Chapter

19

Managerial Accounting
Lecture 04: Managerial Accounting
(Concepts & Principles)

Masud Jahan
Department of Science and Humanities
Military Institute of Science and Technology
Cost Vs Expense

Cost is the amount An Expense is a cost

of expenditure, i.e. with expired benefits.
sacrifice of Generally, costs are
recognized as
resources (actual or
expenses on the
notional) incurred on
income statement in
or attributable to the period that
acquisition of a benefits from the
specific objective costs

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Cost Object Vs Cost Unit

A cost object is a cost unit is ‘a unit

of product, service or
anything for which
time in relation to
cost data are which costs may be
desired- including ascertained or
products, product expressed’. In other
words cost unit is
line, customers, job
unit of measurement
etc of cost

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Classification Of Costs

◼ By Traceability
◼ By association
◼ By Behavior
◼ By Function
◼ By controllability
◼ By relevance

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Learning Objective

To classify costs by
traceability
with jobs, products, or
services

LO1
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 Cost Classifications by traceability
Direct costs Indirect costs
◼ Costs that can be ◼ Costs cannot be easily and
easily and conveniently conveniently traced to a unit
traced to a unit of product or of product or other cost
other cost objective. object.
◼ Would not be incurred if the ◼ Would be incurred even if
product or activity were the product or activity were
discontinued. discontinued.
◼ Examples: direct material ◼ Example: indirect material
and direct labor and indirect labor

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Learning Objective

To classify costs by
activity
to which they associate

LO2
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Cost Classifications by association

costs are classified into four categories.

i) Manufacturing Costs
ii) Administrative Costs
iii) Selling Costs
iv) Distribution Costs

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Manufacturing Costs

Manufacturing costs are those costs related

to factory operations which are essential to
the completion of the product.

It includes direct material costs, direct labor

costs and manufacturing overheads.

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Administrative Costs

Administrative costs includes all those costs

incurred on the general administration and
control of the firm.

Examples of such costs are : salaries of the

office staff, rent of the office building,
depreciation and repairs of the office
furniture etc.

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Selling Costs

Selling costs are those costs which are

incurred in connection with the sale of
goods.

Some examples of such costs are : Cost of

warehousing, advertising, salesmen salaries
etc.

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Distribution Costs

Distribution costs are those costs which are

incurred on dispatch of finished products to
customer including transportation.

Examples of such costs are: packing,

carriage, insurance, freight outwards, etc.

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Components of Manufacturing Cost

The cost to produce a

unit of product
includes:

⚫ Direct material
⚫ Direct labor
⚫ Manufacturing
Lightbulbs

overhead
Supplies

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Direct Materials

Raw materials
& component Can be traced
parts that directly and
become an conveniently
integral part to products.
of finished
products.

If materials cannot be traced directly to products,

the materials are considered indirect and are part
of manufacturing overhead.

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Direct Labor

Includes the payroll cost of direct workers.

Those employees
Direct labor Wage who work directly
×
hours rate on the goods being
manufactured.

The cost of employees who do not work

directly on the goods is considered indirect
labor and is part of manufacturing overhead.
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 Manufacturing Overhead

All manufacturing costs other than direct

materials and direct labor.

Includes:
◼ Indirect materials. Lightbulbs

◼ Indirect labor.
Supplies

◼ Machinery and
equipment costs. Does not include
◼ Cost of regulatory selling or general and
compliance. administrative
expenses.
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 Flow of Physical Goods in Production

Direct Direct
Materials Materials
Purchased Used

Finished
Goods

Direct Manufacturing
Labor Overhead Goods
Sold
MegaLoMart

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Conversion Cost

The costs of converting the materials

into finished products consists of direct
labor and factory overhead. These two
costs combined are often referred to as
conversion costs.

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Accounting for Manufacturing Operations

Manufacturing costs are often

combined as follows:

Direct Direct Manufacturing

Materials Labor Overhead

Prime Conversion
Cost Cost

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Learning Objective

To classify costs by
behavior with activity
level

LO3
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Cost Classifications by Behavior

Cost Behavior
How a cost will react to
changes in the level of business activity.

➢ Total variable costs change

when the level of activity changes.
➢ Total fixed costs remain unchanged
when the level of activity changes.

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Typical Examples

Typical variable costs

• Raw materials
• Direct labor Typical fixed costs
• Factory utilities • Real estate taxes
• Sales commissions • Factory rent
• Shipping costs • Supervisory salaries
• Workers’ welfare cost
• Depreciation

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Total Variable Cost
A variable cost is one that changes in total
in proportion to changes in the volume of activity.
Total electricity bill
is based on how many units you use.
Total Electricity Bill

Units Used
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Variable Cost Per Unit
On a per unit basis, a variable cost
remains constant over a wide range of activity.
The cost per unit electricity used is constant.
For example, Tk 10 per unit .

Electricity Charge
Per Unit

Units Used
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Total Fixed Cost
A fixed cost is one that remains constant in total
even when the volume of activity changes.
Monthly factory rent does not change when
production level is more or less.
Monthly Factory Rent

Units produced
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Fixed Cost Per Unit
On a per unit basis, a fixed cost changes
as the volume of activity changes.

Factory rent per unit produced

declines as more units are produced .

factory rent
Per unit

Units produced

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Semi variable Cost

A semi variable or
mix cost has both
fixed and variable
components.
Consider
Land Phone Bill
example.

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Semi variable Cost

Y
Total Utility Cost

Variable
Utility Charge

Fixed Monthly
Utility Charge
X
Activity (Minutes Talked)
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Cost Classifications for Predicting Cost Behavior

Behavior of Cost (within the relevant range)

Cost In Total Per Unit

Variable Total variable cost changes Variable cost per unit remains
as activity level changes. the same over wide ranges
of activity.
Fixed Total fixed cost remains Fixed cost per unit goes
the same even when the down as activity level goes up.
activity level changes.

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Learning Objective

To classify costs by
function

LO4
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Cost Classifications by Function

Product Costs ◼ Period Costs

◼ Direct materials Administrative Costs
◼ Direct labor ◼ Selling Costs
◼ Overhead ◼ Distribution Costs

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Learning Objective

To classify costs
by controllability

LO5
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Cost Classifications by controllability

Controllable Uncontrollable
costs are costs
those costs which can are those costs which
be controlled by a cannot be controlled or
specified person or a influenced by a specified
level of person of an
management enterprise

Example: Material cost Example: Factory rent

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Learning Objective

To classify costs by
relevance to
decision-making

LO6
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 Cost Classifications by relevance
Sunk costs Out-of-pocket costs
◼ Costs already incurred ◼ Costs require a future
that can not be avoided outlay of cash.
or changed. ◼ Relevant for future

◼ Irrelevant to future decision making.

decision making. ◼ Example: Future
◼ Examples: Equipment purchase of equipment
previously purchased.

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End of Lecture 4
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