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CONTENTS

UNITA BASJC GRAMMAR TERMINOLOGY UN1T C CONTRACTIONS

A-1 Subjects, verbs, and objects UNIT D NEGATIVES
A- 2 Prepositions and preposirional phrases D-1 Using not and other negative words o-2
A-3 Adjectives Avoiding double negatives
A-4 Adverbs o-3 Begin.n.ing a semence with a
A-5 The verb be negative word
A-6 Linking verbs UNTTE PREPOSITION COMBlNATIONS
UNIT B QUESTIONS lN"IT F CONNECT(YES TO GfVE EXAMPLES
B-1 Forms of yes/no and information AND T O CONTfNUE AN JOEA
questions F-1 Connectives to give e:.xamples
B-2 Question words F-2 Connectives to continue the same
B-3 Shortened yes/no questions idea
B-4 Negative questions UNITG VERB FORM REVIEW EXERCISES
B-5 Tag questions
UNIT A: Basic Grammar Terminology
A-1 SUBJECTS, VERBS, AND OBJECTS
S V Almostall English semences contain a subject (s) and a verb (V). TI1e verb
r-1 r----1 may or may not be followed by an object (o).
(a) B irds jly.
(NOUN) (VERB)
VERBS: Verbs that are not followed by an object, as in (a) and (b), are
s V caJled "intransitive verbs." Common intransitive verbs: agree, arn"ve,
,.--, ,...-------, come, cry, exist, go, happen, live, occur, rain, rise, sleep, stay, walk.
(b) The babyC7'ied . Verbs that are followed by an objectj as in (c) and (d), are called "transitive
(NOUN) (VERB) verbs." Common transitive verbs: build, cut,find> like, make,
need> send, use, wam.
s V 0
Some verbs can be either intransitive or transitive.
,...-------, ,----,
(c) The student needs a pe11. intransitive: A stw:km studies.
(NOUN) (VERB)(NOUN) transitive: A studem studies books.
----- ------------------------------------------------1
SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS: The subjects and objects ofverbs are nouns (or
S V 0 pronouns). Examples of nouns: person, place> thing, lohn, AsU:z, pen,
(d) My friend enjoyed the ~ information, appearance, amusemem.
(NOUN) (VERB) (NOUN)

Al
D EXERCISE 1. Subjects, verbs, and objects. (Chart A-1)
Directions: Underline the subject (s), verb (v), and object ofthe verb (o) in each sentence.
\J 0
1. The politician supported new taxes.

2. The mechanic repaired the engin e.

3. Those boxes contain old photographs.

4. The reacher canceled the rest.

5. An earthquake destroyed the village.

6. All birds have feathers .

List all of the nowts in the above serttences.

pdi.+-i.c\oo.~, +-oo.)<es

D EXERCISE 2. Transitive vs. intransitive verbs. (Chart A-1)

Directions: Underline each verb in the sentences. Write vr if it is transitive. Write VI if it is
intransitive.
\rf
l . M r: West repeated his question.

VI
2. Smoke rises.

3. The children di'vided the candy,

4. I sneezed.

5. A Strange thing happened.

6. The. customer bought some butter,

7. Out team won the game.

8. Out team won yesterday.

9. The fog disappeared, and the sun shone.

10. Omarboiled some water. Wemade tea and drank it.

A.2 APPENDIX
 A-2 PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
COMMON PREPOSIT!ONS
about ac beyond imo sirzce up
ab(}'l)e bejore by like ihrough upon
across belzind despize near lhroughour with
after below down oj till withi11
against beneath during off lO 11Jitltout
aumg beside jor on lOVJa rd (s)
among besicks from out Wlder

around between in (}'l)eY

umil
S V PREP 0 of PREP An important element of English sentences is the
, ---- , , . ---- , r -- 1
prepositional phrase-. It consists of a preposition (PR.EP)
(a) The student studies üt the library.
(NOUN) and its object (0). The object of a preposition is a noun or
pronoun. In (a): in the library is a prepositional phrase.

S V 0 l'REP 0 oU'REl>
,---, r -- , r -- ,
(b) We enjoyed the party at yourllouse.
(NOUN)

(c) We wentto the zoo in the afternoon, In (c): ln most English sentences, "place" comes befon!
(place) (time)
(d) In the qfternoon, we wem to the zoo. In (d): Sometimes a preposltional phrase comes at the
beginning of a sentence.

0 EXERCISE 3. ldentifying prepositions. (Chart A-2)

Directions: Underline the prepositional phrases in the following. ldentify the preposition (P)
and tbe noun that is used as the object ofthe preposition (0 ofP).
p 0 0~ p
1. Grasshoppers destroyed the wheat in the field.

2. The waiter cleared the dirty dishes from our table.

3. I parked my car in the garage.

4. Trees fell during the violent storm.

5. Cowboys depended on horses for transportation.

6. We walked to the park after class.

0 EXERCISE 4. Sentence elements. (Charts A-1 and A-2)

Directions: Underline the subjects (s), verbs (vr or VI), objects of verbs (o), and
prepositional phrases (PP) in the following sentences.

1.
s Vl o
AJeJC needs new batteries for his camera.
PP
- ---
\II PP
2. A bomb exploded in the road.

3. Sally wore her blue suit to the meeting.

Supplementary Grammar Units A3
 4. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies.

5. Beils originated in Asia.

6. Plants need a reliable supply of water.

7. We enjoyed the view of snowy mountains from tbe window of our hotel room.

8. The child sat between her parents on the sandy beach. Above her, an eagle flew across the

cloudless sky.

A-3 ADJECTIVES
(a) Ann 1s an intelli'gent student.Adjectives describc· nouns. In grammar, we say rhat adjectives modify
(ADJECTTVE) (NOUN)nouns. The word "modify" means "change a little." Adjectives give -a
little
(b) The hungry child ate fruit. different meaning to a noun: imelligem studenz, lazy swdent, good student.
(A,DJBC11VE) (NOUN) Examples of adjectives: young, old, rich, beatttiful, brown, French, modern.

