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Senior High
School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 1 - Module 9
Introduction to Life Science
Earth and Life Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1-Module 9
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 9
Introduction to Life Science

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About................................................................................................i

What I Need to Know..........................................................................................................ii
How to Learn from this Module.........................................................................................iii
Icons of this Module............................................................................................................iv

What I Know.........................................................................................................................1

Lesson 1:
Introduction to Life Science

What I Need to Know……………………………………………………. 3

What’s New: My Own Origin of the Earth……………………………... 3
What Is It: Origin of the Universe and the Earth……………………… 4
What’s More: Big Bang Theory…………………………………………. 5
What is It: The Common Ancestor of All Life…………………………. 7
11
What’s More: Answer the Riddle………………………………………..
What’s New: What An Amazing Life…………………………………… 12
What Is It: Definition of Terms………………………………………….. 13
What’s More: Case Analysis……………………………………………. 14
What Have I Learned……………………………………………………. 16
What Can I Do……………………………………………………………. 17
Summary………………………………………………………………….. 18
Post Assessment………………………………………………………… 19
References……………………………………………………………… 21
…
What This Module is About
We live in a vast universe that we have only begun to explore. So far, we only
know that the only planet that has life is Earth. Furthermore, biochemical, genetic,
and metabolic similarities among the Earth’s species imply that all evolved from a
common ancestor that lived billion years ago. There are many things that confuse
the people like what properties of the ancient Earth allowed life to arise, survive, and
diversify? And could these possibly occur in the other planets.

This module will introduce the evidences of the past which will include the
people who worked on theories and made some discoveries out of their works and
studies. This is aimed at introducing the historical development of the concept of life
and the origin of the first life forms with unifying themes in the study of life. You will
be able to know also the origin of the universe and earth through scientific
explanation that provides evidences.
This chapter will also allow you to value life by taking good care of all beings,
humans, plant, and animals.

You will be guided with symbols (icons) used as you go about in the
completion of this module. Lastly, this module contains varied activities that can help
you as a Senior High School student to be aware not only of the geologic and marine
processes on earth especially in the locality but also a responsible preserver and
human being who is concerned with the environment.

The following are the lessons contained in this module:

1. Theories about the beginning of the Universe
2. Concept about life

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Examine new theories proposed by researchers about the evolution
of the natural world;
2. Explain the evolving concept of life supported on emerging pieces of
evidence. (LT II-a-I)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
 Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises
diligently.
 Answer all the given tests and exercises.
Icons of this Module
 What I Know

Pretest
Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Encircle the correct answer.
1. All living organisms are able to___________.
A. use energy to work
B. grow and change
C. use their senses to their environment
D. all of the above

2. Science is basically based on_____________.

A. opinion
B. beliefs
C. consensus
D. evidences

3. A theory is________________.
A. an observation on something in the natural world
B. a testable hypothesis or prediction that is potentially falsifiable
C. an experimental procedure of many observations, facts and results
D. a belief shared with many scientists agreeing on the topic

4. The movement of material from a high concentration to lesser concentration is

called_______.
A. osmosis
B. photosynthesis
C. respiration
D. diffusion
5. The process by which cells reproduce is__________.
A. diffusion
B. osmosis
C. cell division
D. respiration

1
6. The cell structures that break down food to produce energy are the____________.
A. vacuoles
B. chloroplasts
C. ribosomes
D. mitochondria
7. Animals have the following except_____________.
A. cell wall
B. ribosomes
C. mitochondria
D. cell membrane
8. Plants have the following except_____________________.
A. vacuoles
B. ribosomes
C. cell walls
D. mitochondria
9. Oxygen is carried throughout the body by________________.
A. red blood cells
B. white blood cells
C. plasma
D. guard cells

10. Which of the following works as the brain of the cell?

A. Lysosomes
B. Nucleolus
C. Nucleus
D. Mitochondria

2
 Evidences and Processes of
Lesson Evolution
1
What I Need to Know

How do we define life? We simply describe life as easy as it is recognized to

be but often much harder to define it. Animals and plants are organisms that we
consider to have life and what is common with these two is that both are made up of
cells which can be unicellular or multicellular depending to which descendant an
organism belongs. There are different characteristics of life and these are nutrition,
reproduction, excretion, growth, movement, respiration, and sensitivity. Several
attempts have been made from time to time to explain on the origin of the Earth and
how life really began. As a result, people have come up with different theories
providing their own explanation on the possible mechanism on the origin of life. This
chapter is your introduction to a slice through time. We begin with Earth’s formation
and move on to life’s chemical origins and the evolution of traits present in modern
eukaryotes.

