- hypo- below; deficient hypoplasia
ot- ot- ear otoscopia
paed-; ped- child; children paediatria
II. EXERCISES
(-paedia)
phleb- phleb- vein phlebotomia 1. Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
phthisi- phthisi- tuberculosis phthisiatria  hyper- (-keratosis; -mastia; -nephroma; -plasia; -trichosis;-trophia);
psych- psych- mind psychologia  hypo- (-plasia; -trophia; -gastrium;-thyreosis);
trich-; trich- hair trichopathia  dys- (-enteria; -trophia; -plasia;-keratosis;);
(-trichia)
 a-; an- (-trophia; -plasia; -ophthalmia; -trichia; -dentia;-cheilia);
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 -(o)rrhagia (ot-; metr-; proct-; gastr-; enter-; stomat-; ophthalm-; odont-; hyster-;
4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:
cheil-;rhin-);
phlebogram; psychotherapy; phlebotomy; odontoma; dystrophy; psychiatry; otogenic;
 trich(o)- (-pathia; -rrhoea; -osis;-algia);
hypertrophy; enterorrhaphy; phlebography; metrography; rhinorrhea; psychogenic;
 ot(o)- (-genus; -rrhagia; -scopia;-itis);
psychopathy; trichorrhea; otoscopy; angiocardiography; enteropathy; hypotrophy;
 phleb(o)- (-gramma; -graphia; -itis; -tomia; -ectomia;-rrhaphia);
ophthalmoscopy; encephalogram; cholecystotomy; mastopathy; trichopathy;
 rhin(o)- (-scopia; -rrhagia; -rrhoea; -pathia; -itis;-algia).
nephropathy; phthisiatrist; stomatoscopy; dysentery.

2. Explain the meaning of the followingterms: 5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:

1) psychologia
psychiatria 2) phlebotomia  study oftuberculosis
psychiater phlebographia
psychogenus phlebogramma  incomplete development of an organ ortissue
psychopathia phlebitis  bleeding fromear
psychotherapia
 toothache(pain)
3) trichopathia  lack ofhair
4) ophthalmologia
trichalgia
ophthalmorrhagia  inflammation ofvein
trichorrhoea
endophthalmitis
trichosis
ophthalmoscopia  physician who treatschildren
atrichia
anophthalmia
 abnormaldevelopment
5) proctalgia
6) otorrhoea  science about treatment of mentaldisorders
odontalgia
otorrhagia
trichalgia  study of eyedisorders
otoscopia
gastralgia
otogenus  bleeding fromtooth
otitis
otalgia  decrease in size or wasting away of a cell, tissue, organ orpart
 internal examination ofear
3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
 disease ofhair
trichopathy; phlebotomy; pediatrician; otogenic; ophthalmology; hypoplasia;
 abnormal increase of breast insize
otoscopy; dystrophy; hyperkeratosis; phlebography; adentia; enteropexia; proctalgia;
 cutting ofvein
aplasia; psychogenic; atrophy; cheilorrhagia; rhinoscopy; phlebitis; trichalgia;
 developing fromtooth
psychiatry; otitis; enterorrhaphy; otorrhea; endophthalmitis; odontalgia; dysplasia;
hysterorrhaphy; otorrhagia; rhinorrhea; phlebogram; stomatitis; psychopathy;
metrography; proctorrhagia; hypotrophy; gastrorrhagia; acheilia; atrichia; gastritis;
enterorrhagia.
 olig- olig- of small quantity oliguria
102 phag-; phag-; swallowing
103 aphagia
LESSON 4 -phagia -phagia
phon-; phon-; voice; dysphonia
-phonia -phonia sound
In this lesson you will: pneum-; pulmon-; lung; air pneumotomia
 Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical pneumon- pneumon-
terms. poly- poly- many (according to polyuria
 Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms. quantity)
splen-; splen-; spleen splenectomia
-splenia -splenia
This lesson is divided into the following sections: ur-; ur-; urine; anuria
-uria -uria urinary tract
I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms.
II. Exercises.
SUFFIXES

Greek and English Meaning Examples of

I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN Latin word medical
MEDICALTERMS suffixes elements terms
-megalia -megaly enlargement splenomegalia
ROOTS
-opia; -opia; vision; dysopia
-opsia -opsia view
Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examples of medical
roots elements terms -thermia -thermia heat hyperthermia
dactyl-; dactyl-; fingers or toes dactylalgia
-dactylia -dactyly II. EXERCISES
gloss-; gloss-; tongue glossalgia
-glossia -glossia 1. Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
gluc-; gluc-; sugar glykaemia  -(o)megalia (cardi-; dactyl-; splen-;mast-);
(glucos-); (glucos-);
glyk-; glyc-  micr(o)- (-scopia; -glossia; -mastia; -gastria; -splenia; -cephalia;-ophthalmia);
haem-; hem-; blood haematologia  poly- (-uria; -vitaminosis;-neuritis);
haemat-; hemat-;
 -thermia (hyper-;hypo-);
-aemia -(a)emia
heter- heter-  neur(o)-(-logia;-rrhaphia;-pathia;-osis;-tomia;-oma;-genus;-pathologia;
other; (opposite of heterogenus
homo) different -itis; -algia; -ectomia);
kind,type  haem(o)-; haemat(o)- (-uria; -logia; -angioma; -oma; -rrhagia; -gramma; - thorax;-
homo- homo- same homogenus genus).
macr- macr- large macrocephalia
micr- micr- small microgastria

neur- neur- nerve neurologia

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2. Explain the meaning of the followingterms:
dactylomegaly; aphagia; urogenous; pneumopericardium; pneumothorax;

1) haematogenus
2) neuralgia polydactylia.
haematoma
haematologia neurectomia
haemothorax neurologia
5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:
haemogramma neuropathia
haemopericardium neurorrhaphia
haemotherapia neuropathologia
haemophthalmus neurosis neuroma  disturbance of period discharge(menses)
haemangioma  smallspleen
3) splenectomia 4) pneumothorax
splenitis pneumohaemothorax  excessive discharge ofurine
splenotomia pneumonectomia
splenorrhagia pneumohydrothorax  mass of coagulatedblood
splenopexia pneumonia
microsplenia pneumotomia  removal ofnerve
pneumatosis
6) glossalgia  incomplete development of an organ ortissue
5) polytrichia
polyuria glossitis  disease ofmind
polydactylia glossopathia
polycytaemia glossorrhaphia  abnormal presence of glucose (sugar) in theurine
polyneuritis glossorrhagia
polycystosis glossoplastica  disturbance of voiceformation

 bleeding fromear

3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
 cutting oflung
oliguria; megalosplenia; glycemia; glossalgia; dystrophy; nephropathy; oligodentia;
microsplenia; neurotomy; dysphonia; pneumatosis; dactylomegaly; hypothermia;  retention of urine substances in theblood

pneumonia; dysopia; polyuria; hematoma; uremia; pneumonectomy; neuropathy;  elevation oftemperature

microglossia; hematogenous; gastrogenous; endogenous; gastrectomy; aphonia;  tumour ofspleen
dermatology; spondylopathy.
 deficiency of blood in quality orquantity

4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:  medical speciality related to the brain and nervoussystem

hypothermia; hypovitaminosis; uremia; microsplenia; oligocytaemia; glucosuria;  smallstomach

hyperthermia; hemangioma; dysopia; hematogenic; glycemia; dactylalgia;  lack of fingers ortoes

hypoglossus; biopsia; osteodystrophy; polytrichia; phagocytosis; dysphagia;  bleeding fromeye

 abnormal thickening ofcornea

 inflammation of the lung with consolidation anddrainage

 106 LESSON 5 107
 examination bymicroscope

 excessive enlargement oflips In this lesson you will:

 difficult or painfulurination
 fixation of smallintestine
 Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical
 nasalbleeding terms.
 hairytongue  Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms.

 difficulty inswallowing
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
 congenitally small skull and small amount of braintissue
I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms.
 uterinebleeding
II. Exercises.

I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN

MEDICALTERMS

ROOTS

Greek and English Meaning Examples of

Latin word medical
roots elements terms
aden- aden- gland adenōma
arthr- arthr- joint arthropathia
cephal-; cephal-; head cephalalgia;
-cephalia -cephaly hydrocephalia
chondr- chondr- cartilage chondrogenēsis
cyan- cyan- blue cyanuria
dacryocyst- dacryocyst- tear sac; dacryocystītis
lacrimal sac
erythr- erythr- red erythrocytus
leuc- leuc-; white leucocytus
leuk-
my-; my-; muscle myalgia
myos- myos-
myel- myel- spinal cord; myelītis
bone marrow
orth- orth- straight orthopaedia
 108 109
py- py- pus pyuria
tox-; toxic- poison toxicōsis 2. Explain the meaning of the following terms:
toxic-
1) cyanosis 2) adenitis
SUFFIXES cyanuria lymphadenitis
cyanodermia adenoma
Greek and English Meaning Examples of acrocyanosis adenomyoma
Latin word medical cyanopsia adenopathia
suffixes elements terms
-kinesia -kinesia movement oligokinesia 3) panalgia 4) arthritis
-stōma; -stoma; fistula; panarthritis arthralgia
gastrostōma;
-stomia -stomia creation of an pancarditis arthrosis
enterostomia panophthalmitis arthropathia
artificial opening
panotitis arthrotomia
panhysterectomia polyarthritis
PREFIXES
arthroplastica
haemarthrosis
Greek and English Meaning Examples of
Latin word medical 5) oligokinesia
prefixes elements terms 6) cephalalgia
dyskinesia cephalhaematoma
pan- pan- all; total panalgia kinesitherapia cephalotomia
kinetosis hydrocephalia

II. EXERCISES

1. Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their meaning:
3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
 py(o)- (-dermia; -genus; -metra; -nephrosis; -ophthalmia; -rrhoea; -thorax;
microglossia; cheilorrhagia; arthropathy; cyanuria; dacryocystectomy; leucocyte;
-pneumothorax; -pericardium); pyodermia; panarthritis; otopyorrhea; polyarthritis; toxicology; panhysterectomy;
 myel(o)- (-cytus; -itis; -genus; -gramma; -graphia; -oma;-osis); myopia; orthopedics; oligokinesia; erythrodermia; dysphagia; myalgia; psychiatrist;
 oste(o)- (-arthropathia; -arthrotomia; -oma; -itis; -arthritis; -chondritis;-genus; encephalogram; myelemia; leucogram; pyonephrosis; pulmonectomy; chondrotomy;
-dystrophia; -logia; -myelitis; -pathia; -tomia; -ectomia); dacryocystogram; orthodontist; erythrocyturia; chondrogenic; adenotomy;
 tox-; toxic(o)- (-aemia; -genus; -logia; -osis; -dermia;-mania); osteomyelitis; otoneurology; arthralgia; oligodactylia; parodontopathy; periostitis;
 leuc(o)- (-cytus; -cytosis; -derma; -oma;-gramma); rhinoscopy; proctalgia;microphonia.
 my(o)-; myos- (-itis; -logia; -oma; -algia; -cardium;-cardiodystrophia;
4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:
-cardiopathia; -genus; -opia; -tomia);
 ot(o)- (-genus; -rrhagia; -scopia;-itis); myelopathy; myometritis; periosteoma; periphlebitis; polyadenitis; pyogenic;

 phleb(o)- (-gramma; -graphia; -itis; -tomia; -ectomia;-rrhaphia); pyonephrosis; oligotrophy; chondropathy; chondrotomy; cheilorrhaphy;
cephalomegaly; cephalothoracic; polydactyly; pyuria; microgastria;
 rhin(o)- (-scopia; -rrhagia; -rrhoea; -pathia; -itis;-algia).
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encephalography; gastroenterostomy; gastrocolostomy; arthrochondritis;
 accumulation of pus in the pleuralcavity
arthroophthalmopathy; pyodermia; toxicogenic; erythrokeratodermia;
nephropyelostomy; stomatoscopy; dacryopyorrhea; myelography; dysphagia;  study of the correction of the musculoskeletal system

proctostoma; esophagostomy;rhinorrhea. deformities

 producingtoxin
5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:
 the middle and thickest layer of the heartwall

 accumulation of blood in the jointcavity

 creation of an artificial opening of thestomach
 appearance of white spots on theskin
 disease ofcartilages
 skin inflammation with reddening, itching anddesquamation
 inflammation of brain and spinalcord
 blue coloration of the distalparts
 purulent inflammation of thekidney
 disturbance of cartilagenutrition
 accumulation of harmful substances in theblood
 glandularcell
 pain in themuscles

 developing from bonemarrow

 any disease ofjoints

 increased count of white blood cells in theblood

 red bloodcell

 blue coloration of the skin caused by the deficiency of oxygen and

the excess of carbon dioxide in theblood

 benign tumour from cartilaginoustissue

 accumulation of fluid in the skull (water in thebrain)

 head pain(headache)

 inflammation of lymphnodes

 removal of tearsac

 widespread, general inflammation of theheart

 disturbance ofmovement
 LESSON 6 112 113

SUFFIXES

Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examples of medical

suffixes elements terms
In this lesson you will: -penia -penia decreased number leucocytopenia
(in blood)
 Learn new basic roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medical terms.
-pexia -pexy fixation nephropexia
 Use these component elements to form and understand medicalterms.
-phobia -phobia fear hydrophobia
-plegia -plegia paralysis; palsy diplegia
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
PREFIXES
I. Roots and suffixes used in the Greek and Latin medicalterms.
II. Exercises. Greek and English Meaning Examples of
Latin word medical
prefixes elements terms
bi-; di-; bi-; di-; two didactylia
I. ROOTS AND SUFFIXES USED IN THE GREEK AND LATIN
MEDICALTERMS mono- mono- one; single monophobia

ROOTS II. EXERCISES

Greek and Latin English word Meaning Examples of medical
roots elements terms 1. Build up clinical terms with the given roots and suffixes, explain their
meaning:
aesthesi-; esthesi-; feeling; anaesthesiologia
-aesthesia -esthesia  tachy- (-cardia; -kinesia;-arrhythmia);
nervous sensation
brady- brady- slow bradycardia  hydr(o)-(-therapia;-phobia;-thorax;-rrhoea;-nephrosis;-cephalia;-metra;
gynaec- gynec- woman; gynaecologia -myelia);
female  pyr(o)- (-mania; -therapia; -phobia;-genus);
hist- hist- tissue histologia  -(o)phobia (hydr-; gynaec-; toxic-;mono-);
hydr- hydr- water hydrophobia  di- (-dactylia; -plegia;-cheilia);
lip- lip- fat; lipid lipōma  -(o)pexia (nephr-; metr-; proct-; cyst-;col-);
lith-; -lith stone; phlebolithus
-lithus  -(o)plegia (cyst-; ophthalm-; di-; mono-; cardiomyo-;gloss-);
calculus
melan- melan-  -(o)lithus (enter-; phleb-; ur-; rhin-; hepat-;nephr-).
black melanuria
onc- onc- tumour oncologia
pyr- pyr- fever; heat pyrotherapia
tachy- tachy- fast tachycardia
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angiography; glossorrhagia; colpopexy; phlebolith; melanodermia;
2. Explain the meaning of the followingterms:
monocytopenia; monomyoplegia; nephromegaly; mononeuritis;gastropexy;

1) melanuria 2) histotherapia dicheilia; dysenteria; lipodystrophy; colostomy; cholelithiasis; cardiotomy;

melanodermia histologia chondrotomy; tachyphagia; cardiomegaly; bradyphagia; hydrotherapy; urolith;
melanoma histopathologia
cardiophobia; ophthalmoplegia; metropexy; parodontosis; rhinopathy; gynecology.
3) bradyglossia 4) pyrotherapia
bradyarrhythmia pyrophobia 5. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to themeaning:
bradycardia pyrogenus
bradyaesthesia
bradykinesia  excess of lipids in theblood
bradyphagia
 paralysis (palsy) of thetongue
5) hydrarthrosis 6) lipaemia  fixation of thevagina
hydrothorax lipoma lipuria
hydrophobia lipodystrophia  particular type of white blood cell that has onenucleus
hydrotherapia lipofibroma
hydraemia lipogenus  producing (caused) byfever
hydrocephalia
hydrometra  renalstone
hydroperitoneum
hydropneumothorax  abnormally fast heartrate
3. Give the Greek & Latin variants and explain the meaning of the following terms:
 slowing ofswallowing
histology; anesthesia; gynecophobia; erythropenia; melanosis; bradycardia;
hypogastrium; hypertrophy; hydrology; pyrogenic; pyuria; erythema; monodactyly;  collection of fluid in the pericardialcavity
bilateral; esthesiology; oncotomy; gynecopathy; lipemia; diplegia; erythrocyturia;  fear ofwater
enterolith; nephrolithiasis; histoma; oncosis; chondrodystrophy; lipatrophy;
 branch of medicine that treats diseases of the genital tract inwomen
gastroduodenostomy; otorrhagia; enteropexy; bradykinesia; monophobia; pyelotomy;
 benign tumour composed of fattytissues
lipopenia; toxicophobia; myorrhaphy; myogenic; myelogram; lipofibroma;
periodontium; periostitis; oncocytoma; cystopyelogram.  dark pigment excreted in theurine

 study oftumours
4. Give the Latin spelling of the terms; explain theirmeaning:
 decreased number oferythrocytes
hydrophthalmos; mammography; cancerophobia; glossoplegia; rhinolith; glycemia;
 palsy (paralysis) of thebladder
hydrometra; cytopenia; anesthesiology; hydrocholecystis;
 fixation of therectum

 one finger on thehand

 116 LESSON 7 117
 urinarystone
 abnormally slow heart action (slowpulse)
SAMPLE OF A FINAL TEST IN CLINICAL
 use of water in the treatment of disease orinjury
TERMINOLOGY
 producingfat
In this lesson you will:
 microscopic study oftissues  become familiar with a Final Testsample
 dark pigment in theskin

 palsy (paralysis) of oneextremity

Final Test in Clinical Terminology

V-2

I. Explain the meanings of the followingterms:

1. pyuria 14.adenocytus

2. hydrophobia 15.microgastria

3. anaesthesiologia 16.aphagia

4. myopathia 17.neurorrhaphia

5. rhinolithus 18.gastroduodenostomia

6. phlebitis 19.cholecystotomia

7. ophthalmoplegia 20.haemarthrosis

8. cardiologia 21.erythropenia

9. polyuria 22.chondrodystrophia

10. pyrogenus 23.homogenus

11. cyanopsia 24.hyperglykaemia

12. spondyloarthritis 25.hysterectomia

13. stomatoscopia
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II. Form the Greek & Latin clinical terms according to the following meanings:

1. disease ofthevessel; 7. presence of glucose (sugar) inthe PART III.

urine; PHARMACEUTICAL
2. fixation oftheuterus; 8. loss of thevoice; TERMINOLOGY
LESSON 1
3. tumour ofthekidney; 9. of different kind ortype;
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL
TERMINOLOGY

4. inflammation of the surrounding

10. largetongue; In this lesson you will:
hearttissue;
 Become familiar with the main groups ofdrugs
5. removal ofthecornea; 11. study oftuberculosis;
 Learn the names of the main pharmaceuticalforms
6. X-ray examinationofveins; 12. developing fromear.  Learn some Latin and Greek component elements of drugnames
 Become familiar with the word-formative and grammar structure of
pharmaceuticalterms

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Introduction to the pharmaceuticalterminology
II. Pharmaceuticalforms
III. Latin and Greek component elements of drugnames
IV. Word-formative and grammar structure of pharmaceuticalterms
V. Exercises.

I. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHARMACEUTICAL

TERMINOLOGY
The pharmaceutical terminology is the terminology used in Pharmacology
(derived from the Greek “pharmacon” – “drug”). Pharmacology is the study of
medicinal substances called pharmaceuticals. The International Drug Nomenclature
amounts at the present time to 400,000 drugs.

Learning objectives of this course of studies: at the end of the course of

studies you should:
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1. know how a prescription is written inLatin;
 Magistral drugs (from Latin magister - teacher) are called the drugs which are
2. write correctly in Latin one-word and multiword pharmaceuticalterms; made at the direction of aphysician.
3. know Latin and Greek component elements of drugnames;  Medicinal substance is a chemical compound used as a drug. Medicinal substances
4. learn a certain amount of Latin drugnames. are produced by chemicalmeans.

 Drug preparation is a drug prepared in a definite pharmaceuticalform.

Main pharmaceuticalterms
 Pharmaceutical form (drug form) – form of the drug suitable for a definite
II. MAIN PHARMACEUTICALFORMS
method of administration. These forms are dividedinto:
You should learn the main pharmaceutical forms as follows (in a dictionary form!):
 liquids (solutions, infusions, decoctions, tinctures, extracts, mucilages,
emulsions, suspensions, mixtures andliniments),
 semisolids (ointments, pastes, suppositories, plasters)and Liquids
 solids (tablets, dragee,powders). 1. Solutĭo, ōnis f solution
2. Mucilāgo, ĭnis f mucilage
 Drug is any material or substance, whether natural or synthetic, that can be used to
3. Emulsum, i n emulsion
treat an illness, relieve a symptom or modify a chemical process in the body for a 4. Suspensĭo, ōnis f suspension
specific purpose. The names of drugs can be officinal or magistral: 5. Infūsum, i n infusion
6. Decoctum, i n decoction
 Officinal (from Latin. officina – drugstore) drugs are drugs which are
7. Tinctūra, ae f tincture
manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry and which have a standard
8. Extractum, i n (fluĭdum) extract
contents indicated in pharmacopeias. For example: tabulettae Cefalexini, 9. Mixtūra, ae f mixture
unguentum “Lorindenum”. Such drugs can have international nonpatent 10. Linimentum, i n liniment
names and tradenames: 11. Gutta, ae f drop
12. Sirŭpus, i m syrup
o International nonpatent names are given by the WHO (World Health
13. Olěum, i n oil
Organisation). These are mostly the chemical names of drugs. Under
Semisolids
these names the drugs can be used in anycountry.
14. Unguentum, i n ointment
o Trade name (proprietary or brand name) is the copyrighted name 15. Pasta, ae f paste
assigned by the drug company making the drug and is followed by the 16.  Suppositorĭum, in  suppository
symbol®.  Suppositorĭum rectāle (va-  rectal (vaginal)suppository
gināle)
17. Emplastrum, i n plaster
Solids
18. Tabuletta, ae f tablet
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19. Dragée dragée
6. -barb- soforific, hypnotic Barbitalum
20. Pulvis, ěris m powder
7. -cid- antimicrobic Streptocidum
21. Granŭlum, i n granule
pill 8. -cillin- antibiotics-penicillins Bicillinum
22. Pilŭla, ae f
23. Specĭes, ērum (plural) f species 9. -cort- adrenal cortex hormone Corticotrophinum
10. -cycl- antibiotics-tetracylcines Vitacyclinum
Other drug forms
11. -menth- containing mint Boromentholum
24. Capsŭla, ae f capsule
Capsule is a drug in powdered or pellet form that has been enclosed in a soluble 12. -morph- narcotics Apomorphinum
gelatin-like capsule.
25. Aёrosōlum, i n aerosol 13. -myc- against fungi, antimycotic Amycazolum
26. Membranŭla (ae f) ophthalmic film 14. -oestr- Female sex hormone Oestronum
ophthalmĭca (us, a,um)
15. -phyll- (from Greek phyllon - leaf) Theophyllinum
(Lamellaophthalmĭca)
16. -pres(s)-, hypotensives Apressinum
Ophthalmic films are absorbable gelatin films containing drug substances -tens- Angiotensinamidum
17. -pyr- antipyretic drugs Pyramidonum

III. LATIN AND GREEK COMPONENT ELEMENTSOF 18. -sed- sedatives Valosedanum
DRUGNAMES 19. -sept- antiseptics Pharyngosept
Many pharmaceutical terms include in their names Greek and Latin component 20. -sulfa- sulfamides Sulfadiazinum
elements of frequent occurrence similar to the clinical terminology. With a knowledge 21. -the- from tea-leaf Thealbinum
of these elements you will be able to write complicated drug names with a correct 22. -vit- vitamins Hexavitum
spelling and to understand their meaning.

IV. WORD-FORMATIVE AND GRAMMAR STRUCTURE OF

GREEK AND LATIN ELEMENTS CARRYING INFORMATION
PHARMACEUTICALTERMS
ABOUT PHARMACEUTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A DRUG
The drug names can be prescribed by international nonpatent names
## Latin Meaning Examples
and trade names.
1. -aesthes-, local anesthetic Anaesthesinum
-cain- Novocainum International nonpatent names in prescriptions after “Recipe:” are in Genitive
2. -alg-, -dol- analgetic Pentalginum
Panadolum singular without inverted commas:
 Tetracyclīni
3. -andr-, -ster-, male sex hormone Testosteronum
-test- Androfortum  Vaselīni
4. -as- enzymes Lydasum Trade drug names are prescribed as follows: the drug name is placed after the
5. -asthm- against asthma Antiasthmocrinum pharmaceutical form in Nominative and is in inverted commas:
 Suppositorĭa «Anaesthesōlum» - suppositories ofanaesthesol
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One-word terms V. VOCABULARY

1. All Latin drug names are neuter nouns of the 2 nddeclension ending by -um. Learn components of medicinal plants
They are written with the first capital letter as the names of chemical elements, 1. cortex,ĭcis m cortex
medicinalplants: 2. flos,florism flower
Tetracyclīnum, i n 3. folĭum,in leaf
 A few exceptions to this rule are drug names by - a: No-spa, Do-pa 4. herba,aef herb
(1stdeclension). 5. radix,īcis f root
6. rhizōma,ătisn rhizome
Multiword terms
1) If the drug preparation name includes a pharmaceutical form it is on the first place: Learn names of medicinal plants

solutĭo, unguentum, tinctūraetc. 7. Calendŭla,aef calendula

2) The drug name is placed after the pharmaceutical form and begins with the 8. Chamomilla,aef matricary

capitalletter: 9. Crataegus,i f hawthorn

10. Digitālis,isf foxglove
solutĭoStreptocīdi - solution of streptocid
unguentumTetracyclīni - ointment of tetracycline 11. Farfăra,aef coltsfoot

tinctūraMenthae - tincture ofmint 12. Frangŭla,aef buckthorn

3) Adjectives 13. Leonūrus,i m motherwort

14. Mentha,aef mint
 are written at the end of the prescriptionline:
15. Quercus,us f oak
SolutĭoSynoestrōlioleōsa - oil solution ofsynoestrol
16. Valeriāna,aef valerian
 or are placed after anoun:
VI. EXCERCISES
Menthapiperīta -peppermint
Tabulettae Acĭdiglutaminĭciobductae - coated glutaminic acid Exercise 1. Read drug names, find component elements carrying information about
pharmaceutical characteristics, give their meaning:
tablets
Bicillinum, Apressinum, Nicovitum, Pyramidonum, Polyoestradiolum,
Hydrolysinum, Boromentholum, Diprophyllinum, Laevomycetinum, Decamevitum,
Cerebrolysinum, Brulamycinum, Olivomycinum, Bruneomycinum, Theophyllinum,
Cocarboxylasum,
 126
LESSON 2 127
Antiasthmocrinum, Synoestrolum, Pentavitum, Urosulfanum, Gentamycinum,
Novocainamidum, Octoestronum.
STANDARD PRESCRIPTION PHRASES
INDICATING ORDERS AND INSTRUCTIONS
Exercise 2. Translate from Latin into English:
In this lesson you will:
Folium Farfărae, tabulettae olei Menthae, solutio Strophanthini, tabulettae
 Learn basic standard phrases used inprescriptions
Prednisoloni, granŭla Orasi, tabulettae Octoestroli, tabulettae Pantocrini, suspensio
 Learn clinic Latin and Greek component elements used in drugnames
«Cindolum», unguentum «Psoriasinum», species antiasthmatĭcae, emplastrum
 Learn Latin and Greek component elements carrying information on
Epilini, tabulettae «Baralginum», suppositoria vaginalia
chemical composition of adrug
«Osarbonum», tabulettae Mycoheptini, unguentum Tetracyclini ophthalmĭcum,
linimentum «Sanĭtas», tabulettae «Praegoestrolum», flores Calendŭlae, solutio
This lesson is divided into the followingsections:
Glucosi, tabulettae «Panhexavitum», dragée «Aёvitum», cortex Frangŭlae, tabulettae
I. Standardprescriptionphrasesindicatingordersandinstructions
Barbamyli, extractum Leonūri fluĭdum, suppositoria
II. Clinic Latin and Greek component elements used in drugnames
«Anaesthesolum», tabulettae «Bellaesthesinum», infūsum Digitālis.
III. Latin and Greek component elements carrying information on
chemical composition of adrug
Exercise 3. Translate from English into Latin:
IV. Exercises.
Ointment of tetracycline, solution of novocain, tablets of octoestrol,
I. STANDARD PRESCRIPTION PHRASES INDICATING
solution of glucose, ointment of heparin, tablets of myelosan, tincture of valerian,
ORDERS ANDINSTRUCTIONS
tincture of motherwort, herb of valerian, extract of motherwort, tablets of theophyllin,
In the Latin part of a prescription some verb forms are used which indicate
flowers of matricary, tablets of baralgin, liniment of streptocid, ophthalmic ointment of
orders and instructions. They are required in order to give to a pharmacist instructions
dibiomycin, antiasthmatic species, tincture of valerian root, extract of buckthorn,
how to make up and dispense drugs. You should learn these verb forms as standard
tincture of oakroot.
prescription phrases. The meaning “order, instruction, direction” is expressed in the
Latin part of a prescription by “imperative moode” and “conjunctive moode” of a
Latinverb.

а) Imperative mode

From all imperative mode forms only the 2 ndperson singular form is used in
prescriptions. You will have to memorize standard prescription phrases in the
imperative mode as follows:
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Examples:
 Recĭpe Take, receive
 Misce,fiatpulvis.
 Da Give Mix to make apowder
 Misce,fiatunguentum.
 Signa Write on a label Mix to make anointment
 Misce Mix  Misce,fiatlinimentum. Mix to make aliniment
 Sterilĭsa! (with the exclamationmark) Sterilize!
BUT !
 Adde Add
 Misce, fiantspecies. Mix to make species
 Da talesdoses Give of such doses (species -plural)

b) Conjunctivemode
II. CLINIC LATIN AND GREEK COMPONENT
The Latin conjunctive mode has many meanings. Only one meaning “order, ELEMENTS USED IN DRUGNAMES
instruction, direction” is used in prescriptions. These forms are translated from Latin
In drug names some clinical Latin and Greek component elements are used which
into English with the word-combination “let it be”. You will have to memorize
are already known to you. You will have to pay attention to their spelling and meaning in
standard prescription phrases in the conjunctive mode as follows:
the pharmaceuticalterminology:

 Detur Let it be given

 Signētur Let it be labeled ## Latin Meaing Examples
 Misceātur Let it be mixed 1. -angi-, -vas-, spasmolytics, referring to Angiotensinamidum
 Sterilisētur! (with the Let it be sterilized! vessels Vasographinum
exclamation mark) 2. -cardi-, -cor-, cardiovascular drugs Cardiovalenum
 Repetātur Let it be repeated -cord- Corazolum
3. -chol- cholagogic, bile-expelling Chologonum
 Dentur talesdoses Let it be given of such doses
4. -cyt- (from Greek «cell») Cytamenum
 Attention!!!- Prescription phrases in imperative and conjunctive modes have antianemic drugs
5. -derm- for treatment of skin Dermosolonum
the same meaning: order, instruction, direction, therefore they are completely
diseases
equal and interchangeable. You may use each ofthem. 6. -erythr- (from Greek «red») Erythromycinum
7. glyc- (from Greek «sweet») Glycerophosphatum
в) Verb fiěri in prescriptions
8. -haem-, -aem- drugs influencing Haematogenum
The prescription phrase with the verb fieri is often used in prescriptions. hemopoesis Liquaeminum
Model:
9. -hepat-, extracts from liver Vitohepatum
-hepar-
Misce, (ut) fiat + pharmaceutical form in Nominative singular 10. -lys(in)- drugs for destruction and Sarcolysinum
Note: Conjunction ut is usually omitted excretion
11. -my(o)- (from Greek «muscle») Myostatinum
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131
12. -myel(o)- referring to brain Myelosanum
13. -neo-, -nov- (from Greek «new») Neocidum IV. VOCABULARY
Novandrolum Learn drug names:
14. -pan- (from Greek «total») Pantocidum 1. Amўlum, i n Tritĭci (um, i n) wheatstarch
15. -physi(o)- referring to physical Physiolactinum
2. Chloxylum,in chloxyl
properties
16. -poly- (from «many») Polyvaccinum 3. Dibazōlum,in dibazol
17. -pyo- antipurulent drugs Pyocidum 4. Eucatōlum,in eucatol
18. -thyr- drugs influencing functions Methothyrinum 5. Hydrochlorothiazīdum,in hydrochlorothiazid
of the thyroid gland
6. Ichthyōlum,in ichthyol
7. Mycosolōnum,in mycosolon
III. GREEK AND LATIN ELEMENTS CARRYING
INFORMATION ON CHEMICALCOMPOSITION OF 8. Olěum (i, n) Ricĭni (us,im) castoroil
ADRUG
9. Phthoruracīlum,in phthoruracil
10. Polyphepānum,in polyphepan
## Latin Meaing Examples
11. Solutĭo Ammonĭi (um, i n) caustĭci (us, a,um)
1. -aeth- containing ethyl Aethinalum liquid ammonia (solution of ammonia)
2. -(a)zin-, -zol-, containing nitrogen Aminazinum, 12. Sulfadimezīnum,in sulfadimezin
-(a)zid- Corazolum
Saluzidum 13. Synthomycīnum,in synthomycin
3. -benz- containing benzol Benzonalum 14. Vaselīnum,in vaseline
4. -chlor- containing chlorine Chloraminum
15. Xeroformĭum,in xeroform
5. -cyan- (from Greek «cyanus» - Cyanidum
blue) Medical plants:
6. -hydr- water, hydrogen Hydrocortisonum 16. Convallarĭa,aef lily of thevalley
7. -meth- containing methyl Methacinum
17. Eucalyptus,if eucalyptus
8. -oxy- containing oxygen Oxylidinum
18. Linum,in flax
9. -phen- containing phenyl Phenolum
19. Plantāgo,ĭnisf common (greated)plantain
10. -phosph- containing phosphorus Phosphacolum
20. Salvĭa,aef sage
11. -phthor- containing fluorine Phthoracizinum
Other words:
12. -thi- containing sulfur Thiophosphamidum
13. -yl- containing hydrocarbon Methyluracilum 21 antiasthmatĭcus, a, um. antiasthmatic
radical
22. diuretĭcus, a, um diuretic, urinative
23. piperītus, a, um pepper
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24. semen,ĭnisn seed 5. Take 30,0 of xeroform ointment.
25. siccus,a,um dry
6. Mix 5 ml of mint tincture and 10 ml of motherworttincture.
7. Add 3 ml of peppermintoil.
V. EXCERCISES
8. Sterilize 20 ml of castoroil.
Exercise 1. Read drug names, find component elements carrying information about
pharmaceutical characteristics, give their meaning: 9. Take 5,0 of boromentholointment.
10. Give 25,0 of synthomycinliniment.
Benzonalum, Dipheninum, Normotensum, Pyrimethaninum, Acetylcysteinum,
Sulfalenum, Penicillaminum, Erythromycinum, Sulfathiazolum, Sulfamethoxazolum, 11. Mix 10 ml of lily of the valley tincture and 15 ml of valeriantincture.

Vancomycinum, Diphenhydraminum, Cyclosporinum, Methyluracilum, 12. Give 25 ml of motherwortextract.

Hydrolysinum, Nitroglycerinum, Benzobarbitalum, Methindionum, Mycoseptinum, 13. Take 20,0 of castor oilemulsion.
Chlorochininum, Cyclophosphamidum, Cyanocobalaminum, Cerebrolysinum. 14. Sterilize 200 ml of novocainsolution.

Exercise 2. Translate from English into Latin:

Solution of papaverin, tincture of mint, granules of amidopyrin, ointment of

xeroform, tablets of sulfadimezin, oil of eucalyptus, motherwort herb tincture,
foxglove leaves powder, tablets of dibazol, fluid extract of hawthorn, oitment of
ichthyol, solution of procainamid, tablets of phenobarbital, sage leaves tincture,
decoction of oak cortex, mint leaves tincture, emulsion of castor oil, tablet of
novocainamid, liquid ammonia, oil of peppermint, eucalyptus leaves tincture, tincture
of calendula, leaf of common plantain, solution of salvin, matricary leaves, granule of
plantaglucid, drops of eucatol, solution of aminophyllin, coltsfoot leaf granules.

Exercise 3. Translate from English into Latin, using the given vocabulary:

1. Give 10 ml of epinephrinsolution.
2. Take 200 ml of valerian roottinсture.
3. Add 5 ml of castoroil.
4. Give 10 ml of mentholoil.
 LESSON 3 134 135
Who can issue prescriptions are governed by local legislation. In the United States,
all states, physicians, veterinarians, dentists, and pediatrists have full
MEDICAL PRESCRIPTION
prescription power. Many countries allow mid-level practitioners different prescription
LIQUIDS AND SEMISOLIDS IN PRESCRIPTIONS
privileges. Nurse practitioners, physician assistants, optometrists, homeopathic
In this lesson you will: physicians, registered pharmacists, naturopathic physicians, and doctors of oriental
 Become familiar with “medical prescription” and itscomponents medicine currently represent the spectrum of mid-level practitioners. Each country
 Learn the requirements to the Latin part of theprescription regulates what (if any) prescription powers members of the above group are allowed.
 Learn to prescribe liquid and semisolid pharmaceuticalforms Prescriptions are typically written on preprinted prescription forms that are assembled
into pads. Preprinted on the form is text that identifies the document as a prescription,
This lesson is divided into the following sections:
the name and address of the hospital or the prescribing doctor.
I. General information on a medicalprescription
Predating modern legal definitions of a prescription, a prescription traditionally is
II. Requirements to the Latin part of aprescription
composed of four parts: a "superscription", "inscription", "subscription" and
III. Liquid pharmaceutical forms inprescriptions
"signature".
IV. Semisolid pharmaceutical forms inprescriptions
V. The most-used prescription phrasesI 1. The “superscription” section contains the date of the prescription and patient

VI. Exercises. information (name, address, age,etc).

2. The word “Recipe:” (in English prescriptions “Rx”) addressed to the pharmacist
I. GENERAL INFORMATION ON AMEDICAL
PRESCRIPTION separates the superscription from the “inscriptions” section. This is literally an

The word "prescription" can be decomposed into "pre" and "script" and literally means abbreviation for an exhortation to the patient to “take to” what is described in

"to write before" a drug can be prepared. The concept of prescriptions date back to the the inscription section. The inscription section defines what is themedication.

beginning of history. So long as there were medications and a writing system to 3. The “subscription” section contains dispensing directions to the pharmacist.
capture directions for preparation and usage, there were prescriptions. Latin served a This may be compounding instructions orquantities.
good purpose on prescriptions when they were first written in the 1400s. Spread 4. The “signature” section contains directions to thepatient.
widely by Roman soldiers and traders, Latin was the main language of western Europe
Latin in Prescriptions in Some English-speaking Countries: The only part of a
for hundreds of years. It was unlikely to change, because it was a "dead" language, and
prescription where Latin appears today, however, is in the directions for taking the
it was unlikely to be misinterpreted, because it was exact in its meaning. Of course, the
drug. This use has become a kind of medical shorthand. Some of these
patients who didn'tknowLatinprobablydidn'thavethevaguestideawhattheyweretaking.
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abbreviated terms have the potential to cause medication errors because they look so
2. The drug names after “Recipe” are inGenitive
similar in handwriting, so their use is on the decline.
3. After the drug name its quantityis indicated. The doses of drugs are indicated in
E.g.: the decimal numerationsystem:
 antecibum ac before meals
 Gram amounts - the abbreviation «gr» is not indicated, the quantity is indicated
 pro renata prn as needed
 quaque 3 q3h every 3 hours with decimal points – 10.0 (10 gr.); 0.25 (0,25 gr)etc.
hora  Milliliter amounts - 10 ml, 0.2ml;
 ter indie tid 3 times a day
 Units of activity - ЕD: 100000 ЕD (100000 units ofactivity).