(c) I saw some beautijul pictures. An adjective is neither singular nor plural. A final -s is never added to ao
INCORRECT: beautifuls piczures adjective.

A-4 ADVERBS
(a) H e walks gur'ckly .Adverbs modify verbs. Often they answer the question "How?" In (a):
(APVE'RB)How does he walk? Answer: Quickly.
(b) She opened the door qttiet/y.Adverbs are often formed by adding -ly to an adjective.
(ADVERB) adjective:· quick
adverb: quickly

(c) I am ext,.emely happy. Adverbs are also used to modify adjectives, i.e., ro give information about
(ADVERB) (ADJECTTVE) adjectives, as in (c).

(d) Ann will come l01?10t'YOW.Adverbs are also used to express time or frequency. Examples: ccmorrow,
(ADVERB)today~ yeszerday, soon, never, mually, always, yet.
MlDSENTENCE ADVERBS Some adverbs may occur in the middle of a sentence. Midsentence
(e) Ann always comes on time. adverbs have usual positions; they
(f) Ann is always on time. ( 1) come in front of simple presenc and simple pasc verbs (except be),
(g) Ann has always come on time. -as in (e);
(h) Does she always come oo time? (2) follow be (simple presenr and simple past), as in (f);
(3) come between a helping verband a main verb, as in (g).
In a question, a midsenrence adverb comes directly after the subjecr, as in (h).
COMMON MIPSENTENCE ADVERBS
ever usually generally seldom never already
always often somerimes rarely not ever final{v
frl!fluemly occasional/y hardly ever just
probably

A4 APPENDIX
0 EXERCISE 5. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs. (Charts A-1 ...... A-4)
Directums: Underline the adjecrives (ADJ) and adverbs (ADV) in the sentences.
AW A~ AW
1. A terrible fire spread rapidly through the old hause.

2. A small child cried noisily in the third ro'w ofthe theat~r,

3. The eager player waited impatiently for the start of the game.

4. An unusually !arge crowd came to the concert.

5. Arthur carefully repail'ed the antique vase with special glue.

6. On especially busy days, the telephone in the main office rings constantly.

The above six sentences have l 0 adjectives and 7 adverbs.

Count the total number of nouns in the above six sentences: - - -----
Count the total number of verbs in the above six sentences:

0 EXERCISE 6. Adjectives and adverbs. (Charts A-3 ahd A-4)

Directions: Choose the correct adjective or adverb in parentheses.
l. George is a (careless, carelessly) writet. He writes (careless, carelessly).
2. Frank asked me an (easy, easi/y) question. I answered it (easy, easily) .
3. Sally speaks (soft, softly) . She has a (soft, softly) voice.
4. I entered the classroom (quiet, quietly) because I was late.
5. Ali speaks English very (good, well). He has very (good, weil) pronunciation . .-

0 EXERCISE 7. Midsentence adverbs. (Chart A-4)

Directicm.s: Put each adverb in parentheses in its usual midsentence position.
1. (neveP)Erica has seen snow. -~ Erica has never seen snow.
2. (often)Ted studies at the library in the evening.
3. (ofien)Ann is at the library in the evening, too.
4. (already) Fred has finished studying for tomorrow's test.
5. (seldom) Jack is at home.
6. (always) D oes he stay there?
7. (often) H e goes into town to hang araund with his buddies.
8. (always) You should tel! the truth.

"The word welJ can be either an adverb oc an adjective.

Ron writes weH. well = an adverb meaning " in a good manner." It.describes how Ron writes.
Mary was sick, but now shs is weil. weil= an adjective meaning "bealthy, not sick." lt follows ihe verb be and
describes the subject "she"; i.e., Mary is a well pmoll, not a sielt person.

NOTE: After the linking verb feel, either good or weil may be used:
1 feel good and I jul weil have essentially the same meani.ng. However, weil usually refers specifically to health,
whereas good can refer to one's physical and/or emotional condition.

Supplementory Grommor Units A5

A-5 THE VERB BE
(a) John is a student. A semence with be as the main verb has three basic patterns:
(BI!) (NOUN) In (a) : be + a now~
(b) john is intelligent. In (b) : be + an adjeuive
( BE) (ADJ) In (c) : be + aprepositional phrase
(c) John was at the library.
(BE!) ( PREP. PHRASE)
I (d) Mary is wrüing a Ietter. Be is also used as an auxiliary verb in progressive verb tenses and in the
(e) They wet·e listening to some music . passive.
(f ) That Ietter was wriuen by AJice . ln (d): is =auxi/iary; writing = main verb
TENSE FORMS OF BB.
SlMPLE PRESEt-IT SlMPLE PAST PRESENT PERFECT
Jam 1 was I have been
SINGUI.J\R you are you we1·e you have beett
he, she, it is Jze, she, it was he, she, it has beetl
PLU RAL we,you, they at·e we,you, t.hey were we, you, they have beetl

A-6 LINKING VERBS

(a) The soup smells good. Other verbs like be that may be followed immediately by an
(L1Nl<1NG VERB) (ADJECT IVE) adjective are called " linking verbs." An adjective foJ!owing a
(b) This food tastes delicious. linking verb describes the subject of a sentence_*
(c) The children/eel happy. Common verbs that may be followed by an adjective:
(d) The weather becam.e cold. • feel, Look, smell, sound, taste
• appear, seem
• become (and get, rum, grow when they mean ..become")

*COMPARE:
(1) TM man Iooks arJgry. .... An at.ljective (angry) follows Iook. The adjective describes the s ubjecl ( cl1e ma11) . Look has the
meaning of"appear."
(2) T1re man looked atme angri/y. - • An adverb (angrily) follows Iook at. Tbe adverb describes the act.ion of the verb. Look ut
has the mean1ng of " regard, waten."

D EXERCISE 8. Linking verbs. (Charts A-3 -~ A-6)

Directions: Choose the correct adjective or adverb in parentheses.