What’s New

Activity 1: My Own Origin of the Earth

3
 Make a simple diagram or sketch on how the universe and the earth was

formed based on your own understanding and prior knowledge. Write a short

explanation of your drawing on a separate piece of paper. Criteria is provided below.

Criteria:

Neatness- 15 points
Creativity- 30 points
Relevance - 15 points
Information- 20 points
Concept- 20 points

100 points

What Is It

 Origin of the Universe and Earth

There were many theories inferred by different scientists on the origin of the
universe. Few of these are the Theory of Special Creation, Theory of Spontaneous
Generation, Theory of Biogenesis, Theory of Biochemical Evolution, Theory of
Panspermia, and Deep-sea hydrothermal vent theory. These theories may have or
may have not scientific basis.

4
 Some believed that organisms were put to Earth by some divine forces (Canoy,
2016) while others say that life did not originate from Earth but from other celestial
bodies. Among the scientists, the most accepted theory is that life came from lifeless
matter. According to the primordial soup theory proposed by Alexander Oparin and
John Haldane, that life started in a primordial soup of organic molecules. Some form
of energy from lightning combined with the chemicals in the atmosphere to make the
amino acids (the building block of proteins).
Studies of the modern universe allow astronomers and physicists to propose and
test ideas about its origin (Starr et al., 2015). According to the big bang theory the
universe began in a single instant, about 13 to 15 billion years ago. In that silent
expansion, all existing matter and energy suddenly appeared and exploded outward
from one point. Simple elements such as hydrogen and helium formed within
minutes. Then over millions of years, gravity drew the gases together and they
condensed to form giant stars. The explosions of the early stars scattered heavier
elements which formed into galaxies (Starr et al., 2010). Five billion years ago, a
cloud of dust and rocks (asteroids) orbited the star which is known as the sun. When
the asteroids collided with another asteroids, it merged into bigger asteroids. The
heavier these preplanetary object became, the more gravitational pull they exerted,
and the more material they gathered. About 4.6 billion years ago, this gradual build-
up of materials had formed Earth and other planets of our solar system.

What’s More

Activity 2: The Big Bang Theory

The Big Bang theory suggests that our Universe is expanding. In this activity,
you will explore a model to see whether evidence exists to support this. For the
theory to be supported you should find that;
1. All objects in our Universe must be moving faraway from one
another.
2. Objects that are further far away from us are moving far away from
us more quickly than objects that are close to us.

Materials needed

Balloon/Cellophane
Marker
Needle

5
 Measuring Tape

Instruction

1. Inflate the balloon partially.

2. Fold and clip it with clothespin so the air does not escape.
3. Draw six to eight spaced dots on the balloon using a marker.
4. Label the dots with CAPITAL LETTERS (From A to G).
5. Using a ruler or measuring tape, measure the distance, in mm, from Dot A to
each of the other dots.
6. Record your measurements in the Table provided below under initial
measurements.
7. Remove the clothespin and inflate the balloon more.
8. Observe what happens the dots you drew.
9. Make sure balloon is tightly closed to prevent the deflation. Measure the
space from Dot A to every of the opposite dots.
10. Record your data on the second column of the table.
11. Repeat the steps of number 7 to 10 two or 3 more times.