E.g: Recipe: Kalĭi chlorīdi 3,0

II. REQUIREMENTS TO THE LATIN PART OF A Insulīni 25 ЕD
PRESCRIPTION
Solutiōnis Glucōsi 10% - 1000 ml
The Latin part of a prescription begins with the word “Recipe” and ends with Misceātur. Sterilisētur!
“Signa”. You will have to learn the general requirements to the Latin part of a Detur. Signētur: For intravenous infusions.
prescriptions as follows (abbreviations in prescriptions areimpermissible):
 Drops amounts (are used seldom) – the number of drops is indicated with
1. The Latin part of a prescription begins with “Recipe”, this is a form of address of a Roman figures – singular guttam (one drop - guttam I), plural guttas (five
physician to apharmacist: drops - guttasV);
Recipe: Take:
 Sometimes a physician does not indicate the dosage but affords to a pharmacist
 Every prescription line, as well as all drug names begin with the capital letter an opportunity to determine the quantity of a drug on his own; in that case
 Every drug name is written in a separate prescription line. In doing so a blank space quantum satis is written in theprescription.
is left after “Recipe” (the pharmacist indicates a price of a drug here). If there is not If several drugs are prescribed in the same amount, so the dose is indicated only
enough space for a drug name in one line it is carried over to the next line with the after the latter one and the abbreviation ana (of each) is written:
leftindent:
E.g: Recipe: Cupri citrātis
Recipe: Phenylĭi salicylātis 3,0 Lanolīni
Spirĭtus aethylĭci quantum satis
ad solutiōnem Vaselīni ana5,0
Vaselīni ad 30,0 Misce,
fiat unguentum
Take: Coper citrate
Da. Signa: Apply to the skin of
the face Lanoline
Vaseline of each 5,0
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Suspensions – Suspensiōnes
Writing good prescriptions
 The Genitive form after “Recipe”–Suspensiōnis.
 careful use of decimal points to avoidambiguity:
 E.g.: Recipe: SuspensiōnisHydrocortisōni
o avoid unneccessary decimal points: 5 mL instead of 5.0 mL to
avoid possible misinterpretation of5.0=50
Emulsions – Emulsa
o alway zero prefix decimals: e.g. 0.5 instead of .5 toavoid
 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Emulsi.
misinterpretation with.5=5
 E.g.: Recipe: Emulsi olěiRicĭni.
o never have trailing zeros on decimals: e.g. use 0.5 instead of .50 to
avoid misinterpretation with.50=50 Infusions and decoctions – Infūsa et Decocta
o avoid decimals altogether by changing the units: 0.5 g =500mg
 The Genitive form after “Recipe” – Infūsi,Decocti.
 After the pharmaceutical form parts of medicinal plants areindicated:
 Cortex - cortex (Genitive –cortĭcis)
III. LIQUID PHARMACEUTICAL FORMSIN
PRESCRIPTIONS  Root - radix (Genitive –radīcis)

Solutions – Solutiōnes  Rhizome – rhizōma (Genitive –rhizomătis)

 Leaf – folĭum (Genitive singular – folĭi, Genitive plural -foliōrum)
 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Solutiōnis.
 Herb – herba (Genitive –herbae)
 Solutions can be alcoholic, oil and glyceric, respectively the Latin Genitive forms
 Flower– flos (Genitive singular – flores, Genitive plural -florum)
after “Recipe” are Solutiōnis spirituōsae, Solutiōnis oleōsae, Solutiōnis
glycerinōsae (solutio – feminine!), the adjective to be placed at the end of the  E.g.: Recipe: Decocti cortĭcisQuercus

prescription line before thedosage.

 The solution concentration is indicated in the following way: Recipe: Solutiōnis Tinctures – Tinctūrae

Camphŏrae oleōsae 10% - 100ml.  The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Tinctūrae.
 E.g.: Recipe: TinctūraeValeriānae.
Mucilages – Mucilagĭnes

 The Genitive form after “Recipe”–Mucilagĭnis. Extracts – Extracta

 The most frequently used mucilage is the starch mucilage: Recipe:
 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Extracti.
MucilagĭnisAmўli
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 Three general types of extracts are distinguished: fluid extracts (Extractum
fluĭdum – extracti fluĭdi), thick extracts (Extractum spissum – extracti spissi)
V. THE MOST-USED PRESCRIPTION PHRASESI
and dry extracts (Extractum siccum – extractisicci).
 E.g.: Recipe: Extracti Frangŭlaefluĭdi

Liniments – Linimenta

 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Linimenti.

 E.g.: Recipe: LinimentiSynthomycīni.

IV. SEMISOLID PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS IN

PRESCRIPTIONS

Ointments – Unguenta

 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Unguenti.

 Eye ointment – Unguentum ophthalmĭcum (Unguentiopthalmĭci).
 E.g.: Recipe: UnguentiZinci.

Pastes – Pastae

 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Pastae.

 E.g.: Recipe: PastaeZinci.

Plasters – Emplastra

 The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Emplastri.

 Simple plaster – Emplastrum simplex (Emplastrisimplĭcis).
 E.g.: Recipe: Emplastri Plumbisimplĭcis.
 ad10,0 up to 10 gr.
 ad usumexternum for external use
 ad usuminternum for internal use
 ana of each
 bis (tres)repetātur Let it be repeated twice (three times)
 cito! urgent!
 contratussim against cough
 inampullis in ampoules
 incapsŭlis in capsules
 in vitronigro in a dark phial
 nonrepetātur do not repeat
 numěro number
 proauctōre for himself – if a doctor prescribes a
drug for himself
 proinfantĭbus for children
 proinjectionĭbus for injections
 prome for me
 pronarcōsi for narcosis
 prosuspensionĭbus for suspensions
 quantumsatis in sufficient amount
 statim! immediately!
VOCABULARY 142 143
Learn names of drugs: 26. Urtīca,aef nettle
Other words:
1. Aether,ěrism ether
27. aethylĭcus,a,um ethyl
2. Aethinyloestradiōlum,in aethinyloestradiol
28. aqua,aef water
3. Amidopyrīnum,in amidopyrin
29. destillātus,a,um distilled
4. Aminophyllīnum,in aminophyllin
30. glycerinōsus,a,um glyceric
5. Ampicillīnum,in ampicillin
31. oleōsus,a,um oily,oil
6. Anaesthesīnum,in anaesthesin
32. pectorālis,e pectoral
7. Cerebrolysīnum,in cerebrolysin
33. rectificātus,a,um rectificat
8. Corvalōlum,in corvalol
34. spirituōsus,a,um spirituous,alcoholic
9. Cortisōnum,in cortison
35. spirĭtus,us m alcohol
10. Dimedrōlum,in dimedrol
11. Furazolidōnum,in furazolidon VI. EXCERCISES
12. Furacilīnum,in furacilin Exercise 1. Read drug names, find component elements carrying information about
13. Glucōsum,in glucose pharmaceutical characteristics, give their meaning:

14. Hepavītum,in hepavit Phenolum, Ampicillinum, Hepavitum, Phenacetinum, Cortisonum,

15. Nitroglycerīnum,in nitroglycerin Mycosolonum, Pyrazolidonum, Dibazolum, Sulfazinum, Furazolidonum, Chloxylum,

Oxaphenamidum, Corvalolum, Aethinyloestradiolum, Benzonalum, Pantocidum,
16. Novocaīnum,in novocain
Polyphepanum, Euphyllinum, Phenobarbitalum, Methacinum, Pyocidum,
17. Oxaphenamīdum,in oxaphenamid
Barbamylum, Chlorophthalmum, Sulfadimezinum, Oxacillinum, Aminophyllinum,
18. Phenacetīnum,in phenacetin
Aether, Nitroglycerinum, Sarcolysinum, Novocainum, Corazolum, Anaesthesinum,
19. Pyrazidōlum,in pyrazidol
Chloraminum.
20. Sacchărum,in saccharum/sugar
21. Strophanthīnum,in strophanthin
Exercise 2. Translate from English into Latin:
22. Sulfazīnum,in sulfazin
Decoction of buckthorn cortex for injections, apomorphin in ampoules, leaf of
23. Validōlum,in validol
common plantain, solution of furacilin for external use, castor oil in capsules, emulsion
Learn names of medicinal plants:
of castor oil, aevit in capsules, tablets of amidopyrin and phenacetin of each 0,25,
24. Belladonna,ae f belladonna powder of ampicillin for suspensions, liniment of synthomycin,
25. Rheum,in rhubarb
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solution of strophantin in ampoules, tincture of matricary flowers, oily solution of Give.
nitroglycerin, spirituous solution of furacilin, decoction of hawthorn cortex, species Write on a label:
pectoral, rhubarb syrup, fluid extract of backthorn, powder of foxglove leaves,
decoction of oak cortex, dry extract of belladonna, species diuretic, aether for narcosis, 6)Take: Phenobarbital0,05
mint pepperleaves. Sacchar 0,2
Mix to make a powder
Exercise 3. Translate the following prescriptions from English into Latin:
Give of such doses number 10
1) Take: Tincture of lily of thevalley Write on a label:
Tincture of valerian of each 10 ml
Solution of nitroglycerin 1% - 1 ml 7) Take: Cerebrolysin 1ml

Validol 2 ml Give of such doses number 10 in ampoules

Let it be mixed. Write on a label:

Let it be given.
8) Take: Anaesthesin2,5
Let it be labeled:
Talc 15,0
2) Take: Liquid hawthorn extract 25 ml Vaseline up to 50,0 Mix
Let it begiven. to make a liniment Give.
Let it be labeled: Write on a label:

3) Take: Solution of glucose 5% - 500 ml 9) Take: Solution of aminophyllin 24% - 1 ml Give of

Let it besterilized! such doses number 6 in ampoules Write on

Give. alabel:

Write on a label:
10) Take: Fluid extract of buckthorn 4,0
Powder of rhubarb root 3,0 Dry
4)Take: Powder of rhubarb root0,06
extract of belladonna 0,7
Give of such doses number 50
Mix.Give.
Write on a label:
Write on a label:

5) Take: Emulsion of castor oil 30,0 - 200ml

 146  Tabulettam(obductam) 147 tablet (coated)
LESSON 4  Tabulettas(obductas) tablets (coated)

PRESCRIPTION REGULATIONS FOR TABLETS SUPPOSITORIES AND  Suppositorĭum (vagināle,rectāle) suppository (rectal, vaginal)
OPHTHALMIC FILMS  Suppositorĭa (vaginalĭa,rectalĭa) suppositories (rectal, vaginal)
SOLIDS AND OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS IN
PRESCRIPTIONS  Lamellas (membranŭlas)ophthalmĭcas ophthalmic films

In this lesson you will:

E.g.:
 Become familiar with prescription regulations for tablets,suppositories and Recipe: Tabulettam Digoxīni 0,0001
ophthalmicfilms. Da tales doses numĕro 12
Signa:
 Learn to prescribe solid and other pharmaceuticalforms.
Recipe: Tabulettas extracti Valeriānae 0,02 obductas
 Learn the most used prescriptionphrases. numĕro 50
Da. Signa:
Recipe: Suppositorĭa rectalĭa Apilāci 0,005 numĕro 12 Da.
This lesson is divided into the following sections: Signa:
I. Prescription regulations for tablets, suppositories and ophthalmic Recipe: Membranŭlas ophthalmĭcas cum Kanamycīni
films. sulfāte 0,00003 numĕro 100
Da.Signa:
II. Preposition “cum” inprescriptions.
III. Solid pharmaceutical forms inprescriptions
II. PREPOSITION “CUM” INPRESCRIPTIONS
IV. Other pharmaceutical forms inprescriptions
The names of suppositories and ophthalmic filmsdrugs are often used with the
V. The most-used prescription phrasesII
preposition “cum” – with. You will have to remember the nouns endings after the
VI. Exercises.
preposition “cum” asfollows:

I. PRESCRIPTION REGULATIONS FOR TABLETS,

 Singular  Nouns of the 2nddeclension – ending -о (cum
SUPPOSITORIES AND OPHTHALMICFILMS
Ichthyōlo, cumOxytetracyclīno)
The prescription regulations for tablets, suppositories and ophthalmic films
 Plural  Nouns of the 3rddeclension – ending -ĭbus(with
are different from other pharmaceutical forms. The names of these pharmaceutical valerian roots - cum radicĭbusValeriānae)
forms in prescriptions after “Recipe” are not in Genitive but in Accusative. You will
have to remember the endings of these pharmaceutical forms as follows: The drug names with the nouns of other declensions with the preposition “cum”
are not in use.
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149
III. SOLID PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS IN PRESCRIPTIONS
 The word “dragée” has no declensionendings.
Tablets –Tabulettae  There is only one prescription form for dragée: the word “Dragée”, then a drug
 The prescription regulations for tablets seeabove. name and the phrase “Da tales doses numĕro…” (Give of such doses number…).
 There are two prescription forms oftablets: Recipe: Dragée Diazolīni 0,05

1. Initially a drug name with the dose is indicated followed by the phrase Da tales doses numĕro 20
“Datalesdosesnuměro…intabulettis”(Giveofsuchdosesnumber Signa: 1 dragee twice a day
… in a tablet form).
2. The second prescription form begins with the word “Tabulettam”, followed Powders – Pulvĕres

by the drug name and the dose, and ends with the phrase “Da tales doses  The Genitive form after “Recipe” –Pulvĕris.
numěro …” (Give of such doses number…).  E.g.: Recipe: Pulvĕris radīcisRhei
 Volatile and hygroscopic powders are given out packed in waxed and paraffined
Compare:
paper as indicated in prescriptions: E.g. - Da tales doses numĕro… in charta cerāta
1stprescription form: (Give of such doses number … in waxedpaper).
Recipe: Paracetamōli 0,3
Da tales doses numěro 6 in tabulettis
Granules – Granŭla
Signa: 1 tablet in case of headache
 “Granŭlum” isneutrum.
2ndprescription form:  The Genitive form after “Recipe” – Granŭli (in plural often – Granulōrum).
Recipe: Tabulettam Paracetamōli 0,3
 E.g.: Recipe: Granulōrum Natrĭiaminocylātis
Da tales doses numěro 6
a. OTHER PHARMACEUTICAL FORMS IN
Signa: 1 tablet in case of headache
PRESCRIPTIONS

 Tablets known as trade drug names are prescribed as follows: initially the word Capsules – Capsŭlae

“Tabulettas” is indicated, the drug name is placed after the pharmaceutical form in  Capsule is a drug in powdered, fluid or pellet form that has been enclosed in a
Nominative and is in inverted commas, followed by the word“numěro”: soluble gelatin-likecapsule.
 Soft gelatine capsules and Elastic gelatine capsules are distinguished - Capsŭlae
Recipe: Tabulettas “Nicoverīnum” numĕro 20
gelatinōsae molles etdurae.
Da. Signa: 1 tablet twice a day
Dragée – Dragée
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151
 In prescriptions the phrase “in capsŭlis gelatinōsis” (in gelatine capsules) is
VI. VOCABULARY
indicated.
Learn names of drugs:
1. Analgīnum,in analgin
Ophthalmic films – Membranŭlae (Lamellae) ophthalmĭcae
2. Corglycōnum,in corglycon
 Ophthalmic films are absorbable gelatin films containing drugsubstances.
3. Diprophyllīnum,in diprophyllin
 Membranŭla and Lamella aresynonyms.
4. Euphyllīnum,in euphyllin
 The prescription regulations for ophthalmic films seeabove.
5. Florenālum,in florenal
 The ophthalmic films are often prescribed with the preposition“cum”. 6. Methyloestradiōlum,in methyloestradiol
 E.g.: Recipe: Membranŭlas ophthalmĭcas cumFlorenālo. 7. Nystatīnum,in nystatin
Aerosols – Aërosōla 8. Phenobarbitālum,in phenobarbital
9. Phenobolīnum,in phenobolin
 The aerosols are prescribed in the following way: “Recipe” is followed by the word
10.Phenoxymethylpenicillīnum,in phenoxymethylpenicillin
“Aërosōlum” (Accusative singular) and by the trade drug name in Nominative and
11.Phthivazīdum,in phthivazid
in inverted commas, then the quantity after “numěro” is indicated.
12. Pyracetāmum,in pyracetam
 E.g.: Recipe: Aërosōlum “Ephatīnum” numĕro1.
13. Saluzīdum,in saluzid
V. THE MOST-USED PRESCRIPTION PHRASES II 14. Streptocīdum,in streptocid
15. Tetracyclīnum,in tetracycline
 in chartacerāta in waxed paper
16. Iodum,in iodine
 in chartaparaffināta in paraffined paper
Learn names of medicinal plants:
 in capsŭlisgelatinōsis in gelatine capsules
17. Alŏё,es f aloe
 in capsŭlis gelatinōsis
in elastic gelatine capsules 18. Althaea,aef althea
elastĭcis
 in tabulettis(obductis) in tablets (coated) 19. Cacao cocoa

 cum radicĭbus… with … roots 20. Millefolĭum,in milfoil

 Misce, fiat suppositorĭum Mix to make a rectal (vaginal) Other words:

rectāle(vagināle) suppository 21. composĭtus,a,um complex
 Misce, fiant suppositorĭa Mix to make rectal (vaginal) 22. fluĭdus,a,um liquid
rectalĭa(vaginalĭa) suppositories
23. intabulettis(obductis) in (coated)tablets
 Misce, fiat pulvis
Mix to make the finest powder 24. obductus,a,um coated
subtilissĭmus
25. ophthalmĭcus,a,um ophthalmic
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153
26. simplex,ĭcis simple
27. solubĭlis,e soluble Exercise 3. Translate the following prescriptions from English into Latin:

VII. EXERCISES 1) Take: Powder of foxglove leaves 0,05

Sacchar0,3
Exercise 1. Read drug names, find component elements carrying information
about pharmaceutical characteristics, give their meaning: Mix to make a powder
Phenoxymethylpenicillinum, Vitoxycyclinum, Hexathidum, Glycerinum, Let it be given of such doses number 12
Glycerophosphenum, Isapheninum, Intercainum, Kanacidinum, Erythromycinum, Let it be labeled:
Methacyclinum, Oxacillinum, Metronidazolum, Mechloralum, Neocidum,
2) Take: Cortex of hawthorn 30,0
Novosedum, Oxamycinum, Pentamethonum, Sedalginum, Synthacortum, Sulfurenum,
Leaves ofnettle
Sulfathiazolum, Theophedrinum, Thiobutalum, Urosulfanum, Urozinum,
Herb of milfoil 10,0
Phenaconum, Phosphothiaminum, Chlormethinum, Cholosasum, Oestrogynonum,
Mix to make species
Aethylium, Aethimizolum, Haemoferum, Benzocainum, Abapressinum, Ancortonum,
Let it be given
Anaesthocainum, Antistenocardinum, Aseptilexum,Aethylbarbitalum.
Let it be labeled:
Exercise 2. Translate from English into Latin:

Solution of glucose, tablets of analgin, liquid extract of aloe, coated tablets of 3) Take: Powder of ampicillin for suspensions 60,0
tetracyclin, tincture of matricary flowers, decoction of oak cortex, liniment of Give in a darkphial
synthomycin, ointment of oxolin, syrup of althea, spirituous solution of iodine, Write on a label:
granules of furazolidon, dragee of phenoxymethylpenicillin, solution of furacilin for
external use, oily solution of phenobolin, tablets of pyrocetam, powder of ampicillin 4) Take: Suppositories with diprophyllin 0,5 number 10
for suspensions, coated tablets of valerian extract, rhizomes with valerian roots, Give
mucilages of flax seeds, tincture of eucalyptus, infusion of pepper mint leaves, leaf of Write on a label:
aloe, leaves of sage, simple syrup, complex plaster, solution of corglycon, oily solution
of nitroglycerin, soluble saluzid, powder and tablets of phthivazid, tablets for cough. 5) Take: Tablets of microiodine with phenobarbital number 40
Give in a darkphial
Write on a label:

6) Take Ointment of tetracycline ophthalmic 10,0

Give
Write on a label:
 154 155
Give
7) Take: Sulfadimezin Write on a label:
Streptocid
Synthomycin of each 1,0
13) Take: Ointment of xeroform 10% - 30,0
Mix to make a powder
Give
Give
Write on a label:
Write on a label:

14) Take: Methyloestradiol0,00002

8) Take: Tetracycline 100 000ED
Give of such doses number 20 in a tablet form
Give of such doses number 24 in a tablet form
Write on a label:
Write on a label:
15) Take: Liquid extract of aloe 1ml
9) Take: Tablets of tetracycline with nystatin coated 100 000 ED
Give of such doses number 10 in ampoules
number25
Write on a label:
Give
Write on a label: 16) Take: Synthomycin0,2
Castor oil 20 ml
10) Take: Euphyllin0,2 Mix to make a liniment
Cocoa oil 2,0 Give
Mix to make a suppository Write on a label:
Give of such doses number 6
Write on a label: 17) Take: Tablets of valerian extract coated 0,02 number 50 Give
Write on a label:
11) Take: Ichthyol3,0
Vaseline up to 30,0
18) Take: Tablet of furacilin0,02
Mix to make an ointment
Give of such doses number 10
Give
Write on a label:
Write on a label:
19) Take: Ophthalmic films with florenal number30
12) Take: Ointment of furacilin 0,2% -30,0
 156 LESSON 5 157
Give
Write on a label:

20) Take: Tablets of sulfadimezin 0,5 number 12 Give

Write on a label:
LATIN NAMES OF
CHEMICAL
ELEMENTS ACIDS
NAMES
OXIDES, PEROXIDES,
HYDROXIDES

In this lesson you will:

 Become familiar with the Latin names of main
chemicalelements.
 Become familiar with the Latin names ofacids.
 Become familiar with the Latin names of oxides,
peroxides,hydroxides.

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Latin names of chemicalelements.
II. Latin names ofacids.
III. Latin names of oxides,
peroxides,hydroxides.
IV. Exercises.

I. LATIN NAMES OF
CHEMICALELEMENTS

All Latin names of chemical elements are

neuter nouns of the 2nddeclension:

E.g.: Bromum, i n; Iodum, i n; Bismŭthum, i n

There are two exceptions to this rule:

 sulfur - Sulfur, ŭris n (3rddeclension)
 phosphorus - Phosphŏrus, i m(masculine)

Special attention must be given to the spelling of

the following chemical elements:
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159
E.g.:
Chemical Latin English
element  nitrous acid - Acĭdum nitrōsum (Nitrogenĭum, i n nitr + ōs +um);
Bi Bismŭthum, i n bismuth  sulphurous acid - Acĭdum sulfurōsum (Sulfur, ŭris n sulfur + ōs +um);
Сa Calcĭum, i n calcium
Fluōrum, i n or Phthorum, i n fluorine  arsenicous acid - Acĭdum arsenicōsum (Arsenĭcum, i n arsenic + ōs + um).
F
Fe Ferrum, i n iron c) Latin acid names with the prefix hydro- ending by -ĭcum correspond to English
H Hydrogenĭum, i n hydrogen acid names with the prefix hydro- ending by -ic (Acĭdum hydrochlo- rĭcum –
Hg Hydrargўrum, i n mercury hydrochloricacid).
K Kalĭum, i n potassium
Attention!!!- Acid names used as drugs after pharmaceutical forms are written
Mg Magnesĭum, i n or Magnĭum, i n magnesium
with the first capital letter:
Na Natrĭum, i n sodium
O Oxygenĭum, i n oxygen E.g.:

Pb Plumbum, i n lead  TabulettaeAcĭdifolĭci - tablets of folicacid

S Sulfur, ŭris n sulfur  Dragée Acĭdi ascorbinĭci - dragée of ascorbicacid
Zn Zincum, i n zinc
II. LATIN NAMES OFACIDS
III. LATIN NAMES OF OXIDES, PEROXIDES,HYDROXIDES
The Latin names of acids consist of the noun “acĭdum” (acĭdum, i n - acid) and
the concordant adjective of the 1stgroup: Latin names of oxides, peroxides and hydroxides consist of two words:

 First one: name of a chemical element inGenitive

acĭdum + stem of the chemical element name + -ĭc/ōs- + -um
а) Latin adjectives with the suffix -ĭc- and the ending -um correspond to English  Second one: word “oxўdum” (oxide), “peroxўdum” (peroxide) or “hydroxўdum”
adjectives ending by –ic. (hydroxide) inNominative.

E.g.: E.g.:

 arsenicacid-Acĭdumarsenicĭcum(Arsenĭcum,inarsenic+ĭc+um);  Zincioxўdum - zincoxide

 sulphuric acid - Acĭdum sulfurĭcum (Sulfur, ŭris n sulfur + ĭc +um);  Ferrioxўdum - ferricoxide

 silicic acid - Acĭdum silicĭcum (Silicĭum, i n silic + ĭc +um);  Hydrogenĭiperoxўdum - hydrogenperoxide

 Calcĭihydroxўdum - calciumhydroxide
b) Latin adjectives with the suffix -ōs and the ending -um correspond to English
adjectives ending by–ous. Attention!!!- Names of oxides, peroxides and hydroxides are written after
pharmaceutical forms with the first capitalletter:
 160 161
E.g.: 24.Menthōlum,i n menthol

 Solutĭo Hydrogenĭi peroxўdi dilūta – diluted solution of hydrogenperoxide

25. Naphthalānum,in naphtalan
26. Phthalazōlum,in phthalazol
IV. VOCABULARY
27. Prednisolōnum,in prednisolon
Learn names of acids:
28. Synoestrōlum,in synoestrol
1. acĭdumacetĭcum aceticacid
29. Talcum,in talc
2. acĭdumacetylsalicylĭcum acetylsalicylicacid
30. Tannīnum,in tannin
3. acĭdumascorbinĭcum ascorbicacid
Other words:
4. acĭdumbenzoĭcum benzoicacid
31. albus,a,um white
5. acĭdumborĭcum boricacid
32. depurātus,a,um clear
6. acĭdumfolĭcum folicacid
33. dilūtus,a,um diluted
7. acĭdumglutaminĭcum glutaminicacid
34. flavus,a,um yellow
8. acĭdumhydrochlorĭcum hydrochloricacid
9. acĭdumhydrosulfurĭcum hydrosulfuric acid
V. EXERCISES
10.acĭdumlactĭcum lacticacid
Exercise 1. Translate from English into Latin:
11. acĭdumlipoĭcum lipoicacid
Oily solution of camphora for external use; chloroform for narcosis; liniment of
12. acĭdumnicotinĭcum nicotinicacid
synthomycin with novocain; solution of prednisolon for injections; glyceric solution of
13. acĭdumnitrĭcum nitricacid
ichthyol; spirituous solution of iodine for internal use; solution of novocain in
14. acĭdumnitrōsum nitrous acid
ampoules, solution of nicotinic acid; mucilages of althea root, diluted hydrochloric
15.acĭdumphosphorĭcum phosphoric acid
acid; boric acid; tablets of lipoic acid; dragée of ascorbinic acid, zinc ointment; clear
16.acĭdumsalicylĭcum salicylicacid
sulfur, yellow mercury oxide, acetylsalicylic acid in tablets, tablets of amidopyrin and
17. acĭdumsulfurĭcum sulfuricacid
phenacetin of each 0,25; phenoxymethylpenicillin for suspension; oily solution of
18. acĭdumsulfurōsum sulfurous acid
synoestrol in ampoules, powder for suspensions; suppositories with dimedrol for
Learn names of drugs:
children; diluted solution of hydrogen peroxide; hydrosulfuric acid; nicotinic acid in
19. Camphŏra,aef camphora
tablets; acetic acid; phosphoric acid; magnesium peroxide; zinc oxide; calcium
20. Chinosōlum,in chinosol
hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide; benzoicacid.
21. Chloroformĭum,in chloroform
22. Coffeīnum,in caffeine
23. Hydrocortisōnum,in hydrocortison
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163
Give
Exercise 2. Translate the following prescriptions from English into Latin:
Write on a label:

1) Take: Folic acid 0,0008

Ascorbic acid 0,1 8) Take: Tincture of plantain leaves 10,0 - 20 ml
Give of such doses number 30 in tablet form Give
Write on a label: Write on a label:

2) Take: White mercurial ointment 5% - 25,0 9) Take: Salicylic acid 5,0

Let it be given Zinc oxide 0,5
Let it be labeled: Talc 50,0

Mix to make a powder

3) Take: Spirituous solution of salicylic acid 1% - 40 ml
Let it be given
Give Let it be labeled:
Write on a label:

10) Take: Yellow mercury oxide 0,6

4) Take: Acetylsalicylic acid
Ichthyol 0,80
Phenacetin of each 0,25 Ointment of zinc 20,0
Caffeine 0,05 Mix to make an ointment
Give of such doses number 12 in a tablet form Let it be given Let
Write on a label: it be labeled:

5) Take: Ointment of hydrocortison 1% - 10,0 11) Take: Chloroform

Give Ethyl alcohol 95% - 20 ml
Write on a label: Ethyl ether 10 ml

Liquid ammonia 5 drops

6) Take Dragée of ascorbic acid 0,05 number 50
Mix
Give Give
Write on a label: Write on a label:

7) Take: Tablets of phthalazol 0,05 number 20 12) Take: Clear sulfur

 164 165
Magnesium oxide Mix to make a powder
Sacchar of each 10,0 Give of such doses number 20.
Mix to make a powder Write on a label:
Give
Write on a label: 17) Take: Salicylic acid
Menthol
13) Take: Anaesthesin Synthomycin of each 2,5
Xeroform Ethyl alcohol 70%-50 ml
Talc of each 10,0 Mix. Give.
Mix to make a powder Write on a label:
Give
Write on a label: 18) Take: Diluted solution of hydrogen peroxide 10% - 30 ml
Give.
14) Take: Coated tablets of glutaminic acid 0,25 number 100 Write on a label.
Give
Write on a label: 19) Take: Menthol 0,1
Zinc oxide
15) Take: Ichthyol 1,25 Boric acid of each 0,5
Zinc oxide Vaseline 10,0
Wheat starch of each 12,5 Mix to make an ointment
Vaseline up to 50,0 Give
Mix to make a paste Write on a label:
Give
Write on a label: 20) Take: Benzoic acid 0,6
Salicylic acid 0,3
16) Take: Phenobarbital 0,03 Vaseline 10,0
Dimedrol 0,05 Mix to make an ointment
Analgin Give
Amidopyrin Write on a label:
Acetylsalicylic acid of each 0,15
 166 LESSON 6 167
21) Take: Boric acid0,1
Chinosol0,03
Tannin 0,06
Cocoa oil 2,0
Mix to make a vaginal suppository
Give of such doses number 10 Write
on a label:

22) Take: Boric acid5,0

Zinc oxide
Wheat starch of each 25,0
Ointment of naphthalan 45,0
Mix to make a paste
Give
Write on a label:
LATIN NAMES OF SALTS IN
PRESCRIPTIONS

In this lesson you will:

 Become familiar with the Latin names of
salts used inprescriptions

This lesson is divided into the following sections:

I. Latin names ofsalts
II. Latin names ofanions
III. Two-component names of potassium
and sodiumsalts
IV. Exercises.

I. LATIN NAMES OFSALTS

The salts names in Latin consist of two

nouns:

 the name of cation comes first inGenitive,

 the name of anion occupies the

second place and is in

Nominative E.g:

 Aluminĭinitras -
aluminiumnitrate
 Adrenalīnihydrochlorīdum -
adrenalinhydrochloride
 Natrĭinitris -
sodiumnitrite

It is important to keep in mind that cation

names in Latin are always written with the first
capital letter and anion names are always
written with the first small letter (e.g: Solutĭo
Natrĭi tetraborātisglycerinōsa).

II. LATIN NAMES OFANIONS

All Latin suffixes and endings of anion

names in Nominative and Genitive are listed
in thetable:
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169
 Nominative:Sulfacylum-natrĭum
Latin - Nominative Latin - Genitive English
 Genitive: Sulfacyli-natrĭi
-as Aluminĭi nitras -ātis Aluminii nitrātis aluminium nitrate

-ītis Aluminii nitrītis aluminium nitrite IV. VOCABULARY

-is Aluminĭi nitris
Learn names of drugs:
-īdum Natrĭi chlorīdum -īdi Natrii chlorīdi sodium chloride
1. Adrenalīnum,in adrenalin
2. Aethylmorphīnum,in aethylmorphine
Explanatory notes to the table:
3. Apomorphīnum,in apomorphine
 Anion names with the suffixes -as, -is are Latin nouns of the 3 declension. The
rd

4. Barbitālum-natrĭum,in barbital-sodium
letter -s- in Latin names accords with the letter -t- in Englishnames:
5. Benzylpenicillīnum-natrĭum, i n benzylpenicillin-sodium
E.g:
6. Codeīnum,in codeine

 citras -citrate 7. Coffeīnum-natrĭibenzŏas, coffeine-sodium benzoate

 phosphas -phosphate Coffeīni-natrĭibenzoātis

 nitris -nitrite 8. Dicaīnum,in dicain

9. Ephedrīnum,in ephedrin
 Genitive forms of anion names with suffixes -as-, -is- are formed by analogy with
10.Methylēnum (i, n) coerulěum (us, blue methylen
the nouns of the 3rddeclension:
a,um)
Compare: 11. Methylĭi salicylas,ātism methyl salicylate
12.Morphīnum,i n morphine
 citras, ātis m - tuberosĭtas, ātisf
13. Norsulfazōlum,in norsulfazol
 Anion names with the suffixe -id- are Latin nouns of the 2nddeclension:
14. Oleandomycīnum,in oleandomycin
E.g: 15.Olĕum Helianthi (us,im) sunflower-seeds oil

 chlorīdum, i n -chloride 16.Olĕum Persicōrum (um,i n) peach oil

 bromīdum, i n -bromide 17.Oxytetracyclīnum,i n oxytetracycline

18.Phenylĭi salicylas,ātism phenyl salicylate
III. TWO-COMPONENT NAMES OF POTASSIUM AND
SODIUM SALTS 19.Riboflavīnum,in riboflavin
20. Salicylas,ātis m salicylate
Two-component names of potassium and sodium are written with a hyphen and
21. Sulfacylum-natrĭum,in sulfacyl-sodium
the both parts have the same grammatical case:
22. Testosterōnum,in testosteron
E.g:sulphacyl sodium
23. Thiamīnum,in thiamin
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171
Learn names of medicinal plants: Write on a label:
24.Adōnis (ĭdis m, f) vernālis
spring adonis
(is,e) 3)Take: Tincture of althea root 180 ml
Other words: Sodiumhydrocarbonate
25. isotonĭcus,a,um isotonic Sodium benzoate of each 5,0
Simple syrup 20,0
V. EXERCISES Mix. Give. Write
Exercise 1. Translate from English into Latin: on alabel:

Complex liniment of salicylate, isotonic solution of sodium chloride, tablets of

4) Take: Tablets of tetracycline hydrochloride 0,1 number 30
calcium gluconate, coated tablets of tetracyclin hydrochloride, diluted solution of
Give
hydrogen peroxide, basic acetate of lead, powder of oxytetracyclin, matricary flowers
Write on a label:
for internal use, sodium hydrocitrate for injections, basic bismuth nitrate with
belladonna extract, phenoxymethylpenicillin for injections, oily solution of synoestrol
5) Take: Suspension of hydrocortisone acetate 2,5% - 2 ml
in ampoules, tincture of plantain leaves, milfoil herb, solution of mercury cyanide,
Give of such doses number5
tincture of matricary flowers, solution of sulfacyl-sodium in ampoules, solution of
Write on a label:
thiamin bromide, aloe syrup with iron, chloroform for narcosis; powder of foxglove
leaves, granules of furazolidon, powder and tablets of phthivazid, oily solution
6) Take Dimedrol0,01
ofanaesthesin.
Ephedrin hydrochloride 0,1
Exercise 2. Translate the following prescriptions from English into Latin: Peach oil 10 ml
Mint oil I drop
1) Take: Blue methylen0,5
Mix
Solution of glucose 25% - 50 ml
Give
Give of such doses number 3 in ampoules
Write on a label:
Write on a label:

2) Take: Tincture of spring adonis herb 180 ml 7) Take: Tablets of phthalazol 0,05 number 20
Amidopyrin2,0 Give
Sodium bromide 4,0 Write on a label:
Codeine phosphate 0,2
Mix. Give. 8) Take: Coated tablets of oleandomycin phosphate 0,125 number25
 172 173
Give Mix. Give. Write
Write on a label: on alabel:

9) Take: Iodine 0,03 13) Take: Extract of belladonna 0,01

Iodide potassium 1,3 Basic bismuth nitrate
Glycerin 30,0 Peppermint Phenyl salicylate of each 0,25
oil III drops Mix. Give. Mix to make a powder
Write on a label: Give of such doses number 10:
Write on a label:

10) Take: Ascorbic acid 14) Take: Chloroform

Nicotinic acid of each 0,05 Sunflower-seed oil
Riboflavin Methyl salicylate of each 15 ml
Thiamine bromide of each 0,01 Sacchar Mix to make a liniment
0,3 Give
Mix to make a powder Write on a label:
Give of such doses number 30 15) Take:
Write on a label: Magnesium carbonate 4,0
11) Take: Potassium carbonate 5,0
Analgin
Sodium hydrocarbonate 1,0
Amidopyrin
Glycerin in sufficient amount
Phenacetin of each 0,2 Coffeine
Mix to make a paste
sodium benzoate 0,02 Codeine
Give
phosphate 0,015
16) Take: Write on a label:
Give of such doses number 10 in a tablet form
Write on a label: Streptocid
12) Take:
Norsulfazol of each 3,0
Methol 0,1
Benzylpenicillin sodium 50 000 ED
Phenyl salicylate 0,3
Ephedrin hydrochloride
Vaseline oil up to 10 ml
Acetylsalicylic acid of each 0,15
 174 175
Mix to make a powder LESSON7
Give
SAMPLE FINAL TEST IN PHARMACEUTICAL
Write on a label: TERMINOLOGY

17) Take: Solution of dicain 0,5% - 5ml In this lesson you will:
Solution of adrenalin hydrochloride 0,1% - III drops  become familiar with a Final Testsample
Mix
Final Test in Pharmaceutical Terminology
Give
V-1
Write on a label:
I. Translate the following prescriptions from English intoLatin:
18) Take: Oily solution of testosteron propionate 1% - 1 ml Give 1) Take: Liquid hawthorn extract 25 ml
of such doses number 6 inampoules Let it begiven.
Let it be labeled:
Write on alabel.
2) Take: Anaesthesin2,5
19) Take: Menthol Talc 15,0
Vaseline up to 50,0 Mix
Ethylmorphin hydrochloride of each 0,01 to make a liniment Give.
Sacchar 0,03 Write on alabel:

Mix to make a powder 3) Take: Tablets of Tetracycline with nystatin coated 100 000 ED
number25
Give of such doses number 10
Give.
Write on a label: Write on a label:

4) Take: Sulfadimezin
20) Take: Tincture of valerian root 200 ml
Streptocid
Sodium bromide5,0 Synthomycin of each 1,0
Mix to make a powder
Sodium barbital2,0
Give.
Ethylmorphin hydrochloride 0,15 Write on a label:
Mix. Give. 5) Take: Powder of ampicillin for suspensions 60,0
Write on a label: Give in a darkphial
Write on a label:

6) Take: Acetylsalicylicacid
Phenacetin of each 0,25
 176
Caffeine 0,05
PART IV. 177
APPENDIX
Give of such doses number 12 in a tablet form
Write on a label:
I. Syllabus
7) Take: Ichthyol1,25 “Latin and Fundamentals of Medical Terminology”
Zinc oxide
Wheat starch of each 12,5 Two-semester course
Vaseline up to 50,0
Mix to make a paste Weeks Topic Amount of
Give. hours
Write on a label: 1. 2
Introduction to the course “Latin and Fundamentals of
Medical Terminology”.
8) Take: Iodine0,03
Iodide potassium 1,3 Introduction to the course “Anatomical Terminology”.
Glycerin 30,0 Peppermint Phonetics: reading and pronunciation, part 1
oil III drops Mix. Give. 2. 2
Phonetics: reading and pronunciation, part 2
Write on alabel:
3. Accent rules, word stressing 2
9) Take: Magnesium carbonate4,0 4. Structure of anatomical terms. Noun and its grammatical 2
Potassium carbonate 5,0 categories
Sodium hydrocarbonate 1,0
Glycerin in sufficient amount Mix 5. Adjective. Two groups of adjectives 2
to make a paste 6. Degrees of comparison of adjectives 2
Give. 7. Revision 2
Write on a label:
8. Nominative plural of nouns and adjectives 2
10) Take: Tincture of althea root 180 ml 9. Genitive plural of nouns and adjectives 2
Sodium hydrocarbonate Sodium 10. Revision 2
benzoate of each 5,0 Simple
11.  Final test in “AnatomicalTerminology” 1/1
syrup20,0
Mix. Give. Write  Introduction to the course “ClinicalTerminology”
on alabel: 12. Clinical Terminology # 1 2
13. Clinical Terminology # 2 2
II. Find component elements carrying information about pharmaceutical 14. Clinical Terminology # 3 2
characteristics of the drug names, give theirmeaning: 15. Revision 2
16. Clinical Terminology # 4 2
Benzonalum, Dipheninum, Pyrimethaninum, Erythromycinum, Sulfathiazolum, 17. Clinical Terminology # 5 2
Sulfamethoxazolum, Vancomycinum, Diphenhydraminum, Cyclosporinum,
18. Clinical Terminology # 6 2
Cyanocobalaminum, Methyluracilum, Hydrolysin, Nitroglycerinum, Benzobarbitalum,
19. Revision 2
Methindionum, Mycoseptinum, Chlorochininum, Cyclophosphamidum,
Cerebrolysinum, Novosedum. 20.  Final test in “ClinicalTerminology” 1/1
 Introduction to the course “Pharmaceutical
Terminology”
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179
21. Introduction to the pharmaceutical terminology 2
II. Latin-English AnatomyDictionary
22. Standard prescription phrases 2
Indicating orders and instructions -A-
23. Medical prescription 2
abdōmen,ĭnisn abdomen
Liquids and semisolids in prescriptions
accessorĭus,a,um additional
24. Revision 2
25. Prescription regulations for tablets 2 acromĭon,i n shoulderappendix
Suppositories and ophthalmic films ala,aef wing
Solids and other pharmaceutical forms in prescriptions alāris,e alar
26. Latin names of chemical elements 2
alveolāris,e alveolar
Acids names
alveŏlus,i m alveole
Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides
anatomĭcus,a,um anatomical
27. Latin names of salts in prescriptions 2
28. Revision 2 angŭlus,i m angle
29. Final test in “Pharmaceutical Terminology” 2 anterĭor,ĭus anterior,front
30. Revision, preparation for the final examination 2 antrum,in cavity
31. Revision, preparation for the final examination 2
32. Revision, preparation for the final examination 2 anulāris,e ring-shaped
aorta,aef main artery ofbody
Students are asked to attend the lessons regularly and to be prepared for the lesson.
aortĭcus,a,um aortic,aortal
They do hometask and study the vocabulary contained in single units.
apertūra,aef aperture,opening

The forms of control: apex,ĭcism apex, top,tip

Regular attendance, the admissible absence is twice in a semester. appendix,īcis f process,appendix

aquaeductus,usm waterduct

Conditions for granting the credit: arbor,ōris f arbor

Active participation in lessons, preparedness for the lessons (vocabulary, hometask). arcus,us m arch
arterĭa,aef artery
The final examination (after the 2ndsemester) consists of: arteriōsus,a,um arterial

 Writtenpart articulāris,e articular

 Oralpart articulatĭo,ōnisf joint

atrĭum,in first chamber of the heart(atrium)
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181
auriculāris,e auricular
ciliāris,e ciliary
auris,is f ear
cingŭlum,in girdle
-B-
coccygēus,a,um coccygeal
basis,is f base
coccyx,ýgis m coccyx, coccygealbone
bifurcatĭo,ōnisf bifurcation
brachĭum,in upperarm cochlěa,aef cochlea

brevis,e short cochleāris,e cochlear

bulbus,i m bulb collum,in neck

bursa,aef pouch,sac columna,aef column

-C- composĭtus,a,um complex

canalicŭlus,im small canal concha,aef concha

canālis,ism canal cor,cordisn heart

capillāris,e capillary cornu,usn horn; horn-shaped process

capsŭla,aef capsule, membrane or saclikestructure coronarĭus,a,um coronary

caput,ĭtisn head corpus,ŏrisn body

cardiăcus,a,um cardiac cortex,ĭcis m cortex

carotĭcus,a,um carotid costa,aef rib

cartilāgo,ĭnisf cartilage costālis,e costal

cavernōsus,a,um cavernous craniālis,e cranial

cavĭtas,ātisf cavity cranĭum,in skull

cavum,in cavity crista,aef crest

cavus,a,um caval,hollow crus,cruris n leg,crus

centrālis,e central cutaněus,a,um cutaneous

cerebellum,in cerebellum cutis,is f skin

cerěbrum,i n brain - D-

cervicālis,e cervical dens,dentism tooth

cervix,īcis f neck  denscanīnus canine, cuspidtooth

chiasma,ătisn chiasm  densdecidŭus milk tooth

chorda,aef cord  densincisīvus incisortooth

 densmolāris molartooth
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183
 denspremolāris premolartooth
- G-
 denssapientĭae wisdom
gallus,i m cock
tooth(densserotĭnus)
ganglĭon,in nervous node
dentālis,e dental
gaster,tris f stomach
dexter,tra,trum right
gastrĭcus,a,um gastric
digĭtus,i m finger; toe
glandŭla,aef gland
dorsālis,e dorsal
glomus,ěrisn glome,glomus
dorsum,in back
-H-
ductus,us m duct
hepar,ătisn liver
durus,a,um hard,solid
horizontālis,e horizontal
- E-
hyoiděus,a,um sublingual,hypoglossal
encephălon,in brain
-I-
ethmoidālis,e sieve-shaped
iliăcus,a,um iliac
extensor,ōrism extensor
impressĭo,ōnisf impression
-F-
incisīvus,a,um incisive, cutting,sharp
facĭes,ēi f face,surface
incisūra,aef incisure, slit ornotch
fascĭa,aef fascia
inferĭor,ĭus lower
fibrōsus,a,um fibrous
interalveolāris,e interalveolar
fibŭla,aef fibula,splint-bone
intercostālis,e intercostal
fibulāris,e fibular
interglobulāris,e interglobular
fissūra,aef fissure, narrowslit
interlobulāris,e interlobular
flavus,a,um yellow
internus,a,um internal
flexor,ōris m flexor
interradiculāris,e interradicular
forāmen,ĭnisn opening
interspinōsus,a,um interspinal
fornix,ĭcism fornix,arc
- J-
fossa,aef shallow depression orcavity
jugulāris,e jugular
fověa,aef small pit ordepression
jugum,in eminence
foveŏla,aef foveola
frontālis,e frontal
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185
- L- maxĭmus,a,um largest
labĭum,in lip meātus,us m passage
labyrinthus,im labyrinth mediālis,e medial
lamĭna,aef plate medĭus,a,um middle
laterālis,e lateral medullaossĭum (bone)marrow
latissĭmus,a,um widest medulla,aef medulla
lien,ēnism spleen membrāna,aef membrane
ligamentum,in ligament membranacěus,a,um membranous
liněa,aef line membrum,in member,extremity
lingua,aef tongue,language mentālis,e mental
linguālis,e lingual minĭmus,a,um smallest
lobātus,a,um lobulose, lobulous,lobulated minor,us small
lobus,i m lobe mobĭlis,e mobile
longissĭmus,a,um longest molāris,e molar
longitudinālis,e longitudinal,lengthwise muscŭlus,i m muscle
longus,a,um long - N-
lumbālis,e lumbar nasālis,e nasal
lymphatĭcus,a,um lymphatic nasus,i m nose
- M- nervōsus,a,um nervous
magnus,a,um large,great nervus,i m nerve
major,jus large nodŭlus,i m nodulus
mamma,aef mammarygland nodus,i m node
mandibŭla,aef lowerjaw nomen,ĭnisn name
mandibulāris,e mandibular nucha,aef nape ofneck
massa,aef mass nuclěus,im spheroid body within acell
masseterĭcus,a,um masticatory,chewing - O-
mastoiděus,a,um mammiform oblīquus,a,um oblique
mater,tris f membrane of brain or spinalcord occipitālis,e occipital
maxilla,aef upperjaw optĭcus,a,um optic,visual
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187
orbĭta,aef eye-socket
posterĭor,ĭus back
orbitālis,e orbital
processus,us m process; appendix
os,oris n mouth
profundus,a,um deep
os,ossis n bone
pterygoiděus,a,um wing-shaped,pterygoid
ossěus,a,um bony
pulmo,ōnism lung
ostĭum,in mouth, aperture,opening
pulmonālis,e pulmonary
ovālis,e oval
pylorĭcus,e pyloric
- P-
- R-
palatīnus,a,um palatine
raphe,es f raphe
palātum,in palate
radĭus,i m thicker and shorter bone offorearm
palpěbra,aef eyelid
radix,īcis f root,radix
pancrěas,ătisn pancreas
ramus,im branch
papilla,aef papilla
rectālis,e rectal
parĭes,ētism wall
regĭo,ōnis f region
parietālis,e parietal
ren,renis m kidney
pars,partisf part
renālis,e renal
parvus,a,um little,small
retīna,aef retina
pectorālis,e pectoral
retinacŭlum,in retinaculum
pedicŭlus,im pedicle, smallfoot
rotundus,a,um round
pelvis,is f pelvis
ruber,bra,brum red
peron(a)eus,a,um fibular
- S-
petrōsus,a,um stony
sagittālis,e sagital
pharyngēus,a,um pharyngeal
sanguiněus,a,um bloody,sanguiferous
pharynx,ýngis m pharynx
sanguis,ĭnism blood
pius,a,um soft scalēnus,a,um stairs-shaped
pleurālis,e pleural scapŭla,aef shoulderblade
plexus,us m network; chiefly of veins andnerves sella,aef saddle
plica,aef fold semilunāris,e semilunar
porta,aef entry septum,in partition, dividingwall
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189
serrātus,a,um serrate
thymus,im thymus
simplex,ĭcis simple
thyreoiděus,a,um thyroid
sinister,tra,trum left
tibĭa,aef shinebone, larger of two bones ofleg
sinus,us m hollow curvature orcavity
tibiālis,e tibial
sinusoiděus,a,um sinusoid
tonsilla,aef tonsil
skelěton,in skeleton
transversus,a,um transverse
spatĭum,in space
trigeminālis,e trigeminal
sphenoidālis,e wedge-shaped,sphenoid
trochanter,ērism trochanter
spina,aef spine
trochleāris,e trochlear
spinālis,e spinal
truncus,im trunk
spinōsus,a,um spinous
tuber,ěrisn large roundedswelling
sternālis,e sternal
tubercŭlum,in tubercle; small roundedswelling
stroma,ătisn stroma
tuberosĭtas,ātisf tuberosity
sublinguālis,e sublingual
tympanĭcus,a,um tympanic
sulcus,i m furrow orgroove
tympănum,in tympanum
superficiālis,e superficial
- V-
superĭor,ĭus higher,upper
vagīna,aef sheath,vagina
suprēmus,a,um highest
valvŭla,aef small valva; valve
sutūra,aef suture; line ofjunction
vas,vasis n vessel
synchondrōsis,isf synchondrosis
vena,aef vein
synoviālis,e synovial
venōsus,a,um venous
systēma,ătisn system
vertěbra,aef vertebra
- T-
vertebrālis,e vertebral
talus,i m ankle bone,talus
vestibŭlum,in vestibule
tegmen,ĭnisn roof
vita,aef life
temporālis,e temporal
vomer,ěris m vomer
tendo,ĭnis m tendon
- Z-
thoracĭcus,a,um thoracic
zygomatĭcus,a,um zygomatic
thorax,ācism chest
 190
191
III. English- Latin AnatomyDictionary
cervical cervicālis,e
-A-
chest thorax, ācism
abdomen abdōmen, ĭnisn
chiasm chiasma, ătisn
additional accessorĭus, a,um
ciliary ciliāris,e
alar alāris,e
coccygeal coccygēus, a, um
alveolar alveolāris,e
coccyx,coccygealbone coccyx, ygism
anterior anterĭor,ĭus
aortic,aortal aortĭcus, a,um cochlea cochlěa, aef
apex,top,tip apex, ĭcism cochlear cochleāris,e
arbor arbor, ōrisf column columna, aef
arterial arteriōsus, a,um complex composĭtus, a,um
-B- concha concha, aef
back posterĭor,ĭus constrictormuscle muscŭlus (i m) constrictor (ōrism)
bifurcation bifurcatio, ōnisf cord chorda, aef
blood sanguis, ĭnism coronary coronarĭus, a,um
blood,sanguinerous sanguiněus, a,um cortex cortex, ĭcism
brain cerěbrum, i n; encephălon, in costal costālis,e
-C- cranial craniālis,e

canine,cuspidtooth dens (dentis m)canīnus (us, a, um) crest crista, aef

capillary capillāris,e crus crus, crurisn
cardiac cardiăcus, a,um cutaneous cutaněus, a,um

carotid carotĭcus, a,um -D-

cartilage cartilāgo, ĭnisf deep profundus, a,um

caval,hollow cavus, a,um dental dentālis,e
cavernous cavernōsus, a,um depressormuscle muscŭlus (i m) depressor (ōrism)
cavity antrum, i n; cavum, i n; dorsal dorsālis,e
cavĭtas, ātisf duct ductus, usm
central centrālis,e -E-
cerebellum cerebellum, in ear auris, isf
eminence jugum, in
 192
193
entry porta, aef
extensor extensor, ōrism -H-

extensormuscle muscŭlus (i m) extensor (ōrism) hard,solid durus, a,um

extremity membrum, in head caput, ĭtisn
eyelid palpěbra, aef heart cor, cordisn
eye-socket orbĭta, aef higher superĭor,ĭus
-F- highest suprēmus, a,um

face facĭes, ēif holloworcavity sinus, usm

fascia fascĭa, aef horizontal horizontālis, e

fibrous fibrōsus, a,um horn;horn-shapedprocess cornu, usn

fibula,splint-bone fibŭla, aef -I-

fibular fibulāris, e; peron(a)eus, a,um iliac iliăcus, a,um
finger;toe digĭtus, im impression impressĭo, ōnisf
first chamber of the heart incisive,cutting,sharp incisīvus, a,um
atrĭum, i n
(atrium) incisortooth dens (dentis m) incisīvus (us, a,um)
fissure,narrowslit fissūra, aef incisure, slitornotch incisūra, aef