1. This math problern Iooks (easy~ easily). I'm sure I can do it (easy, easily) .
2. That chair Iooks (comfortable~ comfortably).
3. I looked at the problern (careful, carefully) and then solved it.
4. I felt (sad~ sadly) when I heard the news.
5, Susan smiled (cheerful, cheerfully). She seemed (cheerful, cheerfully) .
6. I tasted the soup (careful, carefuUy) because it was hot. The soup tasted (good, weil).
7. The room got (quiet~ quietly) when the professor entered. The studems sat (quiet,
quietly) at their desks.
8. The sky grew (dark~ darkly) as the storm approached.

A6 APPENDIX
0 EXERCISE 9. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, p repositions. (Charts A-1 -+ A-6)
Directions: Identify each underlined word as a noun, verb, adjective~ adverb, or preposition.
PREP
1. Through the centuries, many people have confused whaJes with fish .

2. Whales are mammals, not fish. They breathe air and give birth to live young.

3. Some species ofwhales dive deeply beneath the surface of the ocean in order to feed and can

stay under the water for more than an hour. AU whales, however, must come to the surface

for air.

4. Whales make the Iongestmigrations known among mammals. Gray whales swim from the

Pacific coast of Mexico, where they give birth in winter, to the kY Arctic for the swnmer.

5. Orca whales, which are black and white, are highly trainable. They are also called ''killer

whales," but trainers tell us that these whales are intelligent and sensitive. One time, a newly

captured male orca refused to eat for a long time. Finally, he took a fish from the trainer.

However, he didn't eat the fish immediately; he took it to another recently captured whale, a

female who had also refused to eat, and shared it with her.

6. Whales have no sense of smell and poor eyesight. Their senses of touch and hearing,

however, are highly developed. They can hear an extremely wide range of sounds and use

sound to locate objects.

Supplementary Grammar Units A7

 7, Whales do not have vocal chords, but they can communicate with each other. T hey have a

wide range of clicks, whistles, and songs. When a whale is captured 'in a net, other whales

gather araund it and communicate through the net. They follow the captured whale for

long distances.

UNIT B: Questions
B-1 FORMS OFYES/NO ANDINFORMATION QUESTIONS
A yes/no question = a question that may be answered by yes or no.
A: D oes he live in Chicago?
B: Yes, he d oes. OR No, he doesn't.

An i nformation question = a question that asks for ihformation by uslng a question word.
A: Where does he live?
B: In Chicago.
Question word order = (Q/Jestion word) + helpiug verb + suhject + main verb
Notice that tbe same subject-verb order ls used in both yes/no and information questions.
(QUESTION HELPJNG SUBJECT MAJNVERB (REST OF
WORD) VERB SENTENCE)

( a) Does she live there? If the verb is in the simple present, use does
( b) Where does she live? (with he, she, ir) or do (with /, you, we, rhey) in
(c) Do tlrey live there? the question. If the verb is simple past, use did.
( d) Where do they live? Notice: The main verbin the question is in its
(e) Did he live there? simple form; there js no final -s or -ed.
( f) Where did h.e live?
(g) ls he living there? Ifthe verb h as an auxi!iary (a helping verb),
( h ) Where i.s /l.e living? the same auxiliary is used in the question.
(i) Have t hey üved tbere? There is no change in the form of the main
( j) Where llave tlley lived? verb. If the verb has more than one auxi!iary,
(k)
only the first auxiliary precedes the subjecr, as
Can Mary live there? in (m) and (n) .
(I) Where can Mary live?
(m) Will he be living there?
( n ) Where will he be living.'

( o) Who 0 0 lives there? l f the question word is the subject, usual

(p) Who can 0 come.' quesrion word order is not used; does, do, and
did are not used. The verb is in the same
form in a question as it is in a Statement.
Statement: Tom came.
Question: l.\?110 came?
(q) Are they 0 there? Main verb be in the simple present {am, is,
(r) Where aTe they.' 0 are) and simple past (was, were) precedes the
( s) Was ]im 0 there? subject. lt bas the same position as a helping
( t) Where was ]im.' 0 verb.

A8 APPENDIX
0 EXERCISE 10. Forms of yes/no and information questions. (Chart B-·1)
Directions: Foreach of the following, first make a yes/no question. Then make an
Information question using where.
Example: They can stay there.
Yeslno quest:ion: Can they stay there?
Information question: Where can they stay?
1 . She stays there.
2. She is staying there.
3. She will stay there.
4. She is going ro slay there.
5. They stayed there.
6. They will be staying there.
7 . They should stay there.
8. He has stayed there.
9. He bas been staying there.
10. John is tbere.
11. John will be there.
12. John has been there.
13. Judy will have been there.
14. Arm and Tom were married there.
15. This package should have been raken there.

B-2 QUESTION WORDS

QUESTION ANSWER
WHEN (a) When did they arrive? Yesterday. When is used to ask quesrions
When will you come? Next Monday. about 1ime.
WHERE (b) Whet'e is she? At home . Whne is used to ask questions
lW1ere can 1 find a peo? In that drawer. abour place.
WHY (c) Why did he leave early? Because h e's ill. Why is used to ask questions
W1Q1 aren't you comiog with us? l'm tired. about reason.
HOW (d) How did you come to school? By bus. How generally asks about manner.
H ow does he drive? CarefuUy.
(c) How much money does ir cost? Ten dollars. How is used with rnuch and
H ow man.)) people came? F ifteen. rnany.
(f) How old are you? TweJve. How is also used with adjecrives
How cold is 1t? Ten below zero. and adverbs .
How soon can you get here? ln tcn minutes.
How fast were you driving? 50 miJes an hour.
( g) How long has he been here? Two years . How lo-rzg asks about lengrh of time.
How ojten do you write horne? Every week. Ho1.u often asks about frequency .
H ow jaJ' is it to M iami from here? 500 miles. Howfar asks about dist,attce.