Distance of Dot A - G
Balloon Initial
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Point Measurement
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Averag
e

Follow-up Questions:

1. How is the model similar to reality and how is it different?

2. Does the model support the Big Bang Theory? Explain you answer.

6
3. What do dots represent in your model?
___________________________________________________________________

4. From your observation, which distance changed the most?

5. From your observation, which distance changed the least?

6. What can you conclude from the experiment you have done?

What Is It
The Common Ancestor of All Life

All living things are made up of cells. Some are unicellular and some are
multicellular. Unicellular organisms that are mostly known are paramecium, amoeba,
bacteria, and yeast. The multicellular cells include animal cells, plant cells, and the
human body and germ cells. Given what scientists know about relationships among
modern species. Most assume that this common ancestor was prokaryotic, meaning
it did not have a nucleus. There was a scarcity of oxygen during the early Earth’s
atmosphere so the ancestral cell must also have been anaerobic meaning capable of
living without oxygen.

7
 What are the evidences to prove such statement? Looking for and finding
signs of early cells poses a challenge. Cells are microscopic and cannot be seen
through our naked eye and is difficult to fossilize. Furthermore, few ancient rocks that
could hold early fossils still exist. Tectonic plate movements have destroyed nearly
all rocks older than about 4 million years, most slightly younger rocks have been
heated that destroy traces of biological material. Structures formed by nonbiological
mechanisms sometimes resemble fossils. To avoid mistakes on accepting materials
like genuine fossils, scientists repeatedly analyze purported (not definitely true or
real) fossil finds and they often question one another’s conclusion.

The Oldest Fossil Cells

The divergence that separated the two prokaryotic domains, Bacteria and
Archaea, occurred rarely in the history of life, and no fossils from before this
divergence have been discovered.
It has been studied that the first form of life is believed to have appeared 3.5
billion years ago. Paleontologists are the
scientists who study fossils found microscopic
living cells known as microfossils in rocks that
formed 3.5 billion years ago after Earth cooled
and solidified using radioisotope dating (which
uses radioactive materials such as the
radioactive components of potassium-argon).
Figure 1. Example of microfossils of sulphur-
The microfossils’ filaments found in Western metabolizing cells in 3.4-billion-year-old rocks of
Western Australia
Australia resemble chains of modern photosynthetic
bacteria and the rocks in which they occur are thought to be remains of ancient
stromatolites which are mounded, layered structure that forms in shallow sunlit
water when a mat of photosynthetic bacteria traps minerals and sediment (Figure 1).
These stromatolites increase in size over time as new layers form over the old.
These organisms have been so abundant 1.25 billion years ago and were common
worldwide.
Many types of bacteria carry out photosynthesis, but only one group,
cyanobacteria, do so by an oxygen-producing pathway. The microfossils of

8
cyanobacteria were among the easiest to recognize. The forms of these organisms
were remained the same and left chemical fossils in the form of broken products
from pigments. The first microfossil that showed remains of organisms with
differences in structure and characteristics was seen 1.5 billion years ago on the
rocks. They are bigger compared to bacteria and have internal membranes and
thicker wall. These findings marked the beginning of eukaryotic organisms on Earth.
The evolution of oxygen-producing photosynthesis in cyanobacteria had started on
early life. About 2.5 billion years ago, oxygen released by these bacteria had begun
to accumulate in Earth’s air and creating a new, global selection pressure. Other
species considered oxygen as toxic thus evolved gradually in its absence.
How did multicellular organisms evolve? Multicellular organisms are believed
to have evolved from unicellular eukaryotes and until now it is the concept that we
believe. Single eukaryotic cells, just like unicellular algae, formed multicellular
aggregates through association with another cell producing colonies. From colonial
aggregates, the organisms evolved in order to form multicellular organisms through
cell specialization. Organisms like protozoans, sponges, and fungi came to being.
The soft-bodied animals were the first fossilized animals which were discovered 580
million years. The continuous process of cell specialization brought the emergence
of diverse plants and animals, including human beings and including the complex
ones. Charles Darwin said that organisms change over time as a result of
adaptation to their environment in order to survive.