flexor flexor, ōrism interalveolar interalveolāris,e

fold plica, aef intercostal intercostālis,e

fornix,arc fornix, ĭcism interglobular interglobulāris,e

foveola foveŏla, aef interlobular interlobulāris,e

front anterĭor,ĭus internal internus, a,um

frontal frontālis,e interradicular interradiculāris,e

furroworgroove sulcus, im interspinal interspinōsus, a,um

-G- -J-

gastric gastrĭcus, a,um joint articulatĭo, ōnisf

girdle cingŭlum, in jugular jugulāris,e

gland glandŭla, aef -K-

glome,glomus glomus, ěrisn kidney ren, renism

 194
195
-L-
-M-
labyrinth labyrinthus, im
main arteryofbody aorta, aef
large major,jus
mammarygland mamma, aef
largeroundedswelling tuber, ěrisn
mammiform mastoiděus, a,um
large,great magnus, a,um
mandibular mandibulāris,e
largest maxĭmus, a,um
mass massa, aef
lateral laterālis,e
masticatory,chewing masseterĭcus, a,um
left sinister, tra,trum
medial mediālis,e
leg,crus crus, crurisn
medulla medulla, aef
levatormuscle muscŭlus (i m) levātor (ōrism)
member,extremity membrum, in
life vita, aef
membrane membrāna, aef
ligament ligamentum, in
membrane of brain or spinal mater, tris f
line liněa, aef
cord
lingual linguālis,e membranous membranacěus, a,um
lip labĭum, in mental mentālis,e
little,small parvus, a,um middle medĭus, a,um
liver hepar, ătisn milktooth dens (dentis m) decidŭus (us, a,um)
lobe lobus, im mobile mobĭlis,e
lobulose,lobulous,lobulated lobātus, a, um molar molāris,e
long longus, a,um molartooth dens (dentis m) molāris(is,e)
longest longissĭmus, a,um mouth os, orisn
longitudinal,lengthwise longitudinālis, e mouth,aperture,opening ostĭum, i n
lower inferĭor,ĭus muscle muscŭlus, im
lowerjaw mandibŭla, aef -N-
lumbar lumbālis,e
name nomen, ĭnisn
lung pulmo, ōnism
napeofneck nucha, aef
lymphatic lymphatĭcus, a,um
nasal nasālis,e
neck cervix, īcisf
nerve nervus, im
 196
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nervous nervōsus, a,um
plate lamĭna, aef
nervousnode ganglĭon, in
pleural pleurālis,e
network; chiefly of veins and
plexus, us m pouch,sac bursa, aef
nerves
premolartooth dens (dentis m) premolāris (is,e)
node nodus, im process,appendix processus, us m; appendix, īcisf
nodulus nodŭlus, im pulmonary pulmonālis,e
nose nasus, im pyloric pylorĭcus,e
-O- -R-
oblique oblīquus, a,um rectal rectālis,e
occipital occipitālis,e red ruber, bra,brum
opening forāmen, ĭnisn region regĭo, ōnisf
optic,visual optĭcus, a,um renal renālis,e
orbital orbitālis,e retina retīna, aef
oval ovālis,e retinaculum retinacŭlum, in
-P- rib costa, aef
palate palātum, in right dexter, tra,trum
palatine palatīnus, a,um ring-shaped anulāris,e
pancreas pancrěas, ătisn roof tegmen, ĭnisn
papilla papilla, aef root,radix radix, īcisf
parietal parietālis,e rotatormuscle muscŭlus (i m) rotātor (ōrism)
part pars, partisf round rotundus, a,um
partition,dividingwall septum, in -S-
passage meātus, usm saddle sella, aef
pectoral pectorālis,e sagital sagittālis,e
pedicle,smallfoot pedicŭlus, im semilunar semilunāris,e
pelvis pelvis, isf serrate serrātus, a,um
pertainingtobuttocks glutaeus, a,um shallow depressionorcavity fossa, ae f
pharyngeal pharyngēus, a,um sheath vagīna, aef
pharynx pharynx, yngism shinebone, larger of two tibĭa, ae f
 198 199
bones of leg synchondrosis synchondrōsis, isf
short brevis,e
synovial synoviālis,e
shoulderappendix acromĭon, in
system systēma, ătisn
shoulder-blade scapŭla, aef
-T-
sieve-shaped ethmoidālis,e
temporal temporālis,e
simple simplex,ĭcis
tendon tendo, ĭnism
sinusoid sinusoiděus, a,um
tensormuscle muscŭlus (i m) tensor (ōrism)
skeleton skelěton, in
thicker and shorter bone of radĭus, i m
skin cutis, isf
forearm
skull cranĭum, in
thoracic thoracĭcus, a,um
small minor,us
thymus thymus, im
small pitordepression fověa, aef
thyroid thyreoiděus, a,um
smallvalva;valve valvŭla, aef
tibial tibiālis,e
smallest minĭmus, a,um
tongue,language lingua, aef
soft pius, a,um
tonsil tonsilla, aef
space spatĭum, in
tooth dens, dentism
spheroid body withinacell nuclěus, i m
transverse transversus, a,um
spinal spinālis,e
trigeminal trigeminālis,e
spine spina, aef
trochanter trochanter, ērism
spinous spinōsus, a,um
trochlear trochleāris,e
spleen lien, ēnism
trunk truncus, im
stairs-shaped scalēnus, a,um
tubercle; small rounded tubercŭlum, i n
sternal sternālis,e
swelling
stomach gaster, trisf
tuberosity tuberosĭtas, ātisf
stony petrōsus, a,um
tympanic tympanĭcus, a,um
stroma stroma, ătisn
tympanum tympănum, in
sublingual sublinguālis, e; hyoiděus, a,um
-U-
superficial superficiālis,e
upper superĭor,ĭus
surface facĭes, ēif
upperarm brachĭum, in
suture; lineofjunction sutūra, aef
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upperjaw maxilla, aef
VI. Greek & Latin-English Clinical Dictionary
-V-
Greek&Latin English Meaning
vein vena, aef
venous venōsus, a,um -A-
vertebra vertěbra, aef acheilia acheilia lack oflips
vertebral vertebrālis,e acrocyanōsis acrocyanosis blue coloration of thedistal
parts
vessel vas, vasisn adenītis adenitis inflammation of agland
vestibule vestibŭlum, in adenocytus adenocyte glandularcell
vomer vomer, ěrism
adenōma adenoma benign epithelial tumour
-W-
adenomyōma adenomyoma benign tumour fromsmooth
wall parĭes, ētism muscles with glandularelements
adenopathia adenopathy tumour or enlargement oflymph
waterduct aquaeductus, us m glands
wedge-shaped,sphenoid sphenoidālis, e adenotomia adenotomy removal of adenoids
widest latissĭmus, a,um adentia adentia lack ofteeth
wing ala, aef anaemia anemia deficiency of the blood in
quality orquantity
wing-shaped,pterygoid pterygoiděus, a,um anaesthesia anesthesia absence offeelings
wisdomtooth dens (dentis m) sapientĭae (a, ae f)
angiītis angiitis inflammation of bloodvessels
(dens serotĭnus (us, a,um))
angiocardiogramma angiocardiogram results of X-ray examinationof
-Y- heart blood vessels
angiocardiographia angiocardiography X-ray recording of the heartand
yellow flavus, a,um vessels
angiocholecystītis angiocholecystitis inflammation ofgallbladder
-Z-
vessels
zygomatic zygomatĭcus, a,um angiogramma angiogram results of blood vesselX-ray
examination
angiographia angiography X-ray recording of vessels
angiologia angiology study of bloodvessels
angiōma angioma benign tumour composedof
blood vessels
angiomatōsis angiomatosis multiple vesseltumours
angiopathia angiopathy disease of blood vessels
anophthalmia anophthalmia lack of eyeballs
 202
203
anuria anuria complete suppression of urine
secretion in thekidney -C-
aphagia aphagia inability toswallow cancerophobia cancerophobia fear ofcancer
aphonia aphonia loss ofvoice cardiologia cardiology study of the heart andheart
aplasia aplasia abnormal formation or function
development cardiomegalia cardiomegaly enlargement of theheart
arthralgia arthralgia feeling of pain in the joint cardiomyoplegia cardiomyoplegia palsy (paralysis) ofthe
arthrītis arthritis inflammation of thejoint heart
cardiopathia cardiopathy disease of theheart
arthrochondrītis arthrochondritis inflammation of the jointand
cartilage cardiophobia cardiophobia fear of heart diseases
arthropathia arthropathy disease ofjoints
cardiotomia cardiotomy cutting (incision) ofthe
arthrophthalmopathia arthrophthalmopathy disease of joints and eyes heart
cephalgia (cephalalgia) cephalgia head pain (headache)
arthroplastica arthroplasty plastic surgery of thejoint
(cephalalgia)
arthrōsis arthrosis any disease of joints
cephalhaematōma cephalhematoma blood clot in the brainof
arthrotomia arthrotomy cutting (incision) of the joint newborn
cephalomegalia cephalomegaly increased size of the head
atrichia atrichia lack ofhair
cephalopathia cephalopathy disease of thebrain
atrophia atrophy decrease in size or wastingaway
of a cell, tissue, organ or part cephalotomia cephalotomy cutting (incision) ofthe
-B- brain
cheilitis cheilitis inflammation of lips
bilaterālis bilateral on bothsides
cheilorrhagia cheilorrhagia bleeding from the lip
biologia biology study oflife
cheilōsis cheilosis any disease of lips
biopsia biopsy removal of a segment of living
tissue for pathological examination cholecystectomia cholecystectomy removal of thegallbladder
bradyaesthesia bradyesthesia slowing of transmittence of cholecystītis cholecystitis inflammation ofthe
sensoric feelings bradyarrhythmia gallbladder
bradyarrhythmia disturbance of the heart activity cholecystogramma cholecystogram results of gallbladderX-ray
(slowing) examination
bradycardia bradycardia abnormally slow heartaction cholecystographia cholecystography X-ray recording ofthe
(slow pulse) gallbladder
bradyglossia bradyglossia slowing of tongue movements cholecystopathia cholecystopathy disease of thegallbladder
bradykinesia bradykinesia slowing of movements cholecystopexia cholecystopexy fixation of the gallbladder
bradyphagia bradyphagia slowing ofswallowing
cholecystoscopia cholecystoscopy internal examination ofthe
gallbladder
cholecystostōma cholecystostoma artificial opening ofthe
gallbladder
cholecystostomia cholecystostomy creation of anartificial
opening of the gallbladder
 204
205
cholecystotomia cholecystotomy cutting of thegallbladder urinary bladder
cholelithiāsis cholelithiasis disease with thepresence cystopexia cystopexy fixation of thebladder
of stones in the gallbladder
cystoplegia cystoplegia palsy (paralysis) ofthe
and its ducts
bladder cystopyelogramma
chondrītis chondritis inflammation ofcartilages
cystopyelogram results of urinarybladder
chondrodystrophia chondrodystrophy disturbance ofcartilage and renal pelvis X-ray
nutrition examination
cystopyelographia cystopyelography X-ray recording ofurinary
chondrogēnus chondrogenous, developing from the
bladder and renal pelvis
cartilaginous tissue
chondrogenic cystoscopia cystoscopy internal examination ofthe
chondrōma chondroma benign tumour from urinary bladder
cartilaginoustissue cystostomia cystostomy creation of anartificial
chondropathia chondropathy disease ofcartilages opening of the urinary
bladder
chondrosteodystrophia chondrosteodystrophy disturbance of cystotomia cystotomy cutting (incision) of the
cartilaginous and bone urinarybladder
tissues nourishment cytogramma cytogram results of cell microscopic
chondrotomia chondrotomy cutting (incision) ofthe examination
cartilage cytologia cytology study of acell
colostomia colostomy creation of an artificial
opening of thecolon cytopenia cytopenia decrease in the number of
colpītis colpitis inflammation of thevagina cells in theblood
cytoscopia cytoscopy microscopic examination
colpopexia colpopexy fixation of the vagina of thecell
colposcopia colposcopy internal examination ofthe -D-
vagina dacryoadenalgia dacryoadenalgia feeling of pain in the tear gland
colpotomia colpotomy cutting of the vagina
dacryoadenītis dacryoadenitis inflammation of the tear gland
cyanodermia cyanodermia blue coloration of theskin
dacryocystectomia dacryocystectomy removal of the tear sac dacryocystītis
cyanopsia cyanopsia disturbance of vision:
vision only in bluecolour dacryocystitis inflammation of the tearsac
cyanōsis cyanosis blueness of the skin caused dacryocystogramma dacryocystogram results of tear sacX-ray
by the deficiency of oxygen examination
and the excess of carbon dacryopyorrhoea dacryopyorrhea purulent discharge from thetear
dioxide in theblood gland
cyanuria cyanuria violet coloration of the dactylalgia dactylalgia feeling of pain in the fingersor
urine toes
cystectomia cystectomy removal of theurinary enlargement of fingers or toes
dactylomegalia dactylomegaly
bladder
cystītis cystitis inflammation of theurinary (megalodactylia) (megalodactyly)
bladder dermatītis dermatitis inflammation of the skin
cystogramma cystogram results of urinarybladder
X-ray examination dermatologia dermatology study of skindiseases
cystographia cystography X-ray recording ofthe
 206
207
dermatōma dermatoma tumour of the skin dermatoscopia
endometrītis endometritis inflammation of uterinemucous
dermatoscopy internal examination of the skin coat
dermatōsis dermatosis any disease of the skin dicheilia endophthalmītis endophthalmitis inflammation of internaleye
coat
dicheilia doublelip endoscopia endoscopy internal examination ofmucous
didactylia didactyly double finger(toe) endosteum endosteum medullary membrane ofthe
diplegia diplegia bilateral palsy(paralysis) bone
enterītis enteritis inflammation of the intestines
diplopia diplopia doublevision
enterolithus enterolith intestinalstone
dysenteria dysentery painful intestines
enteropathia enteropathy disease of the small intestine
dyskeratōsis dyskeratosis malfunction of the cornea
enteropexia enteropexy fixation of the small intestine
dyskinesia dyskinesia disturbance of movements
enterorrhagia enterorrhagia small intestine bleeding
dysopia dysopia disturbance of vision
enterorrhaphia enterorrhaphy suturing of the smallintestine
dysphagia dysphagia difficulty inswallowing
enterostomia enterostomy creation of an artificialopening
dysphonia dysphonia disturbance of voiceformation of the small intestine
erythēma erythema redness of the skin producedby
dysplasia dysplasia abnormal development
congestion of the capillaries
dystrophia dystrophy abnormalnourishment; erythroaemia erythroemia disease with increasing ofred
disturbance of nourishment blood cell count
dysuria dysuria difficult or painfulurination erythrocytōsis erythrocytosis increased count of redblood
cells in the blood
-E- erythrocyturia erythrocyturia discharge of erythrocytesby
electrocardiogramma electrocardiogram recording of electricalactivity urine
of heartbeats erythrocytus erythrocyte red bloodcell
electrocardiographia electrocardiography recording of activity and erythrodermia erythrodermia skin inflammationwith
location of the heart reddening, itching and
encephalītis encephalitis inflammation of the brainand desquamation
meninges erythrokeratodermia erythrokeratoderma disease accompanied by redness
encephalogramma encephalogram recording of electricalactivity of horny skin layer
of the brain erythropenia erythropenia decreased numberof
encephalographia encephalography recording of thebrain erythrocytes
encephalomyelītis encephalomyelitis inflammation of the brainand -G-
spinal cord gastralgia gastralgia feeling of pain in the
encephalopathia encephalopathy disease of thebrain stomach(stomachache)
endocardītis endocarditis inflammation of heart inner coat gastrectomia gastrectomy removal of thestomach

endocardium endocardium endothelial (inner) lining ofthe gastrītis gastritis inflammation of stomach
heart lining
endogēnus endogenous normally occurring orexisting gastrocolostomia gastrocolostomy creation of anartificial
within the body opening between stomach
 208
209
and colon gynaecologia gynecology the branch of medicinethat
gastroduodenostomia gastroduodenostomy creation of anartificial treats diseases of the genital
opening between stomach tract in women
and duodenum gynaecopathia gynecopathy disease of the genital tractin
gastroenterītis gastroenteritis inflammation of stomachand
women
small intestine
gastroenterologia gastroenterology study of stomach andsmall gynaecophobia gynecophobia aversion towomen
intestine
-H-
gastroenterostomia gastroenterostomy creation of anartificial
opening between stomach haemangiōma hemangioma benign tumour fromblood
and small intestine vessels
gastroesophagostomia gastroesophagostomy creation of anartificial haemarthrōsis hemarthrosis accumulation of blood in the
opening between stomach joint cavity
and esophagus
gastrogēnus gastrogenous, developing from the stomach haematogēnus hematogenic developing from blood
gastrogenic haematologia hematology study of blood and blood-
gastropexia gastropexy fixation of the stomach forming tissue
haematōma hematoma mass of coagulated blood
gastrorrhagia gastrorrhagia stomachbleeding
(internal or under the skin)
gastroscopia gastroscopy internal examination ofthe haematometra hematometra accumulation of blood in the
stomach uterine cavity
gastrostōma gastrostoma artificial stomachopening haematuria hematuria blood in the urine
gastrostomia gastrostomy creation of anartificial haemogramma hemogram results of blood examination
stomach opening
gastrotomia gastrotomy cutting of thestomach haemopericardium hemopericardium accumulation of blood in the
pericardium
glossalgia glossalgia feeling of pain in thetongue haemophthalmus hemophthalmus accumulation of blood in the
glossītis glossitis inflammation of thetongue eye
glossopathia glossopathy disease of the tongue haemorrhagia hemorrhagia bleeding