Supplementary Grammar Units A9

 WHO (h) Who can answer that question? I can .. Wh9 is used as the subject of a
Who came to visit you? .Jane and Eric. question. lt refers to people.
(i) Who is coming to dinner tonight? Ann, Bob, and Al. Who is usually followed by a
Who wanrs to come with me? Wedo. singular verb even if the speaker is
asking about more than one person.
WHOM (j ) Wlzo (m ) did you see? I saw Geo~ge. Whom is used as rhe object of a
Who (m ) are you visiting? My relatives. verb or preposition. In everyday
(k) Who (m ) should I talk to? The secretary. spoken English, whorn is rarely
To whom should 1 talk? (formal) used; who is used instead. Whom
is used only 1n formal questions.
Note: Whon-z, not who, is used if
preceded by a preposition.
WHOSE ( I ) Wlzose book did you borrow? David's. Wh9se asks questions about
Whose key is this? lt's mine. posses$ion.
I (Wiwse is this?)
\VHAT (m) What made you angry? His rudeness. What is used as the subject of a
What wem wrong? Everything. question. It refers to things.
( n) What do you need? r need a pencil. Wltat is also used as an object.
What did Alice buy? A book.
( o) What did he talk abaw? Mis vacation.
libout what did he talk? (formal)
( p) What kind of soup is that? lt's bean soup. What kind oj asks about the
What kind of shoes did he buy? Sandals. particular variety or type of
something.
( q) W1zat did you do last nigh.t? I studied .. What + a jom1 oj do is used to ask
What is Mary doing? Reading a book. questions about activ1ties.
( r) What countries did you v1sit? ltaly and Spain. What may accompany a noun.
What time did she come? Seven o'clock.
What color is his hair? Dark brown.
( s ) What is Ed like? H e's kind and What + be like asks for- a general
friendly. description of qualities.
( t) W11at is the weather like? Hot and humid.
( u) What does Ed Iook like? He's tall and has What + Look like asks for a
darl< hair. physical description.
( v) What does her house Iook like? lt's a rwo-story, *
red brick house.
WHI CH (w) I h"'two p<n•. } Which is used instead of what
Which pen do you want? when a question concerns choosing
Which one do you want? The blue one. from a definite, known quancity or
Which do you wanr? group.
( x) Which book should I buy? That one.
( y ) Which countries did be visit? Peru and Chile. In some cases, there is llttle difference
What cormtries did he visit? in meaning between which and
( z ) Which class are you in? Th.is dass. what when they accompany a noun,
What class ate you in? as in (y) and (z).
..Amedcan English: ~!WO-story housc.
British English: a two·storey house.

A10 APPENDIX
0 EXERCISE 11 . Information questions. (Charts B-1 and B-2)
Directions: Work in pairs, in groups, or as a dass.
Speaker A: Give the cues in the text. The first of the two cues is the answer tO the
question you want Speaker B to form. Your book is open.
Speaker B: Make an appropriate question for the answer Speaker A gives you. Your book is
closed.
Examples:
SPEAKER A (book open): The teacher. The teacher opened the door.
SPEAKER B (book closed): Who opened the door?
SPEAKER A (book open): Opening the door. The teacher is opening the door.
SPEAKER B (book closed): What is the teacher doing?

1. My friend. That Ietter is from my friend.

2. M aria. Maria wrote that lener.
3. My mother's. That is my mother's coat.
4. In August. Alice and John are going to get married in August.
5. Gray. Her eyes are gray.
6. Black. H er hair is black.
7. H erb tea. l'd Iike some herb rea.
8. Coffee. I usually drink coffee with my breakfast.
9. The soap bubbles. The soap bubbles madeher sneeze.
10. Ten minutes. It usually takes me ten minutes to eat breakfasr.
11. By taxi. I got to the airport by taxi.
l 2. A baU. The boy has a ball in his pocket.•
13. Four. 1 have four brothers and sisters.
14. Florida. I grew up in Florida.
15. Five hours. It takes five hours to get there by plane.
16. Historical novels. I like to read historical novels.
17. Chapters 2 and 3. The test will cover Chapters 2 and 3.
18. Because the traffic was heavy. I was late because the traffic was heavy. **
19. For three days. She's been sick for three days.
20. Twemy. I'm going to invite twenty people to my party.
21. This one. You should buy this camera, not that one.
22. Marie Curie. Marie Curie discovered radium.
23. Practicing asking questions. We're practicing asking questions.
24. Great. Everything's going great.

*A form of do is usuall y used in questions wben the main verbis ha.ve (espedaUy in American English but also
commonly in British English); e.g. Do you have a car? Using have without a form of do is also possible but less
common; e.g., Ha.ve you a car?
NOTE: Especially in British English but also in American English, the idiom ha.ve got is used to indicate
possession insread of have alone; e.g., Bob has got a car. Ha.ve you got a car?
**In informal spoken English, another way of asking why is how come. Usual question word order is nor used witb how
come; instead, the subject comes in front of the verb.
example: john isn't here (becau.se he is sic/l). - • Why isn'r Johr: liere? OR
How come lohn im'i here?

Supplementary Grammor Unlts A.11

0 EXERCISE 12. Activity: asking questions. (Charts B-1 and B-2)
Directions: Pair up with another student. Together create a dialogue for one or more oft.he
situation s. One of you is Speaker A, and the other is Speaker B. If you don't have a partner, write
a dialogue as you would imagine t.he conversation to go. The beginning of each dialogue is given.

I . This conversation takes place after class is over.

Speaker A: 1-0u are a sr:udent. li>u have a problem.
Speaker B: YOu are a teacher. li>t~ try to solve the problem.
few
SPEAKER A: Excuse me, ----------- Do you have a minutes?
SPEAKER B: Certainly.
SPEAI<ER A: I'd like to talk to you about __________
SPEAKER S;
Etc.
2. This conversation takes place on the telephone.
Speaker A : YOu work for a travel agency.
Speaker B: You wam to take a trip.
SPEAKER A: Hello. Worldwide Travel Agency. May I help you?
SPEAKER s: Yes. I need to make arrangements ro go to ------ -----
Etc.
'3. This conversation takes place at a job interview.
Speaker A: YOu are the interviewer.
Speaker B: YOu are the interviewee.
SPEAI<.ER A: Mr./Ms. ___________ , isn't i t?
SPEAKER B: Yes.
SPEAKER A: l'm Mr./Ms. ---- -------· lt's nice to meet you. Come in
and have a seat.
Etc.
4. Choose a s1·tuation chat t:nvolves one person asking another person a series oj questions. Assign
yourselves rotes and make up a conversation.

