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    Light 10th1

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Rajeev Gowda
    The document discusses the concepts of refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. When light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it bends toward the normal, and vice versa. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is a constant. Lenses are discussed, including convex and concave lenses and their properties like focal length and power. Convex lenses converge light while concave lenses diverge it. Image formation using lenses depends on the position of the object.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Light 10th1

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Rajeev Gowda
    34 views30 pages
    The document discusses the concepts of refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. When light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it bends toward the normal, and vice versa. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is a constant. Lenses are discussed, including convex and concave lenses and their properties like focal length and power. Convex lenses converge light while concave lenses diverge it. Image formation using lenses depends on the position of the object.

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    light_10th1

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    The document discusses the concepts of refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. When light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it bends toward the normal, and vice versa. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is a constant. Lenses are discussed, including convex and concave lenses and their properties like focal length and power. Convex lenses converge light while concave lenses diverge it. Image formation using lenses depends on the position of the object.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    34 views30 pages

    Light 10th1

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Rajeev Gowda
    The document discusses the concepts of refraction and lenses. It defines refraction as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. When light passes from a less dense to a more dense medium, it bends toward the normal, and vice versa. Snell's law states that the ratio of sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is a constant. Lenses are discussed, including convex and concave lenses and their properties like focal length and power. Convex lenses converge light while concave lenses diverge it. Image formation using lenses depends on the position of the object.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    LIGHT

    REFRACTION
    Refraction of Light: The bending of light at the interface of
    two different media is called Refraction of light.

    If the velocity of light in medium is more, then medium is


    called optical rarer.
    Example, air or vacuum is optically rarer than water.

    If the velocity of light in medium is less, then medium is


    called optical denser.
    Example, glass is denser than air.
    NOTE: * When light goes from rarer medium to denser
    medium it bends towards the normal and when it goes
    from denser medium to rarer medium it bends away
    from the normal.

    *When a light ray is incident normally to the interface


    of two media then there is no bending of light ray and it
    goes straight through the medium.
    Laws of Refraction: there are two laws of refraction:

    1.The incident ray, refracted ray and normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
    same plane.

    2.The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
    refraction for a pair of media and for a given colour of light is a constant. This law
    is also known as Snell’s law of refraction.

    sin i / sin r = Constant (µ)

    This constant value is called the refractive index of the second medium with
    respect to the first.
    Refractive Index: It represents the amount or extent
    of bending of light when it passes from one medium
    to another.

    There are two types of refractive index

    *Relative refractive index

    and

    *Absolute refractive index.


    Relative refractive index: Refractive index of a medium with respect to
    another medium is called Relative Refractive Index.

    Consider the figure given below


    Let v1 be the speed of light in medium 1 and v2 be the speed of light in
    medium 2 then the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 is
    given by the ratio of the speed of light in medium 1 and the speed of light in
    medium 2. So,

    where n21 is the refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1.


    The refractive index of medium 1 with respect to medium 2 is represented as
    n12. It is given by

    Absolute refractive index: Refractive index of the medium with respect to air or
    vacuum is called Absolute Refractive Index.

    Absolute refractive index of medium


    ● Draw a labelled diagram to show the refraction through a rectangular glass slab.
    ● Why is the extended incident ray parallel to the emergent ray?
    ● Prove that the incident angle and the emergent angle in a rectangular glass slab
    are equal.
    ● Define Lateral Shift. Mention the factors affecting the lateral shift.

    Refraction of light through rectangular glass slab


    In the figure given above ABCD is a rectangular glass slab of thickness
    AD=BC=t. A ray PQ is incident on it an face AB at point Q, making an
    angle ∠ PQN1= i, called angle of incidence.

    This ray refracts in the glass slab and goes along QR as a refracted ray
    (as shown in the figure) and becomes incident on face DC at point R from
    inside the slab ∠RQN2 is called angle of refraction.
    Now the ray emerges or comes out of the slab along RS making an angle ∠SRN4= e,
    called the angle of emergence.

    This emergent ray is parallel to the extended incident ray because the extent of
    bending of the ray of light at the opposite parallel faces AB(air - glass interface) and
    CD(glass- air interface) of the glass slab is equal and opposite.

    For air - glass interface,

    Sin i / sin r = n21

    For glass - air interface

    Sin r / sin e = n12

    Since n21 = 1/ n12


    Therefore , sin i / sin r = sin e / sin r

    Sin i = sin e

    ∠i=∠e

    LATERAL SHIFT: the perpendicular distance between the extended


    incident ray and emergent ray.

    FACTORS AFFECTING LATERAL SHIFT :

    1. Thickness of glass slab


    2. Angle of incidence
    3. Refractive index of material of medium.
    Spherical Lens

    A transparent material bound by two surfaces, of which one or both surfaces are
    spherical, forms a lens.

    Convex lens & Concave lens

    1. Bulging outwards 1. Bulging inwards.

    2. Converging lens. 2. Diverging lens.


    Concave Lens

    A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved inwards is known as double concave
    lens (or simply concave lens)

    It is also known as a diverging lens because it diverges the light.

    CONVEX LENS

    A lens bounded by two spherical surfaces, curved outwards is knowns as double


    convex lens (or simply convex lens)

    It is also known as a converging lens as it converges the light.


    Few Basic Terms Related to Spherical Lens
    1. Centre of curvature : A lens, either a convex lens or a concave lens is a combination
    of two spherical surfaces. Each of these surfaces forma part of the sphere. The centre
    of these two spheres are called centre of curvature represented by C1 and C2.

    2. Principal axis :Imaginary straight line passing through the two centres of curvature

    3. Optical Centre : The central point of the lens is its optical centre (O). A ray of light,
    when passing through ‘O’ it remains undeviated i.e. it goes straight.

    4. Aperture : The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens.

    5. Focus of lens : Beam of light parallel to principal axis, after refraction from

    a) Convex lens, converge to the point on principal axis, denoted by F, known as


    Principal focus
    b) Concave lens, appear to diverge from a point on the principal axis known as
    principal focus.

    The distance OF2 and OF1 is called as focal length


    Tips for Drawing Ray Diagram

    (a)After refraction, a ray parallel to the principal axis will pass through F.
    (b)A ray passes through F, after refraction will emerge parallel to principal axis
    (c)Ray passing through the optical centre of the convex and concave lens emerges in
    the same direction without any deviation.
    Image formation by a convex lens for various position of object
    Image Formation by Concave Lens
    Lens formula

    Magnification

    It is defined as the ratio of the height of an image to the height of an object.

    m= h’/h
    It is also related to ‘u’ & ‘v’
    m= v/u
    Few Tips to Remember Sign Convention for Spherical Lens

    f u v

    CONCAVE -ve -ve -ve(virtual image always)

    CONVEX +ve -ve +ve(real)

    -ve(virtual)
    h is always +ve

    h´ is –ve for Real and +ve for Virtual &Errect.

    Power of Lens

    The degree of convergence or divergence of light ray achieved by a lens is known


    as power of a lens.

    It is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length represented by P.

    If f is given in meter, then

    P= 1/f(metre)

    If F is given in cm , then

    P= 100 /f(cm)
    SI unit of power of a lens is “diopter” denoted by ‘D’

    1 diopter or 1D is the power of lens whose focal length is 1 m or 100 cm.

    Power of concave lens or diverging lens is always negative


    If any optical instrument has many lens, then net power will be

    P= P1 +P2 + P3 +..................................

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