glossoplastica glossoplasty plastic surgery of thetongue haemotherapia hemotherapy treatment by using the blood
glossoplegia glossoplegia palsy (paralysis) ofthe haemothorax hemothorax accumulation of blood in the
tongue thoracic cavity
glossorrhagia glossorrhagia bleeding from thetongue hepatolithus hepatolith hepatic stone
glossorrhaphia glossorrhaphy suturing of the tongue heterogēnus heterogenic of different kind or type
glossotomia glossotomy cutting of thetongue histologia histology microscopic study of tissues
glossotrichia glossotrichia hairytongue histōma histoma benign tumour from the tissue
glucosuria glucosuria abnormal presence of histopathologia histopathology microscopic study of tissues
glucose (sugar) in theurine injured by the disease
glykaemia glycemia presence of glucose (sugar) histotherapia histotherapy treatment by the introduction of
in theblood tissue
homogēnus homogenic of the same kind or type
 210 211
hydraemia hydremia increased blood volume due to hyperthyreōsis hyperthyreosis decreased function of the
increased plasma volume thyroid gland
hydrarthrōsis hydrarthrosis accumulation of fluid in the hypertrichōsis hypertrichosis abnormal growth of hair
joint
hypertrophia hypertrophy abnormal enlargement of apart
hydrocephalia hydrocephaly accumulation of fluid in the
or organ
skull (water in the brain) hypogastrium hypogastric under the stomach, pertainingto
hydrocholecystus hydrocholecystis accumulation of fluid in the the lower middle abdomen
gallbladder hypoglossus hypoglossal; situated under the tongue
hydrologia hydrology study of water
hydrometra hydrometra accumulation of fluid inthe sublingual
uterine cavity hypoglykaemia hypoglykemia deficiency of glucose inthe
hydromyelia hydromyelia accumulation of fluid inthe blood
spinal cord hypokinesia hypokinesia small quantity ofmovements
hydronephrōsis hydronephrosis enlargement and distentionof
hypoplasia hypoplasia incomplete development ofan
the kidney due to block of urine
organ or a tissue
outflow
hypothermia hypothermia decreasing oftemperature
hydropericardium hydropericardium accumulation of fluid inthe
pericardial cavity hypothyreōsis hypothyreosis increased function of thethyroid
hydroperitoneum hydroperitoneum accumulation of fluid inthe gland
abdominal cavity hypotrophia hypotrophy abnormal decrease in size ofa
hydrophobia hydrophobia fear ofwater part or an organ
hypovitaminōsis hypovitaminosis deficiency of vitamins inthe
hydrophthalmus hydrophthalmos accumulation of fluid in the eye organism
hydropneumothorax hydropneumothorax accumulation of gas andfluid hysterectomia hysterectomy removal of theuterus
in the pleural cavity hysteropathia hysteropathy disease of the uterus
hydrorrhoea hydrorrhea discharge of water fromthe
tissues hysteropexia hysteropexy fixation of the uterus
hydrotherapia hydrotherapy use of water in the treatmentof hysterorrhagia hysterorrhagia uterine bleeding
disease or injury
hydrothorax hydrothorax accumulation ofnoninfectious hysterorrhaphia hysterorrhaphy suturing of the uterus
watery fluid in the pleural cavity hysterotomia hysterotomy cutting of theuterus
hyperaemia hyperemia excessive presence of bloodin
the part or organ hyperkeratōsis -K-
hyperkeratosis abnormal thickening ofcornea
keratectomia keratectomy removal of the eye cornea
or horny skin layer
hyperlipaemia hyperlipemia an excess of lipids (fats) inthe keratītis keratitis inflammation of the eye cornea
blood
keratōma keratoma tumour of the eye cornea
hypermastia hypermastia abnormal increase of thebreast
in size keratōsis keratosis any disease of the eye cornea
hypernephrōma hypernephroma abnormal enlargement ofkidney keratotomia keratotomy cutting of the eye cornea
tumour
hyperplasia hyperplasia abnormal increase in size ofa kinesiologia kinesiology study of body movements
tissue or an organ kinesitherapia kinesitherapy treatment by motorregimen
hyperthermia hyperthermia elevation oftemperature
 212
213
kinetōsis kinetosis disease caused bypassive
mammogramma mammogram results of breastX-ray
movements examination
mammographia mammography X-ray recording of the breast
-L- mastectomia mastectomy removal of the breast
leukaemia leukemia malignant disease of blood- mastītis mastitis inflammation of the breast
forming organs
(leucaemia) cells in the blood mastomegalia mastomegaly enlargement of the breast
leucocytus
leucocytōsis leucocyte
leucocytosis white bloodcell
increased count of white blood mastopathia
melanodermia mastopathy
melanoderma disease
dark of theinbreast
pigment the skin
leucoderma leucoderma appearing of white spots onthe melanōma melanoma dark pigment in a tumour
skin
leucogramma leucogram results of leucocytes studying melanōsis melanosis excessive tissues (ororgans)
pigmentation caused by melanin
leucōma leucoma tumour of whitetissue
deposits
leucopenia leucopenia decrease in the numberof melanuria melanuria dark pigment excreted inthe
leukocytes in the blood urine
leucorrhoea leucorrhea whitish or yellowishviscid metrectomia metrectomy removal of the uterus metrītis
discharge from vagina or uterus
metritis inflammation of the uterus
lipaemia lipemia decreased number of lipidsin
theblood metrographia metrography X-ray recording of the uterus
lipatrophia lipatrophy absence of fattissue metropathia metropathy disease of the uterus
nourishment lipodystrophia
lipodystrophy disturbance of the fattissue metropexia metropexy fixation of the uterus
nourishment metrorrhagia metrorrhagia uterinebleeding
lipofibrōma lipofibroma benign tumour composedof
fibrous tissue withlipocytes metrotomia metrotomy cutting of theuterus
lipogēnus lipogenic producingfat microcephalia microcephaly small skull and small amountof
lipōma lipoma benign tumour composed of brain tissue microencephalia
fattytissues microencephaly congenitally small skulland
lipopenia lipopenia decrease in the number of lipids small amount of brain tissue
microgastria microgastria smallstomach
lipuria lipuria lipid excretion by urine
microglossia microglossia small tongue
lymphadenītis lymphadenitis inflammation of lymphnodes
micromastia micromastia small breast
-M-
microphthalmia microphthalmia small size of theeye
microphonia
macrocephalia macrocephaly large skull and large amount of
microphonia subsided sound on external
brain tissue
examination (on palpation, on
macrocheilia macrocheilia excessive enlargement of lips auscultation)
macroglossia macroglossia large tongue microscopia microscopy microscopic examination
macromastia macromastia large breast microsplenia microsplenia small spleen
 214
215
monocytopenia monocytopenia decreased number of monocytes
myometrītis myometritis inflammation ofuterine
monocytus monocyte particular type of whiteblood muscular membrane
cell that has one nucleus myopathia myopathy any disease of the muscletissue
monodactylia monodactyly one finger on the hand myopia myopia light rays focus in front of the
monomyoplegia monomyoplegia paralysis of one muscle (palsy) retina
myorrhaphia myorrhaphy suturing of themuscle
mononeuritis mononeuritis inflammation of one nerve
myosītis myositis inflammation of avoluntary
monopathia monopathy uncomplicated disease
muscle
monophobia monophobia fear of loneliness(solitude) myotomia myotomy cutting of amuscle
monoplegia monoplegia palsy (paralysis) ofone -N-
extremity
myalgia myalgia pain in themuscles nephrectomia nephrectomy removal of the kidney

myelaemia myelemia abnormally increased amountof nephrītis nephritis inflammation of thekidney

myelocytes in the blood or nephrogēnus nephrogenous, developing from the renal tissue
tissues
nephrogenic
myelītis myelitis inflammation of the spinalcord
myelocytus myelocyte nerve cell of the greysubstance nephrogramma nephrogram results of kidneyX-ray
of the brain or spinal cord examination
myelogēnus myelogenous developing from thebone nephrolithiāsis nephrolithiasis disease with the stonesformation
marrow (calculi) in the kidney
myelogramma myelogram X-ray recording of thespinal nephrolithus nephrolith renal stone
cord
nephrologia nephrology study of kidneys
myelographia myelography results of spinal cordX-ray
examination nephrōma nephroma tumour of thekidney
myelōma myeloma malignant tumour ofcells
nephromegalia nephromegaly enlargement of the kidney
resembling those found in bone
marrow nephropathia nephropathy disease of kidneys
myelopathia myelopathy disease of the spinal cord
nephropexia nephropexy fixation of thekidney
myelōsis myelosis any disease of the spinal cord
nephropyelītis nephropyelitis inflammation of the kidneyand
myocardiodystrophia myocardiodystrophy distrophic lesion of myocardium renal pelvis
nephropyelographia nephropyelography X-ray recording of the kidney and
myocardiopathia myocardiopathy disease ofmyocardium renal pelvis
myocardium myocardium middle and thickest layer ofthe nephropyelostomia nephropyelostomy creation of an artificialopening
heart wall between kidney and renalpelvis
myogēnus myogenous developing frommuscles nephrōsis nephrosis any kidney disease

myogramma myogram X-ray recordig of theelectrical nephrotomia nephrotomy cutting of thekidney

activity of muscles neuralgia neuralgia pain that extends along oneor
myologia myology study ofmuscles more nerves
myōma myoma benign tumour of muscular neurectomia neurectomy removal of thenerve
tissue
 216
21
neurītis neuritis inflammation of thenerve 7 tumours
neurogenus neurogenic developing from nervoussystem oncotomia oncotomy cutting (incision) of the tumour
or tissue
ophthalmologia ophthalmology study of eye disorders
neurologia neurology medical speciality related tothe
brain and nervous system ophthalmoplegia ophthalmoplegia palsy (paralysis) of the eye
neurōma neuroma tumour from nervouscells
ophthalmorrhagia ophthalmorrhagia bleeding from the eye
neuropathia neuropathy nervousdisease
ophthalmoscopia ophthalmoscopy internal examination of theeye
neuropathologia neuropathology the branch of medicine thattreats orthodontus orthodontist physician whotreats
disease of the nervous system abnormalities of teeth
neurorrhaphia neurorrhaphy suturing of thenerve orthopaedia orthopedics study of the correction ofthe
neurōsis neurosis mental or psychiatricdisorder musculoskeletal system
characterized by fears, anxieties deformities
and compulsions osteoarthrītis osteoarthritis inflammation of bones and joints
neurotomia neurotomy cutting of thenerve osteoarthropathia osteoarthropathy disease of bones andjoints

-O- osteoarthrotomia osteoarthrotomy cutting (incision) of the bone

and joint
odontalgia odontalgia feeling of pain in the tooth osteochondrītis osteochondritis inflammation of bones and
(toothache) cartilages
odontogēnus odontogenic developing from the tooth osteocytōma osteocytoma solitary bone cyst
odontōma odontoma tumour of tooth tissue osteocytus osteocyte bone cell
odontorrhagia odontorrhagia bleeding from the tooth osteodystrophia osteodystrophy disturbance of bone tissue
nourishment
oesophagostomia oesophagostomy creation of an artificialopening osteoectomia osteoectomy removal of thebone
of the esophagus
osteogenēsis osteogenesis formation of bonetissue
oligaemia oligemia deficiency of the blood
osteogēnus osteogenous, osteogenic
oligocytaemia oligocytemia insufficiency of blood cells developing from the bone
osteologia osteology study ofbones
oligodactylia oligodactylia lack of fingers or toes
osteōma osteoma tumour made up of bone tissue
oligodentia oligodentia lack of teeth
osteomyelītis osteomyelitis inflammation of the boneand
oligokinesia oligokinesia small quantity of movements bone marrow
osteopathia osteopathy disease ofbones
oligomenorrhoea oligomenorrhea disturbance of menses
oligotrophia oligotrophy insufficient nutrition of the osteopathologia osteopathology disease of bones pathologic
tissue or organ changes
oliguria oliguria deficient urinary secretion or osteotomia osteotomy cutting (section) of the bone
infrequent urination ostītis ostitis inflammation of bones
oncocytōma oncocytoma formation of tumour cells
otalgia otalgia feeling of pain in the ear
oncologia oncology study of tumours (earache)
oncōsis oncosis formation of one or more
 218
219
otītis otitis inflammation of theear
perimetrītis perimetritis tissue inflammationsurrounding
otogēnus otogenic developing from the ear uterus
perinephrītis perinephritis tissue inflammationsurrounding
otoneurologia otoneurology the branch of medicinestudying kidney
ear nerves periodontium periodontium tissue surroundingand
otopyorrhoea otopyorrhea purulent discharge from the ear supporting the tooth
otorrhagia otorrhagia bleeding from the ear otorrhoea periosteōma periosteoma tumour ofperiosteum
otorrhea discharge from the ear otoscopia periostītis periostitis inflammation of periosteum
otoscopy internal examination of theear periphlebītis periphlebitis inflammation of venousinternal
-P- membrane
phagocytōsis phagocytosis the process when a cellingests
paediater pediatrician physician who treatschildren or engulfs other cells,
disorders microorganisms or foreign
paediatria pediatrics study of children treatment particles
phlebectomia phlebectomy removal of the vein
panalgia panalgia widespread pain of theorganism
phlebītis phlebitis inflammation of thevein
panaortītis panaortitis widespread,general
inflammation of the aorta phlebogramma phlebogram results of veinX-ray
panarterītis panarteritis widespread,general examination
inflammation of the artery phlebographia phlebography X-ray recording of the vein
pancardītis pancarditis widespread,general
phlebolithus phlebolith venous stone phleborrhaphia
inflammation of the heart
panhysterectomia panhysterectomy removal of the uterusand phleborrhaphy suturing of the vein
uterine appendages
phlebotomia phlebotomy cutting of thevein
panophthalmītis panophthalmitis widespread,general
inflammation of the eye ball phthisiater phthisiotherapist physician whotreats
panotītis panotitis widespread,general tuberculosis
inflammation of the ear phthisiologia phthisiology study oftuberculosis
paracystītis paracystitis tissue inflammation near urinary
physiologia physiology science of naturalvital
bladder processes in the human body
parametrītis parametritis tissue inflammation near uterus physiotherapia physiotherapy naturaltreatment
paranephrītis paranephritis tissue inflammation near kidney pneumatōsis pneumatosis pathological accumulation ofair
or gases in any part of the
paraproctītis paraproctitis tissue inflammation nearanus
organism
and rectum pneumohaemothora pneumohemothorax accumulation of gas and fluid in
parodontopathia parodontopathy disease ofparodontium the pleural cavity
x
parodontōsis parodontosis any disease ofparodontium
pneumonectomia pneumonectomy removal of the lung
pathologia pathology study of changes in bodytissues
(pulmonectomy)
or organs as a result of disease
pericardītis pericarditis tissue inflammationsurrounding pneumonia pneumonia inflammation of the lungwith
heart consolidation and drainage
 220
221
pneumopericardium pneumopericardium accumulation of air in the
pericardiac cavity pneumothorax psychologia psychology study of the mind
pneumothorax accumulation of gas or air inthe psychopathia psychopathy disease ofmind
pleural cavity pneumotomia
pneumotomy cutting (section) of thelung psychōsis psychosis mental disturbance inwhich
there is a personality
polyadenītis polyadenitis inflammation of manyglands disintergration and an escape
into unreality
polyarthrītis polyarthritis inflammation of many joints
psychotherapia psychotherapy treatment by means ofmental
polycystōsis polycystosis abnormalcondition interference
accompanied with the formation of pyaemia pyemia the presence of pus-forming
multiple cysts organisms in theblood
polycytaemia polycytemia increase in the total cell massof pyelītis pyelitis inflammation of the renalpelvis
the blood
pyelocystītis pyelocystitis inflammation of the renalpelvis
polydactylia polydactylia having more thannormal
and urinary bladder
number of fingers or toes
pyelographia pyelography X-ray recording of therenal
polyneurītis polyneuritis inflammation of manynerves
pelvis
polytrichia polytrichia excessive hair growthon pyelonephrītis pyelonephritis inflammation of the renalpelvis
different parts of the body and kidney
polyuria polyuria excessive discharge of theurine pyelotomia pyelotomy cutting of the renal pelvis
polyvitaminōsis polyvitaminosis increased amount of vitaminsin pyodermia pyodermia purulent infection of the skin
the organism
pyogēnus pyogenic producingpus
proctalgia proctalgia rectumpain
pyometra pyometra pus in theuterus
proctectomia proctectomy removal of the anus andthe
rectum pyonephrōsis pyonephrosis purulent inflammation ofthe
proctītis proctitis inflammation of the anusand kidney
the rectum pyopericardium pyopericardium accumulation of pus inthe
proctologia proctology study of the anus and therectum pericardiac space
pyophthalmia pyophthalmia purulent inflammation ofthe
proctopexia proctopexy fixation of the anus andthe
eye ball
rectum
pyophthalmītis pyophthalmitis purulent inflammation ofthe
proctorrhagia proctorrhagia bleeding from the anus andthe
eye
rectum
pyopneumothorax pyopneumothorax accumulation of gas and pusin
proctoscopia proctoscopy internal examination ofthe
the pleural cavity
rectum
pyorrhoea pyorrhea discharge ofpus
proctostōma proctostoma artificial opening of therectum
pyothorax pyothorax accumulation of pus inthe
proctostomia proctostomy creation of an artificialopening
pleural cavity
of the rectum
pyrogēnus pyrogenic producing (caused by) fever
psychiater psychiatrist physician who specializes inthe
treatment of mental disorders pyromania pyromania striving for setting fire
psychiatria psychiatry science about treatmentof
pyrophobia pyrophobia fear ofheat
mental disorders
psychogēnus psychogenic psychological in origin,not pyrotherapia pyrotherapy treatment byheat
having a physical basis
223 222
pyuria
stomatorrhagia pyuria pus in the urine stomatorrhagia mouthbleeding

-R- stomatoscopia stomatoscopy internal examination of theoral

cavity
rhinalgia rhinalgia feeling of pain in the nose -T-
rhinītis rhinitis inflammation of the nose tachyarrhythmia tachyarrhythmia fast heart rate tachycardia
rhinolithus rhinolith nasal stone tachycardia abnormally fast heartrate

rhinopathia rhinopathy disease of the nose tachykinesia tachykinesia abnormally fast movements

rhinorrhagia rhinorrhagia nasal bleeding tachyphagia tachyphagia fastswallowing

rhinorrhoea
rhinoscopia rhinorrhea
rhinoscopy discharge
internalfrom the nose ofthe
examinations toxicoaemia toxicoemia accumulation ofharmful
substances in the blood
nose toxicodermia toxicoderma accumulation ofharmful
-S- substances in the skin toxicologia
toxicology study of harmful substancesand
their effect on living organisms
splenectomia splenectomy removal of the spleen toxicomania toxicomania drug abuse
splenītis splenitis inflammation of the spleen toxicophobia toxicophobia fear of poisoning
splenōma splenoma tumour of the spleen toxicōsis toxicosis poisoning of the organism
splenomegalia splenomegaly enlargement of the spleen toxigēnus toxigenic producing toxin
(megalosplenia) trichalgia trichalgia feeling of pain in the hair
splenopathia splenopathy disease of the spleen trichatrophia trichatrophy atrophy of hair
splenopexia splenopexy fixation of the spleen trichopathia trichopathy disease of hair
splenorrhagia splenorrhagia splenic bleeding trichorrhoea trichorrhea falling out of hair
splenotomia splenotomy cutting (incision) of the spleen trichōsis trichosis any disease of hair
spondylītis spondylitis inflammation of vertebrae -U-

spondyloarthrītis spondyloarthritis inflammation ofintervertebral

joints uraemia uremia retention of urine substances in
spondylogramma spondylogram results of vertebraeX-ray theblood
examination urogēnus urogenous, urogenic producing theurine
spondylopathia spondylopathy disease of thebackbone urolithus urolith urinarystone
spondylōsis spondylosis any disease of vertebrae
spondylotomia spondylotomy cutting (incision) of the vertebra
stomatītis stomatitis inflammation of the oral cavity
stomatologia stomatology study of the oralcavity
 224
225