I B-3 SHORTENED YES/NO QUESTIONS

=
(a) Going co bed rww? At·e yort going ro bed now? Sometimes in spoken English, the au:<iliary and tbe subject
(b) Finish your work? = Did you finish your work?you are dropped from a yes/no question , as in (a), (b),
(c) Want togo w the mO'I.lie with us? = Do you want and (c). lOgo ro
the movie wich usi'

0 EXERCISE 13. Shortened yes/no questions. (Chart B-3)

Directions: Find the shortened questions, then give the complete question form .

1. A: Need some help? -+ Do you need some he/p?

B: Thanks.
2. A: Why do you keep looking out of the window? Expecting someone?
B: I'm waiting forthe mail to come.

A12 APPENDIX
 3. A: You Iook tired.
B: I am.
A: Stay up late last night?
B: Yup.

4. A: l'm looking forward to going to Colorado over spring vacation.

B: Ever been there before?

5. A: Why are you pacing the floor? Nervous?

B: Who me?

6. A: Want a cup of coffee?

B: Only if it's already made.

7 . A: Heard any news about your scholarship?

B: Not yet.

8. A: Hungry?
B: Yeah. You?

B-4 NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

(a) Doesn't she live in the dormitory?
(b) Does she not live in the dormitory? (very formal)usually a contraction (e.g., does + not = d.oem'r) is used, as in (a).Inayes/no question in
which the verb is negative,
Example (b) is ve:ry formal .and is usually not used in
everyday speech.
Negative questions are used to indicate the speaker's
idea (i.e., what s/he believes is or is not true) or anitude
(e.g., surprise, shock, annoyance, anger).
(c) Bob returns to his don:n room after his nine rn (c): Bob believes that Matt js supposed to beindass
o'clock dass. Matt, his roommate, is there . Bob now.
is surprised. Expected answer: Yes .
Bob says, "What areyou doing here? Aren'tyou
su.pposed to be in class JWW.;)"
(d) Alice and Mary are at home.. Mary is about to rn (d): Alice believes that Mary"s plane leaves at three.
leave on a trip, and Alice is going to take her to the She is asking the negative question to make s.ure that
airport. her information is correct.
Alice says, "It's already two o'clock. we.~ beuer Expected a.nswer: Yes.
leave for the airport. Doesn.'t you.r plane leave
a.t three?"
(e) The teeeher is talking to Jim about a test he failed . ln (e): The teacher believes that Jim did not study.
The teacher is surprised that fun failed the fest Expecied answtn·: No.
because he usually does very weil.
The teacher says: "Wha.t happened? Did11't you
.study?"
(f) Barband Ron are riding in a car. Ron is driving. In (f): Barb believes that Ron did not see the stop sign.
He comes to a corner where there is a stop sign, Expected amwer: No.
but he does not stop the car. Barbis shocked.
Barb says, "W'hat's the matter withyou? Didn't
you see that stop sign?"

Supplementary Grammar Unlts A13

0 EXERCISE 14. Negative questions. (Chart B-4)
Dz'rections: Sometimes the expected answer to a negative question is ~<yes» and sometimes "no."
In the following dialogues, make negative questions from the words in parentheses and determine the
expected response.

l. A: Why didn't you come too lunch with us?. (be lzungr-y) W eYe\\'t- yoL\ kL\\\~YY ?
B: ____ . I had a late breakfast.

2. A: It's almost dinrter time, and you haven't eaten since breakfast.
(you, be) hungry?
B: . I'm starving. Let's go eat,
3. A: You Iook tired this morning. (you, sleep) _____________ weil?
B: ____ . I rossed and turned all night.
4. A: D addy, Tommy said that the sun rises in the west. (it, rise) ---------
in the east?
B: ____ , Annie. You're right. Tommy is a Iinie mi1<ed up.
5. A: See thar man over there, the one in the green shirt?
B: Yes. Who is he?
A: (vou, recognize) ___ ____________ him?
B: . Am I supposed to?

6. A: I can't understand why David isn't here yet. (he, say, nm) ----------
------ he would be here by 4:00?
B: ____ . Samething must have delayed him . I'm sure he'll be here soon.

7. A: What's the matter? Everyone else at the party seems tobe having fun, but you Iook bored.
(you, have, not) ------ --- ------ a good time?
B: ---- · I'm thinking about going home pretty soon.

8. A: Did you know that the Missouri River is the langest river in the United Stares? B:· Are
you sure? (the Mississippi, be, not) ----------------
the langest?

A: _ _ __ . The Missöuri is araund

2,565 miles (4~130 kilometers)
long. The Mississippi is araund
2,350 miles (3,800 kilometers) ,

A14 APPENDIX
 B-5 TAG QUESTIONS
( a) Jack ca.n come, can't he? A tag question is a question added at the end of a sente.nce.
(b) Fred can't come, can be? Speakers use tag questions chiefly to make sure their information
is correct or to seek agreement. * I
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE + NEGATIVE TAG -> AFFJRMATIYE ANSWER EXPECTED
Mary is here, isn' t she? Yes, she is.
You like tea, don't you? Yes, I do.
They have left, haven't they? Yes, they have .
NEGA"nVE SE?rrENCE + AFFIRMATIVE TAG -t NEGATIVE ANSWER EXPECTED
Mary isfl 't here, is she? No, sbe isn't.
You don't like tea, do you? No, I don't.
They haven 't lejt, have they? No, they haven' t.
(c) This/That is your book, isn't it? The tag proneun for th islthat =it .
These!Those are yours, aren' t they? The tagproneun for theselthose = they .
(d) There is a meeting tonight, isn't chere? In sentences with there + be, the1·e is used in the tag.
(e) Eve·l'ything is okay, isn't it? Personal pronouns are used to refer to indefinite pronouns. They
(f) Everyone took the test, didn't they?is usually used in a tag to refer to everyone, everybody, smneone,
sornebody, no OTU!, nobody.
(g) Nothing is wrong, is it? Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags.
(h) Nobody ca/led on the phone, did they?
(i) You've never beett there, have you?
(j) 1 atn supposed to be here, am 1 not? In (j)r mn I not? is formal English.
(k) I am supposed to be here, aren' t / ? In (k): aren't / ? is common inspoken Engl.ish..
*A t ag question may be spoken;
(I) wirh a rising intonation if rhe speaker is truly seeking to ascerrain rhat his/her information, idea, belief is correct (e.g.,
Ann lims in an apartment, doem't she?); OR
(2) with a falliog intonation if rhe speaker is expressing an id ea wilh -which slhe is almost certain lhe listener will agree (e. g.,
Jz 'J a nice day today, i.m 'r. it?).