Rise of the Eukaryotes

Nucleus is not often preserved during fossilization but other traits provide
evidence that a fossilized cell was eukaryotic. These eukaryotic cells are generally
larger than the prokaryotic cells. A cell wall with complex patterns, spines, or spikes
probably belonged to a eukaryote. Researchers and scientists also look for
biomarkers (substance that occurs only or predominantly in cells of a specific type)
for each eukaryote just like the steroids found present only to eukaryotes (Figure 2).
Table 1. Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
‘pro’= pre, ‘karyon’=nucleus ‘eu’ = true , ‘karyon’= nucleus
Originated about 3.5 billion years ago Originated about 1.2 billion years ago
Primitive forms Advanced
Unicellular Multicellular

9
 Developing nucleus True nucleus present
Small in size Larger in Size
Non-bounded membrane Membrane-bounded

Figure 2. A
diagram of a

Origin and evolution eukaryotes

Table 2. Origin of Some Organelles

Organelle Origin
 Nucleus - The DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) of the prokaryotes
lies on unenclosed in the cell’s cytoplasm while the
DNA of the eukaryotes are enclosed with an
endomembrane (group of members and organelles).
The nucleus and endomembrane system evolve when
plasma membrane of an ancestral prokaryote folded
inward (See Fig.3)
 Mitochondria - Mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacteria in
and Chloroplast their size and shape, and they replicate independently
of the cell that holds them. Bacteria have their own
DNA in the form of a singular chromosome and have at
least two outer membranes and innermost membrane
similar to bacterial plasma membrane.
- Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis.

Table 3: Functions of Other Cell Organelles

Cell Organelles Function

 Ribosomes - Makes protein
 Golgi Apparatus - Does the packaging and processing of proteins
 Lysosomes - Contain enzymes to help break the food down
 Endoplasmic - Transports items around the cell
Reticulum
 Vacuole - For water or food storage
 Chloroplasts - Present in plants only; uses sunlight to make food
through photosynthesis
 Cell wall - Rigid; supports the cell

10
 Figure 3. Steps in the Evolution of eukaryotic organelles .

What’s More
Activity 3: Answer the Riddle
Given the concept of the evolution of prokaryotes and the organelles. Find the secret
message by answering the questions below. Choose your answer from the table then write
the corresponding letter in the boxes below to answer of the riddle: Did you hear the one
about a chemist who was reading a book about helium?

Nucleus Cell Lysosomes Chloroplast Endoplasmic Ribosome Mitochondria

Membrane Reticulum s
P C D L N U O
Vacuole Animal Chromosomes Cytoplasm Golgi Nucleolus Cell Wall
Cell Apparatus
U T T H I E T
Unicellular Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Multicellular
D W N O

1) It is a jelly-like fluid structure inside the cell that provides an area of movement for all
dissolved molecules that keep the cell working.
2) A structure found in the nucleus that helps produce ribosomes.
3) It is a thin layer around the cell but not a rigid one. It has openings to allow
transportation and exchange of materials.
4) When a cell needs energy, it brings in nutrients and break it down and supply energy
to the cell.
5) Its role is for storage.
6) It helps produce food for plants and absorbs light energy from the sun and use it to
convert C02 and H20 into sugar and oxygen.
7) It is the digestive system in an animal cell because it contains enzymes that break
down wastes and other materials.
8) These build proteins in the cell and can be found in several places in the cells which
includes in the cytosol and on the endoplasmic reticulum.
9) They do the DNA synthesis and direct the genetic information of the cell. These are
made of DNA and found in the nucleus and usually in pairs.

11
 10) It is also known as the brain of the cell.
11) An organelle that serves as the transport system.
12) It is only found in the plant cells that support the plat which is also made of
specialized sugar called cellulose.
13) It gathers molecules and make them more complex. It also stores them or send
them into the cytosol or out of the cell. This organelle also processes the proteins
produced by the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
14) It does not contain cell wall.
15) An organism made up of one cell.
16) Organism composed of many cells.
17) An organism that lacks nucleus.
18) An organism with true nucleus.

