PHY-123 Geometrical Optics

PHY- 123
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
OPTICS
Waves and Oscillation
Differential equation of Simple harmonic oscillator, total energy and
average energy, Combination of Simple harmonic oscillations,
Lissajous figures; spring mass system, Calculation of time period of
torsional pendulum; damped oscillations, determination of damping
co-efficient forced oscillation, resonance, two body oscillations,
reduced mass , differential equation of a progressive wave, power and
intensity of wave motion, stationary wave, phase velocity and group
velocity, Architectural acoustics, reverberation and Sabine’s formula
Geometrical optics
Combination of lenses: equivalent lens and equivalent focal length,
power of a lens, cardinal points of a lens. Defects of images: spherical
aberration. Astigmatism, coma, distortion, curvature and chromatic
aberration. Optical instruments, Compound microscope, polarizing
microscope, resolving power microscope, camera and photographic
techniques.
DETAILS SYLLABUS
Wave mechanics
Principle of statistical physics: Probabilities, classical statistics,
quantum statistics: Bose-Einstein statistics, Fermi-Dirac statistics
and their applications. Fundamental postulates of wave mechanics,
time dependent schrodinger’s equation, steady state schrodinger’s
equation for one electron atom and its solution.
Reference Book:
❑ Waves & Oscillation By Brijlal & Subrahmonyam
❑ A text Book of Optics By Brijlal & Subrahmonyam
❑ B Sc Physics V-II By C L Arora
Combination of Lenses
Lens: When a uniform homogeneous optically refracting medium
enclosed by two spherical refracting surfaces, or one spherical
refracting surface and other plane refracting surface, or two
cylindrical refracting surfaces is called lens. Glass, transparent
plastic etc. are used to produce lens and two optically refracting
spheres are required to prepare a lens.
Lenses are classified as:
⚪Convex lens
⚪Concave lens
Equivalent Focal Length of Two Thin
Lenses Separated by a Distance
Equivalent lens: If we consider two thin lenses placed on a
common axis and separated by some finite distance then such a
combination can be replaced by a single thin lens which When
placed at a suitable fixed point, will produce an image of the
same size but not generally in the same position as that
produced by the combination. It is in this restricted sense, that
it produces the same transverse magnification as does the
combination for small objects placed normal to its axis. Such a
lens is said to be an equivalent lens and its focal length is said
to be the equivalent focal length.
Let, f1 and f2 be the focal length of two thin lenses L1 and L2 placed
co-axially and separated by a distance d in air.
Let a ray IA ray of monochromatic light parallel to the common axis
be incident on the first lens L1 at height h1 above the axis.
This ray, after refraction through the first lens, is directed towards F1
which is the second principal focus of L1.
Then the deviation δ1 produced by the first lens is given by

δ 1 = h1/f1.
The emergent ray from the first lens is refracted by the second lens
L2 at a height h2 and finally meets the axis at F.
Since the incident ray IA is parallel to the principal axis and after
refraction through the combination meets the axis at F, F must be
the second principal focus of the combination.
Then the deviation δ2 produced by the second lens is given by

δ 2 = h2/f2.
The incident and the final emergent rays, when produced , intersect
at E. It is clear that a single thin lens placed at P2 will produce the
same deviation as the two constituent lenses together.
The lens of focal length P2F placed at P2 is termed as the equivalent

lens which can replace the two lenses L1 and L2.
The deviation produced by the equivalent lens is

δ = h 1/f,
where f is the focal length of equivalent length.
δ = δ1+ δ2
h1/f = h1/f1+h2/f2 -------------------------------------(i)
Δs AL1F1 and BL2F1 are similar

AL1/L1F1 = BL2/L2F1
or h1/f1 = h2/f1-d
h2=h1(f1-d)/f1
substituting this value of h2 in equation(i)
h1/f = h1/f1 + h1(f1-d)/f1f2
1/f = 1/f1 + f1- d/f1f2
1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1f2
f = f1f2/f1 + f2- D
f=-f1f2/ δ
where δ=d-(f1+f2) and is know as the optical separation or

optical interval between the two lenses.
It is numerically equal to the distance between the second
principal focus of the first lens and the first principal focus of
the second lens.
Power of a Lens
The power of a lens is the measure of its ability to produce

converge of a parallel beam of light. A convex lens of large focal
length produces a small converging effect on the rays of light and a
convex lens of small focal length produces a large converging
effect. Due to this reason, the power of a convex lens is taken as
positive and a convex lens of small focal length has high power. On
the other hand, a concave lens produces divergence. Therefore, its
power is taken as negative.
The unit in which the power of a lens is measured is called diopter

(D). A convex lens of focal length one meter has a power is 1 and a
convex lens of focal length 2 meter has a power ½ diopter.
Mathematically,
Power = 1/ Focal length in meter
If two lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are in contact
1/F=1/f1+ 1/f2
P = P1 + P2
Where P1 and P2 are the powers of two lenses and P is the
equivalent power.
When two thin lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are placed
coaxially and separated by a distance d, the equivalent focal
length f is given by
1/F=1/f1+ 1/f2 – d/f1f2

P = P1 + P2 – dP2P1
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PHY- 123

Then the deviation δ1 produced by the first lens is given by

Then the deviation δ2 produced by the second lens is given by

The lens of focal length P2F placed at P2 is termed as the equivalent

The deviation produced by the equivalent lens is

Δs AL1F1 and BL2F1 are similar

h1/f = h1/f1 + h1(f1-d)/f1f2

1/f = 1/f1 + f1- d/f1f2

1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2 - d/f1f2

where δ=d-(f1+f2) and is know as the optical separation or

The power of a lens is the measure of its ability to produce

The unit in which the power of a lens is measured is called diopter

1/F=1/f1+ 1/f2 – d/f1f2

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