0 EXERCISE 15. Tag questions. (Chart B-5)

Directions: Add tag questions.
1. They want ro come,~<)"'+- i-l-\ey ?
2. Elizaberh is a dentist, ?
3. They won't be rhere, ?

4. You'll be rhere, ?

5. There aren' t any problems, _________ ?

6. That's your umbrella, ________ ?

7. George is a student, _________ ?

8. He's learned a Iot in rhe last co uple of years, ______ __ ?

Supplementory Grommor Un!ts A 15

 9. Larry has.... a bicycle, _ _ ______?

10. Mankeys can't swim, ________ ? ll . Tin~ will

help us later, ________ ?

12 . Peggy wauld like ta came with us ta the parry.) '

13. Thase aren't Tany's baaks, ?

14. Yau've never been to Paris.) ?

15. There is samethingwrang with Jane taday, ?

16. Everyane can learn how to swim, ?

17. Nobody cheated an the exam, ?

18. Nothing wem wrong while I was goneJ ?

19 . _ _ ______?
I am invitedJ
20. This grammar is easy.) ___ _____ ?

0 EXERCISE 16. Tag questions. (Chart B-5)

Directions: Add tag questians. Wark in pairs, in graups, or as a dass.
Example: (Carlos) is a studem ....
SPEAKER A (book open): (Carlos) is a Student .. ..
SPEAKER B (book closed): . .. isn 't he?

1. That's ( ... )'s pen .... 15. Yau used ta live in NewYork ....
2. ( ... ) is living in an apartment . .. . 16. There's a better way ta solve that
3. ( ... ) Jives an (Main Street) . .. . problern . ...
4. There isn't a test tomorrow ... . 17. ( ...) is gaing to come to class
5. ( ) has his/her baok tomorrow ....
6. Yau had a good time t8. Yau should leave for the airpatt by
six
... .
7. ( ) has been invited to the party
19. ( ... ) doesn't have a car
8. You didn't forget yaur key
20. ( ... ) sat next to ( ) yesterday ...
9. Your parents haven't arrived yer
2J. We have dass tomorrow
10. Turtles lay eggs
22. You've already seen that movie
ll. ( ) can 't speak (Arabic)
23. ( ... ) will help us
....
12. ( ) is never late ro dass
24. Nobody has told you the secret
13. Samething will be done about that
25. I am right
problern righr away
26. Class ends at (ten)
14. These keys don'rbelong to you ....

*A form of do is usually used in the tag when· have is Lhe roain verb: Tom has a c;ar, doesm't he? Also
possible, but less common: Tom ha.s a car, hasn't he?

A16 APPENDIX
UNIT C: Contractions
c CONTRACTIONS
LN Sl'EAKJNG: In everyday spoken English, certaln forms of-be and atDtiliary verbs are usually contracted with pronouns,
nouns, and quescion words.
IN WRJTING: (l) In written English, contractions with pronouns are common in informal writing, but not generally
acceptable in formal writing.
(2) Contracrions with nouns and question words are, for the most part, rarely used in writing. A few
of these contractions may be found in quoted dialogue in stories or in very informal writing, such
as a chatty Ietter to a good friend, but most of them are rarely if ever written.
In the following, quotation marks indicate that the contraccion js frcquently spoken, but rarely if ever written.
WlTH P RONOUNS WITH NOUNS WITH QUESTION WORDS

arn l 'm reading a book. 0 t(What',n" I supposed to do?

is She's srudying. My "book's" on the table. Where's Sally?

l t's going to rain. Mary's at home. Who's that man?

are You're working hard . My "books're" on the table. " 1-Yhat' re" you doing?
They''t·e waiting for us. The "teache:rs're" at a meeting. ''1-Yhere're" they going?
h as Sh~'s been here for a year. My "book's" been stolen! 1-Yhere's Sally been living?
Jt's been cold lately. S ally's never met him. What's been going on?
bave l 've finished my work. The 'rbooks've'' be.en sold. " 1-Yhere've" they been?
They've never met you. The "studen ts've" finished the tesr. ''How've" you been?
b ad He'd been waiting for us. The "books'd" been sold. " 1-Yhere'd" you been before that?
We'd forgotteo abour ir. "Mary'd " oever met him before. ''Who'd'' been there before you?

did 0 0 " 1-Yhat'd" you do last night?

" How'd" you do on the test?

will I'll come later. The "weather'll'' be nice tomorrow. ''Who'll" be at the meecing?
S~'ll help us. '']olm 'lf' be coming soon. " Whe<t·e'll'>you be at ten?
would He'd like to go there. My ''ft·iends'd" come if tbey could. " Where'd" you Iike to go?
They'd come if they could.
I "Mary'd" Jike to go there, too.

0 EXERCISE 17. Contractions. (Chart C)

Direccions: Read the sentences aloud. Practice usual oontracted speech.
Example: The streets are wet. -. "Tbe streets' re wer:"
PART 1. GONTRAGTIONS WTTH NOUNS
1. My friend is here. 8. The window is open.
2. My friends are here. 9. The windows are open.
3. Tom has been here since two. 10. Jane has never seen a ghost.
4. The srudents have been here since one. 11. The boys have been there before.
5. Bob had already left. 12. Sally bad forgotten her book.
6. Bob would like to come with us. 13. Sally would forget her book if I didn't
7. Ron will be here soon . rernind her to take it.