Question:

Did you hear the one about a chemist who was reading a book about helium?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 17 12

10 8 14 13 9

15 16 18 11

Answer: _______________________________________________________

What’s New
Activity 4: What an Amazing Life!
Think of the things that a living organism can do. Draw a living organism at
the center of the simple web concept map. Then write the characteristics of life on
the circles on the side (one each box). You may answer in phrase or word.

12
 What is It

Biology is the study of life. Life does not only involve the living things itself
only but also includes its deepest characteristics. There are many characteristics of
life and some of these will be discussed below.
This is an important introduction on how you define a living and a non-living
for you to simply know how important life is.

7 Basic Characteristics of Life

1. Nutrition
2. Reproduction
3. Excretion
4. Growth
5. Movement
6. Respiration

13
 7. Sensitivity

Table 4: Characteristics of Life

Life Definition/Example
Characteristic
Sensitivity Living things are able to respond to the environment through a stimulus.
Irritability is an example. Another example is a living thing’s response to
light by facing the sun and sweating as our body response to heat which is
also connected to excretion.
Reproduction Unicellular organisms reproduce by DNA replication and dividing equally
as the new cell prepares to form two new cells while multicellular
organisms often reproduce using its gametes in order to form new
individuals. When there is reproduction, genes with DNA will passed from
generation to generation to make sure that the offspring belong to the
same species having similar characteristics.
Growth and Organisms grow and develop according to its genes that gives instruction
Development that will direct the cellular growth and development ensure that the
offspring will grow up and manifest many of the same characteristics from
the parents. Mitosis and meiosis play an important role in this matter.
Nutrition Living things take in minerals and food from the environment in order to
survive and grow. It is the process of which organism obtain energy and
raw materials from nutrients such as fats, carbohydrates and proteins.
Respiration It is the process in which the energy from the food eaten is being released
in al living cells. Organisms break down the food within their cells with a
specific process to carry out the following processes.
Movement All living things move. Animals move from one place to another. Plants
also move but not as usually observable than animals. Plants move in
different ways in order to grow and their movement may be so slow that
people cannot even recognize. A Makahiya leaf being touched is an
example of movement through thigmotrophism
Excretion All living things also excrete but in different ways. Excretion is the result of
many chemical reactions happening in cells which they have to remove the
waste products which might poison the cells. Excretion is the removal of
toxic minerals in excess from the organism.

What’s More

Activity 5: Case Analysis

With the given concept above, answer the following situations with the characteristics
of life. Write your answer on the second table.

Statement Characteristic of Life

Jannine married Frank after dating for four
years. After 2 months, Jannine thought she
Reproduction
just had difficulty having menstruation then
she found out she was pregnant.

14
You throw a piece of seed into your
backyard. After a few weeks, there was a
seedling started to grow.
Stomata are small openings present on
plant leaves. On a hot dry day, the stomata
openings remain closed to reduce the loss
of water. Which characteristic of living
things is described here?
Puppies have inherited genes from both
parents and share many of the same
characteristics.

Eggs—tadpoles—adult frogs

Snakes shed their skin.

Mary was running fast because she was

late in her Biology class. When she entered
the classroom, she was sweating a lot.

pollen carried from flower to flower

A triathlon ate plenty of fruits and vegetable

as a preparation for his competition next
week.

Guttation in plants gradually happen.

What Have I Learned

15
 Activity 6: Synthesizing your Learning

Answer the following questions based on your learning. Be brief and concise.

1. Based from your opinion, why do we need to study the beginning of the universe?
Give at least five (5) reasons.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

2. From the seven characteristics of life, choose top three which you consider as
important characteristics of life. Explain why to each of the characteristic below.

a.

b.

c.

3. Based from what you learned on the beginning of the universe until how life
began, which among the topics struck you the most that gave you realizations.
Support your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

What Can I Do

16
We learned that bacteria are unicellular and can be either be benefited by humans or
endanger humans. Your activity is to fill in “the hands” some ways to keep yourself
away from being infected by some bacteria or viruses especially during the
pandemic. Color “the hand”. At the center of the hand, make your own slogan about
the importance of hygiene and hand washing.