V. Latin-English PharmaceuticalDictionary albus,a,um white

alŏё,es f aloe
-A-
althaea,aef althea
acĭdumacetĭcum aceticacid
amidopyrīnum,in amidopyrin
acĭdumacetylsalicylĭcum acetylsalicylicacid
aminophyllīnum,in aminophyllin
acĭdumascorbinĭcum ascorbicacid
ampicillīnum,in ampicillin
acĭdumbenzoĭcum benzoicacid
amўlum (i n) Tritĭci (um,i n) wheatstarch
acĭdumborĭcum boricacid
acĭdumfolĭcum folicacid anaesthesīnum,in anaesthesin

acĭdumglutaminĭcum glutaminicacid analgīnum,in analgin

acĭdumhydrochlorĭcum hydrochloricacid antiasthmatĭcus,a,um antiasthmatic

acĭdumhydrosulfurĭcum hydrosulfuricacid apomorphīnum,in apomorphine

acĭdumlactĭcum lacticacid aqua,aef water

acĭdumlipoĭcum lipoicacid -B-

acĭdumnicotinĭcum nicotinicacid barbitālum-natrĭum,in barbital-sodium

acĭdumnitrĭcum nitricacid belladonna,aef belladonna
acĭdumnitrōsum nitrous acid benzylpenicillīnum-natrĭum,in benzylpenicillin-sodium
acĭdumphosphorĭcum phosphoricacid bismŭthum,in bismuth
acĭdumsalicylĭcum salicylicacid -C-
acĭdumsulfurĭcum sulfuricacid
cacao cocoa
acĭdumsulfurōsum sulfurous acid
calcĭum,in calcium
adōnis (ĭdis m, f) vernālis(is,e) spring adonis
calendŭla,aef calendula
adrenalīnum,in adrenalin
camphŏra,aef camphora
aёrosōlum,in aerosol
capsŭla,aef capsule
aether,ěris m ether
cerebrolysīnum,in cerebrolysin
aethinyloestradiōlum,in aethinyloestradiol
chamomilla,aef matricary
aethylĭcus,a,um ethyl
chinosōlum,in chinosol
aethylmorphīnum,in aethylmorphine
chloroformĭum,in chloroform
chloxylum,in chloxyl
 226
227
codeīnum,in codeine
eucatōlum,in eucatol
coffeīnum,in caffeine
euphyllīnum,in euphyllin
coffeīnum-natrĭi benzŏas, coffeine-sodium benzoate extractum,in extract
coffeīni-natrĭi benzoātis
-F-
composĭtus,a,um complex
farfăra,aef coltsfoot
convallarĭa,aef lily of thevalley
ferrum,i n iron
corglycōnum,in corglycon
flavus,a,um yellow
cortex,ĭcis m cortex
florenālum,in florenal
cortisōnum,in cortison
flos,florism flower
corvalōlum,in corvalol
fluĭdus,a,um liquid
crataegus,i f hawthorn
fluōrum,in fluorine
-D-
folĭum,in leaf
decoctum,in decoction frangŭla,aef buckthorn
depurātus,a,um clear furacilīnum,in furacilin
destillātus,a,um distilled furazolidōnum,in furazolidon
dibazōlum,in dibazol -G-
dicaīnum,in dicain
glucōsum,in glucose
digitālis,isf foxglove
glycerinōsus,a,um glyceric
dilūtus,a,um diluted
granŭlum,in granule
dimedrōlum,in dimedrol
gutta,aef drop
diprophyllīnum,in diprophyllin
-H-
diuretĭcus,a,um diuretic,urinative
dragée dragée hepavītum,in hepavit
herba,aef herb
-E-
hydrargўrum,in mercury
emplastrum,in plaster
hydrochlorothiazīdum,in hydrochlorothiazid
emulsum,in emulsion
hydrocortisōnum,in hydrocortison
ephedrīnum,in ephedrin
hydrogenĭum,in hydrogen
eucalyptus,if eucalyptus
 228
229
-I-
mucilāgo,ĭnisf mucilage
ichthyōlum,in ichthyol
mycosolōnum,in mycosolon
infūsum,in infusion
-N-
iodum,in iodine
naphthalānum,in naphtalan
isotonĭcus,a,um isotonic
natrium,in sodium
-K-
nitroglycerīnum,in nitroglycerin
kalĭum,in potassium
norsulfazōlum,in norsulfazol
-L-
novocaīnum,in novocain
nystatīnum,in nystatin
lamella (ae f) ophthalmic film
-O-
ophthalmĭca (us, a, um)
obductus,a,um coated
leonūrus,i m motherwort
oleandomycīnum,in oleandomycin
linimentum,in liniment
oleōsus,a,um oily,oil
linum,in flax
olěum (i n) Ricĭni (us,i m) castoroil
-M-
olĕum (i n) Helianthi (us,im) sunflower-seeds oil
magnesĭum,in magnesium olĕum (i n) Persicōrum (um,in) peach oil
magnĭum,in magnesium
olěum,in oil
membranŭla (ae f) ophthalmic film ophthalmĭcus,a,um ophthalmic
ophthalmĭca (us, a, um)
oxaphenamīdum,in oxaphenamid
mentha,aef mint oxygenĭum,in oxygen
menthōlum,in menthol oxytetracyclīnum,in oxytetracycline
methylēnum (i n) coerulěum
blue methylen -P-
(us, a, um)
pasta,aef paste
methylĭi salicylas,ātism methylsalicylate
pectorālis,e pectoral
methyloestradiōlum,in methyloestradiol
millefolĭum,in milfoil phenacetīnum,in phenacetin

mixtūra,aef mixture phenobarbitālum,in phenobarbital

phenobolīnum,in phenobolin
morphīnum,in morphine
phenoxymethylpenicillīnum,in phenoxymethylpenicillin
 230
231
phenylĭi salicylas,ātism phenylsalicylate
salvĭa,aef sage
phthalazōlum,in phthalazol
semen,ĭnisn seed
phthivazīdum,in phthivazid
siccus,a,um dry
phthorum,in fluorine
simplex,ĭcis simple
phthoruracīlum,in phthoruracil
sirŭpus,im syrup
pilŭla,aef pill
solubĭlis,e soluble
piperītus,a,um pepper
solutĭo Ammonĭi (um, i n) caustĭci (us, liquid ammonia (solution of ammonia)
plantāgo,ĭnisf common (greated)plantain
a,um)
plumbum,in lead solutĭo,ōnisf solution
polyphepānum,in polyphepan specĭes, ērum(plural)f species
prednisolōnum,in prednisolon spirituōsus,aum spirituous,alcoholic
pulvis,ěrism powder
spirĭtus,us m alcohol
pyracetāmum,in pyracetam streptocīdum,in streptocid
pyrazidōlum,in pyrazidol strophanthīnum,in strophanthin
-Q- sulfacylum-natrĭum,in sulfacyl-sodium
quercus,usf oak sulfadimezīnum,in sulfadimezin
-R- sulfazīnum,in sulfazin
radix,īcis f root sulfur,ŭrisn sulfur

rectālis,e rectal suppositorĭum,in suppository

rectificātus,a,um rectificat suspensĭo,ōnisf suspension

rheum,in rhubarb synoestrōlum,in synoestrol

rhizōma,ătisn rhizome synthomycīnum,in synthomycin

riboflavīnum,in riboflavin -T-

-S- tabuletta,aef tablet

sacchărum,in sacchar talcum,in talc
salicylas,ātism salicylate tannīnum,in tannin
saluzīdum,in saluzid testosterōnum,in testosteron
tetracyclīnum,in tetracycline
 232
233
thiamīnum,in thiamin
VI. English-Latin PharmaceuticalDictionary
tinctūra,aef tincture
-U- -A-
aceticacid acĭdumacetĭcum
unguentum,in ointment
acetylsalicylicacid acĭdumacetylsalicylĭcum
urtīca,aef nettle
adrenalin adrenalīnum, in
-V-
aerosol aёrosōlum, in
vaginālis,e vaginal aethinyloestradiol aethinyloestradiōlum, in
valeriāna,aef valerian aethylmorphine aethylmorphīnum, in
validōlum,in validol alcohol spirĭtus, usm
vaselīnum,in vaseline alcoholic spirituōsus, a,um
-X- aloe alŏё, esf
xeroformĭum,in xeroform althea althaea, aef

-Z- amidopyrin amidopyrīnum, in

zincum,in zinc aminophyllin aminophyllīnum, in

ampicillin ampicillīnum, in
anaesthesin anaesthesīnum, in
analgin analgīnum, in
antiasthmatic antiasthmatĭcus, a,um
apomorphine apomorphīnum, in
ascorbicacid acĭdumascorbinĭcum
-B-
barbital-sodium barbitālum-natrĭum, in
belladonna belladonna, aef
benzoicacid acĭdumbenzoĭcum
benzylpenicillin-sodium benzylpenicillīnum-natrĭum, in
bismuth bismŭthum, in
bluemethylen methylēnum (i n) coerulěum
(us, a,um)
 234
235
boricacid acĭdumborĭcum
dibazol dibazōlum, in
buckthorn frangŭla, aef
dicain dicaīnum, in
-C-
diluted dilūtus, a,um
caffeine coffeīnum, in
dimedrol dimedrōlum, in
calcium calcĭum, in
diprophyllin diprophyllīnum, in
calendula calendŭla, aef
distilled destillātus, a,um
camphora camphŏra, aef
diuretic,urinative diuretĭcus, a,um
capsule capsŭla, aef
dragée dragée
castoroil olěum (i n) Ricĭni (us, im)
drop gutta, aef
cerebrolysin cerebrolysīnum, in
dry siccus, a,um
chinosol chinosōlum, in
-E-
chloroform chloroformĭum, in
emulsion emulsum, in
chloxyl chloxylum, in
ephedrin ephedrīnum, in
clear depurātus, a,um
ether aether, ěrism
coated obductus, a,um
cocoa cacao ethyl aethylĭcus, a,um

codeine codeīnum, in eucalyptus eucalyptus, if

coffeine-sodiumbenzoate coffeīnum-natrĭi benzŏas, eucatol eucatōlum, in

coffeīni-natrĭibenzoātis euphyllin euphyllīnum, in

coltsfoot farfăra, aef extract extractum, in
common(greated)plantain plantāgo, ĭnisf -F-
complex composĭtus, a,um flax linum, in
corglycon corglycōnum, in florenal florenālum, in
cortex cortex, ĭcism flower flos, florism
cortison cortisōnum, in fluorine fluōrum, i n or phthorum, in
corvalol corvalōlum, in folicacid acĭdumfolĭcum
-D- foxglove digitālis, isf

decoction decoctum, in furacilin furacilīnum, in

furazolidon furazolidōnum, in
 236
237
-G-
liquid fluĭdus, a,um

glucose glucōsum, in liquid ammonia (solution of solutĭo Ammonĭi (um, i n) caustĭci (us,
glutaminicacid acĭdumglutaminĭcum ammonia) a,um)

glyceric glycerinōsus, a,um -M-

granule granŭlum, in magnesium magnesĭum, i n or magnĭum, in
-H- matricary chamomilla, aef
hawthorn crataegus, if mercury hydrargўrum, in
hepavit hepavītum, in menthol menthōlum, in

herb herba, aef methylsalicylate methylĭi salicylas, ātism

hydrochloricacid acĭdumhydrochlorĭcum methyloestradiol methyloestradiōlum, i n

hydrochlorothiazid hydrochlorothiazīdum, in milfoil millefolĭum, in

hydrocortison hydrocortisōnum, in mint mentha, aef

hydrogen hydrogenĭum, in mixture mixtūra, aef

hydrosulfuricacid acĭdumhydrosulfurĭcum morphine morphīnum, in
-I- motherwort leonūrus, im
ichthyol ichthyōlum, in mucilage mucilāgo, ĭnisf
infusion infūsum, in mycosolon mycosolōnum, in
iodine iodum, in -N-
iron ferrum, in naphtalan naphthalānum, in
isotonic isotonĭcus, a,um nettle urtīca, aef
-L- nicotinicacid acĭdumnicotinĭcum
lacticacid acĭdumlactĭcum nitricacid acĭdumnitrĭcum
lead plumbum, in nitroglycerin nitroglycerīnum, in
leaf folĭum, in nitrousacid acĭdumnitrōsum
lily ofthevalley convallarĭa, aef norsulfazol norsulfazōlum, in
liniment linimentum, in novocain novocaīnum, in
lipoicacid acĭdumlipoĭcum nystatin nystatīnum, in
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239

-O- plaster emplastrum, in

polyphepan polyphepānum, in
oak quercus, usf
potassium kalĭum, in
oil olěum, in
powder pulvis, ěrism
oily,oil oleōsus, a,um
prednisolon prednisolōnum, in
ointment unguentum, in
pyracetam pyracetāmum, in
oleandomycin oleandomycīnum, in
pyrazidol pyrazidōlum, in
ophthalmic ophthalmĭcus, a,um
-R-
ophthalmicfilm lamella (ae f) (membranŭla (ae f))
ophthalmĭca (us, a,um) rectal rectālis,e

oxaphenamid oxaphenamīdum, in rectificat rectificātus, a,um

oxygen oxygenĭum, in rhizome rhizōma, ătisn

oxytetracycline oxytetracyclīnum, in rhubarb rheum, in
-P- riboflavin riboflavīnum, in

paste pasta, aef root radix, īcisf

peachoil olĕum (i n) Persicōrum (um, in) -S-

pectoral pectorālis,e sacchar sacchărum, in

pepper piperītus, a,um sage salvĭa, aef
phenacetin phenacetīnum, in salicylate salicylas, ātism

phenobarbital phenobarbitālum, in salicylicacid acĭdumsalicylĭcum

phenobolin phenobolīnum, in saluzid saluzīdum, in

phenoxymethylpenicillin phenoxymethylpenicillīnum, in seed semen, ĭnisn

phenylsalicylate phenylĭi salicylas, ātism simple simplex,ĭcis

phosphoricacid acĭdumphosphorĭcum sodium natrium, in

phthalazol phthalazōlum, in soluble solubĭlis,e

phthivazid phthivazīdum, in solution solutĭo, ōnisf

phthoruracil phthoruracīlum, in species specĭes, ērum (plural)f

pill pilŭla, aef spirituous,alcoholic spirituōsus, aum
springadonis adōnis (ĭdis m, f) vernālis (is,e)
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streptocid streptocīdum, in
-W-
strophanthin strophanthīnum, in
water aqua, aef
sulfacyl-sodium sulfacylum-natrĭum, in
wheatstarch amўlum (i n) Tritĭci (um, in)
sulfadimezin sulfadimezīnum, in
white albus, a,um
sulfazin sulfazīnum, in
-X-
sulfur sulfur, ŭrisn
xeroform xeroformĭum, in
sulfuricacid acĭdumsulfurĭcum
-Y-
sulfurousacid acĭdumsulfurōsum
sunflower-seedsoil olĕum (i n) Helianthi (us, im) yellow flavus, a,um

suppository suppositorĭum, in -Z-

suspension suspensĭo, ōnisf zinc zincum, in

synoestrol synoestrōlum, in
synthomycin synthomycīnum, in

syrup sirŭpus, im

-T-

tablet tabuletta, aef

talc talcum, in
tannin tannīnum, in
testosteron testosterōnum, in
tetracycline tetracyclīnum, in
thiamin thiamīnum, in
tincture tinctūra, aef

-V-

vaginal vaginālis,e

valerian valeriāna, aef

validol validōlum, in
vaseline vaselīnum, in
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VII. Common Abbreviations Used in Prescriptions
 cc - cubic centimetre; also means "with food" (cumcibos)
This appendix is meant to be a complete list of all abbreviations used in
 cf - withfood
prescriptions in English-speaking countries (its listing here does not mean such
 C.H.F. - congestive heartfailure
abbreviations should be used).
 comp. -compound
 aa (ana) - ofeach  cr., crm -cream
 ad - to, upto  D5W - dextrose 5% solution (sometimes written asD5W)
 a.c. (ante cibium) - beforemeals  D5NS - dextrose 5% in normal saline(0.9%)
 a.d. (aurio dextra) - rightear  D.A.W. - dispense aswritten
 ad lib. (ad libitum) - use as much as one desires;freely  dc, D/C, disc -discontinue
 admov. (admove) -apply  dieb. alt. (diebus alternis) - every otherday
 agit (agita) -stir/shake  dil. -dilute
 alt. h. (alternis horis) - every otherhour  disp. -dispense
 a.m. (ante meridian) - morning, beforenoon  div. -divide
 amp -ampule  d.t.d. (dentur tales doses) - give of suchdoses
 amt -amount  D.W. - distilledwater
 aq (aqua) -water  elix. -elixir
 a.l., a.s. (aurio laeva, aurio sinister) - leftear  e.m.p. (ex modo prescripto) - asdirected
 A.T.C. - around theclock  emuls. (emulsum) -emulsion
 a.u. (auris utrae) - bothears  et -and
 bis (bis) -twice  ex aq - inwater
 b.i.d. (bis in die) - twicedaily  fl., fld. -fluid
 B.M. - bowelmovement  ft. (fiat) - make; let it bemade
 bol. (bolus) - a largepill  g -gram
 B.S. - bloodsugar  G.I. -gastrointestinal
 B.S.A - body surfaceareas  gr -grain
 cap., caps. (capsula) -capsule  gtt(s) (gutta(e)) -drop(s)
 c (cum) - with (usually written with a bar on top of the"c")  G.U. -genitourinary
 c (cibos) -food  H -hypodermic
 h, hr -hour
 H.A. -headache
 244 245
 H.B.P. - high bloodpressure  NPO, n.p.o. (non per os) - nothing bymouth
 h.s. (hora somni) - atbedtime  NS - normal saline(0.9%)
 HTN -hypertension  1/2NS - half normal saline(0.45%)
 ID -intradermal  N.T.E. - not toexceed
 IM - intramuscular (with respect toinjections)
 o_2 - both eyes, sometimes written aso2
 inj. (injectio) -injection
 o.d. (oculus dexter) - righteye
 IP -intraperitoneal
 o.s. (oculus sinister) - lefteye
 IV -intravenous
 o.u. (oculo utro) - botheyes
o IVP - intravenouspush
 oz -ounce
o IVPB - intravenouspiggyback
 per - by orthrough
 L.A.S."' - label assuch
 p.c. (post cibium) - aftermeals
 LCD - coal tarsolution
 p.m. (post meridian) - evening orafternoon
 lin (linimentum) -liniment
 prn (pro re nata) - asneeded
 liq (liquor) -solution
 p.o. (per os) - by mouth ororally
 lot. -lotion
 p.r. - byrectum
 M. (misce) -mix
 pulv. (pulvis) -powder
 m, min (mininum) - aminimum
 q (quaque) -every
 mcg - microgram
 q.a.d. (quoque alternis die) - every otherday
 mEq -milliequivalent
 q.h. (quaque hora) - everyhour
 mg - milligram
 q.1h (quaque 1 hora) - every 1 hour; (can replace "1" withother
 mist. (mistura) -mix
numbers)
 mitte (mitte) -send
 q.d. (quaque die) - everyday
 mL -millilitre
 q.i.d. (quater in die) - four times aday
 N&V, N/V - nausea andvomitting
 q.o.d. - every otherday
 nebul (nebula) - aspray
 q.s. (quantum sufficiat) - a sufficientquantity
 N.K.A. - no knownallergies
 R-rectal
 N.K.D.A. - no known drugallergies
 rep., rept. (repetatur) -repeats
 N.M.T. - not morethan
 RL, R/L - Ringer'slactate
 noct. (nocte) - atnight
 s (sine) - without (usually written with a bar on top of the"s")
 non rep. (non repetatur) - norepeats
 s.a. (secundum artum) - use yourjudgement
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 SC, subc, subq, subcut -subcutaneous  X -times
 sig - write onlabel  Y.O. - yearsold
 SL - sublingually, under thetongue
 S.O.B. - shortness ofbreath
VIII. Sample of the ExaminationCard
 sol (solutio) -solution
I. Translate from English into Latin the following anatomicalterms:
 s.o.s., si op. sit (si opus sit) - if there is aneed
 ss (semis) - onehalf 1. joints ofrib’shead; 5. anterior intercostalveins;
 stat (statim) -immediately 2. major andminorhorns; 6. nerve nodes ofsympathic
 supp (suppositorium) -suppository networks;
 susp -supsension 3. superficiallymphaticvessels; 7. minor palatinecanals;

 syr (syrupus) -syrup 4. widest muscleofback; 8. external occipitalprotuberance.

 tab (tabella) -tablet II. Form the Greek / Latin clinical terms according to themeanings:
 tal., t (talus) -such
1. lackofhair 6. removal ofgallbladder
 tbsp -tablespoon
2. studyoflife 7. inflammation of tearsac
 troche (trochiscus) -lozenge
3. disease ofbloodvessels 8. disturbance ofvision
 tsp -teaspoon
4. fearofcancer 9. fixation of theuterus
 t.i.d. (ter in die) - three times aday 5. bleeding fromthelip 10. one finger on thehand
 t.i.w. - three times aweek
III. Explain the meaning of the following clinicalterms:
 top. -topical
 T.P.N. - total parenteralnutrition 1. myopathia 6.lipoma

 tr, tinc., tinct. -tincture 2. hypokinesia 7.melanuria

 u.d., ut. dict. (ut dictum) - asdirected 3. pyelocystitis 8.myelogramma

4. gastroscopia 9.microencephalia
 ung. (unguentum) -ointment
5. interosseus 10.nephroma
 U.R.I. - upper respitoryinfection
 U.T.I. - urinary tractinfection IV. Translate the prescriptions from English intoLatin:
 vag -vaginally 1. Take: Solution of glucose 5% - 500 ml
 V.S. - vitalsigns Let it besterilized!
Give.
 w -with
 W.B.C. - white bloodcount
 w/o -without
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Write on a label:

2. Take: Euphyllin0,2
Cocao oil 2,0
Mix to make suppository Give
of such doses number 6 Write
on a label:

V. Find in the drug names component elements carrying information about

pharmaceuticalcharacteristics:

1. Erythromycinum 4.Benzonalum
2. Pyocidum 5.Chloraminum
3. Thiophosphamidum 6.Sarcolysinum