Supplementary Grammar Unils A 17

 PART /1. CONTRACTIONS WlTH QUESTION WORDS

14. Who isthat woman? 20. What did you do yesterday?

15. Who are those people? 2 1. Why did you stay home?
16. Who has been taking care of your house? 22. When will 1 see you again?
17. What have you been doing? 23. H ow io,ng will you be away?
18. Wbat had you been doing before that? 24. Where am 1 supposed to go?
19. Wbat would you like to do? 25. Where did you stay?

UNIT D: Negatives

D-1 USING NOT AND OTHER NEGATIVE WORDS

(a) AFFtRMATLVE: The earth is round. Not expresses a negative idea.
(b) NEGATlVE: The earth is not tlat.
AUX + NOT+ MA1N VERB N ot immediately follows an auxiliary verb or b e. (Note: If there is more
(c) I will not go there . than one auxiliary, not comes immed1ately after the frrst auxiliary: 1 will
I lzave not gone there . not be going there.)
I am not going there. Do or does is used with not to make a simple present verb (except be)
I was not there. negative.
I do not go there. D id is used with not to make a simple past verb (except be) negative.
He does not go there.
I did not go there.
COWRACTIONS OF AUXll.JAAY VERBS WTTH NOT
are not =aren 't1< has not =hasn 'c
was not =wasr1 't
cannot = can 't have not = haven't were not =weren 't
=
could not couldn 't had 1zot hadn 't = will not =won't
=didn 't
did r!OI is r!Ol ;::: isn't '1.1./0ttld not =woztldn '1
does not =doesn'l must noc = musm 'r
do nm do11 't = should not shouldn 't=
(d) I almost never go there. ln addition to 'zot, the following are negative adverbs:
I have lzardly ever gone there. never, rarely, seldom
hardly (ever), scarcely (ever), barely (ever)
(e) There's no chalk in the drawer. No also expresses a negative idea.

COMPARE:NOTVS.NO Not is used to make a Verb negative, as in (f).

( f) I do not lzave any money. No is uscd as an adjective in front of a noun (e.g., money), as in (g).
(g) I have no m011ey. Note: (f) and (g) have the same meaning.

"Sometimes inspoken English you will hear "ain't." It means tlam not," "isn'r," or "aren'r." Ain't is not considered proper English,
but many people use ai11'c regularly, and it ls also l'requently used for humor.

0 EXERCISE 18. Using NOT and NO. (Chart D-1)

Directions: Complete the sentences with not or n o .
1. There are ---'~=o-'__ mountains in lowa. You will --~.>.o""'l:..-__ see any mountains in Iowa.

2. Fish have _ ___ eyelids. They are ____ able to shut their eyes, and although they rest, they do
_ ___ actually go to sleep in the same way mammals do.

A18 APPENDIX
 3. ____ automobiles are permirred in the park on Sundays.

4. I can do it by myseiL I need ____help.

5. The Operation was ____ successfuL The pariem did ____ survive.

6. When I became ill, 1 had ____ choice but to cancel my trip.

7. The opera Rigoletxo was ____ composed by Mozart; it was composed by Verdi.

8. I have ____ patience with cheaters.

9. Ask me _ ___ questions, and 1'11 tell you _ ___ lies.

I 0. You should ____ ask people embarrassing questions about their personallives.

11. "Colour" is spelled with a "u" in British English, but there is ____ "u" in the American
English spelling ("color").

12. I excitedly reeled in roy fishing line, but the big fish I had expected to find did
_ ___ appear. Instead, I pulled up an old rubber boot.

0
-
/ ---)

Supplementary Grommar Unlts A 19

 D-2 AVOIDING DOUBLE NEGATIVES
(a) JNCORRECT: I don'c have 110 money. (a) is an example of a "double negative," i.e., a confusing
(b) CORRECT: l don' t have any money. and grammatically incorrect sentence that contains rwo
CORRECr: l have no money. negatives ~ the same clause. One clause should contain
only one negative.*

•NoTE: Neg.arives in two dilferent clauses io !:he same sentence cause no problems; for ex.ample:
A pers011 who doestr't ha.ve IO'Zitt catr't be truly
happy. I don't know !Q/ry he i:m't fiere.

0 EXERCISE 19. Error analysis: double negatives. (Chart D-2)

Directions: Correct the senrences, all of which contain double negatives.
1. I don't need no help. -+ I &m't need any help. OR I need no help.

2. I didn' t see nobody.

3. I can't never understand him.

4 . He doesn't like neither coffee nor tea.

5 . I didn't do nothing.

6. I can't hardly hear the radio. Would you please turn it up?

7. The beach was d eserted. We couldn't see nothing but sand.

8. Methods of horse training haven' t barely changed at all in the last eight centuries.

D-3 BEGINNING A SENTENCE WITH A NEGATIVE WORD

(a) Never will/ do that again! When a negative word begins a sentence, the subject and
(b) RaJ·ely have I eaten better food. verb are inverted (i. e., questioo word ordel' is used), *
(c) Hardly eve-r does he come to ,dass on time.

•Beginning a sentence wirh a negative word is relat.ively uncommon in everyday usage', but is used when rhe speake:r/writer wishes to
emphasize the negative element of the sentence and be expressive.

D EXERCISE 20. Negative words . (Chart D-3)

Direccions: Change each sentence so that it begins with a negative word.
1. We rarely go to movies. --> Rarely do we go w movies.
2. I seldom sleep past seven o'clock.
3. I hardly ever agree with her.
4. I will never forget the wonderful people I have met h ere.
5. I have never known Rosa tobe dishonest.
6. The mail scarcely ever arrives before noon.