Summary

17
 There are different theories proposed on how the universe was formed such
as Theory of Special Creation, Theory of Spontaneous Generation, Theory of
Biogenesis, Theory of Biochemical Evolution, Theory of Panspermia, and
Deeps-sea Hydrothermal Vent Theory.

 Big Bang Theory is the theory that is widely accepted and states that the
universe was formed 13 to 15 billion years ago.

 The age of the earth was proven and studied with the use of fossils (remains
of the past).

 Paleontologists discovered microfossils in rocks that formed 3.5 billion years

ago using radioisotope dating.

 All living organisms are made up of cells.

 Multicellular organisms evolved from unicellular eukaryotes with a process.

 Nucleus is not often preserved during fossilization but other traits that a
fossilized cell was eukaryotic.

 Prokaryotic cells are unicellular.

 Eukaryotic cells are multicellular.

 There are different characteristics of life namely, Sensitivity, Reproduction,

Growth and Development, Nutrition, Respiration, Movement, and Excretion.

18
Post-Assessment
Instruction: Read and answer the following questions. Encircle the letter of your
choice.

1. According to the big bang theory, ________________.

a. the universe expanded out from a single point
b. earth and our sun formed simultaneously
c. C and O were the first elements to form
d. all of the above

2. The first eukaryotes were ___________.

a. fungi
b. plants
c. protists
d. animals

3. Evidence that Mars ____ suggests that It may have supported or still supports
life.
A. has an ozone layer
B. has water
C. is about the same size as Earth
D. all of the above

4. The evolution of _______ resulted in the increase in the levels of atmospheric

oxygen.
a. DNA-based genomes
b. aerobic respiration
c. sexual reproduction
d. photosynthesis that releases oxygen

5. Bacteria that cause the disease typhus are close relatives of bacteria evolved
into ______.
a. protists
b. protocells
c. chloroplasts
d. mitochondria

6. An RNA that functions as an enzyme is a ___________.

a. protein
b. protocell
c. ribosome
d. ribozyme

19
 7. A stromatolite is a structure ____________.
a. produced by endosymbiosis
b. that formed only on the early Earth
c. consisting of layered bacteria and sediment
d. that expels hot water from deep in the Earth

8. _________ refers to the sum of chemical reactions of an organism.

a. Photosynthesis
b. Respiration
c. Metabolism
d. Homeostasis

9. It is the ability of living things to produce new individuals closely resembles

them.
a. Excretion
b. Reproduction
c. Respiration
d. Creation

10. It is a theory stating that the beginning of the universe was due to a supreme
being creating the planets, galaxies, asteroids and other heavenly bodies.

a. Theory of Special Creation

b. Theory of Spontaneous Generation
c. Theory of Biogenesis
d. Theory of Biochemical Evolution

Answer Key:

PPretest P Post-Assessment
1. D 1.A
2. D 2.C
3. C 3.D
4. D 4.D
5. C 5.C or D
6. D 6.D
7. A 7.C
8. B 8.C
9. A 9.B
10. C 10.A

20
REFERENCES

“Big Bang Activity.” n.d. Accessed July 8, 2020.

https://www.monroecti.org/cms/lib07/PA03000492/Centricity/Domain/37/Big
%20Bang%20Activity.pdf.

Biology.iupui.edu. n.d. Practice Exam 1. [online] Available at:

<https://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100/CL4preexamanswer2k4.html>
[Accessed 24 June 2020].

Canoy, Warlito. 2016. "Lesson 4.1 The Evolving Concept of Life |

Facebook". Web.Facebook.Com. https://web.facebook.com/notes/earth-and-life-
science/lesson-41-the-evolving-concept-of-life/1831983763704938/?_rdc=1&_rdr.

Herman, Donna Grace. 2018. "Introductioon To Life Science". Presentation, 2018.

Hypotheses about the origins of life. 2018. “Hypotheses about the Origins of Life.” Khan
Academy. 2018. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/history-of-life-on-
earth/history-life-on-earth/a/hypotheses-about-the-origins-of-life.

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