A20 APPENDIX
UNIT E: Preposition Combinations
E PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS WITH ADJECTIVES
ANDVERBS
A be absent from be done with 0 object ro be
be accused of dream of, about opposed to
be accustomed to be dressed in p participate in be
be acquainted with patient with be
be addicted to E be engaged in, to pleased with be
be envious of polite to
be afraid of
agree with be equipped with pray for
be angry at, with escape from be prepared for
excel in, at prevent from
be annoyed with, by
apologize for be excited about prohibit from
be exhausted from be proteered from
apply to, for
approve of argue excuse for be proud of
with, about arrive be exposed to provide with
in, at F be faithful ro be Q be quali6ed for
be associated with familiar with
be aware of R recover from be
feellike
related to be
B believein fight for
relevant to
blame for be filled with be rely (up)on
be blessed with finished with be
be remernbered for
be bored with" by fond of
rescue from
forget about
respond to
c be capable of care forgive for
be responsible for
about, for be friendly to, with
be frightened of, by
s be satisfied with
be duttered with
be furnished with he scared of, by
be committed to
stare at
compare to, with G be gone from
complain about, of stop from
be grateful to, for
subscribe to
be composed of be guilty of
substitute for
be concerned about
be connected to H hide frorn succeed in
consist of hope for
T take advantage of
be coment with I be innocent of take care of
contribute to insist (up)on talk about, of
be convinced of be Ioterested in be terrified of, by
be coordinated with introduce to thank for
count(up)on be involved in think about, of
be covered with J be jealous of be tired of, from
be crowded with u be upset with
D decide (up)on be K keep from be
be used to
dedicated to known for
depend (up)on V vote for
L be limited to
be devoted to be located in w be worried abom
be disappointed in, with look forward ro
be discriminated against
M be made of, ftom
distinguish from
be married to
be divorced from

Supplementary Grammar Units A21

~ EXERCISE 21. Prepositions. (ChartE)
Directions: Complete the semences with appropriate prepositions.
l. Do you believe ___...:l~~.-- ghosts?
2. Anthony is engaged my cousin.
3. Ms. Bailas substitured our regular teacher.
4. I cao't distinguish one rwin the other.
5. Did you forgive him lying to you?

6. Chileiren rely their parents for food and shelter.

7. Tim wore sunglasses ro proteer his eyes ------ the sun.

8. Chris excels spons.
9. Andrea comributed her ideas the discussion.
10. 1 hope you succeed your new job.
11. l'm very fond their children.
12. The firefighters rescued many people ------ the burniog building.
13. I don' t care Spaghetti. I'd rather ear something else.
14. Charles doesn 't seem to care his bad grades.

15. Sometimes Bobby seems tobe jealous ______ his brother.

0 EXERCISE 22. Prepositions. (Chart E)

Directio1u: Complere the Sentences with appropriate prepositions.
1. Ma.x is known_ _ ___ his honesry.
2. Mr. and Mrs. Jones have always been faithful ______ each other.
3. Do you promise to come? I'm counting you to be here.
4. Trucks are prohibited ______ using residential streets.
5. The little girl is afraid ______ an imaginary bear that
Jives in her closet.
6. Do you take good care _ ___ __ your health?
7. l'm worried ------ this problem.
8. I don't agree - - ---- you.
9. We decided eight o'clock as the
time we should meet.
10. Who did you vote in the last elecrion?
11. How many srudems were absent dass yesterday?
12. It is important to be polite other people.

A22 APPENDIX
 13. The farmers are hoping rain.
14. Jason was late because he wasn' t aware the rirne.
15. We will fight ______ our rights.
0 EXERCISE 23. Prepositions. (Chart E)

Direcrions: Cornplete the sentences with appropriare prepositions,

1. I am not farniliar that author's works.
2. He doesn' t approve smoking.
3. I subscribe several magazines.
4. Water consists OJ\.'ygen and hydrogen.
5. l became uncomfortable because she was staring me.
6. She hid the candy the children.
7. He never argues his wife.
8. I arrived this country two weeks ago.
9. We arrived the airport ten minutes late
10. Has Mary recovered her illness?
11. I pray peace.
12. l am envious people who can speak three or four languages fluently.
13. Why are you angry me? Did I do something wrang?
14. They are very patient their children.

15 . The students responded ___ ___ the questions.

0 EXERCISE 24. Prepositions. (Chart E)

Directions: Supply appropriate prepositions.
I. I am grateftll ~----- you ------ your assistance.
2. The criminal escaped _____ _ prison.
3. Elizabeth is not comenr the progress she is making.
4. Paul's comments were not relevant _ _ ____ the topic under discussion.
5. Have you decided ______ a date for your wedding yet?
6. My boots are made ______ leather.
7. rm depending ___ ___ you to finish this work forme.
8. Patricia applied ------ admission ______ the university.
9. Daniel dreamed ______ some of his childhood friends last night.
10. M r. Miller dreams ______ owning his own business someday.
ll. The accused woman was innocent ______ the crime with which she was charged.

Supplementary Grammar Unlts

A23
 12. Ms. Sanders is friendly _____ _ everyone.
l3 . Benjamin was proud hirnself for winning the prize.
l 4. The secretary provided me a great deal of information.
l5. Ivan compared the wedding customs in his country ------ those in the
United Stares.

UNIT F: Connectives to Give Examples and to Continue

an ldea
F-1 CONNECTIVESTO GIVE EXAMPLES
(a) There are many interesting places to visit in the For exa·mpl.e and for insta nce bave the same
city, F01· example, the botanical garden has meaning. They are often used as transitions. (See
numerous displays of plants from all over the world. Chan 19-3, p. 389.)
(b) There are many imeresting places to visit in the
city. The art museum, for instan ce, has an
exceHent collectio.o of m odern paintings.
1
(c) There are many interesting places to visit in the e.g. =fo r example
city, e.g., the boranical garden and the art museum. (e.g. is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase exempli
(d) There are many inreresting places to visit in the gralia.)*
city, for e.xamp le, the botanical garclen or the an (c) and (d) have the same meaning.
museum.
(e) I prefer ro wear casual clothes, such a..<> jeans and such as =fnr example
a sweatshirt. (f) , (g), and (h) have essenrialiy the same meaning
( f) Some countries, such as Brazil and Canada, are big.
(g) Countries such as 'Brazil and Canada are big. even though the panern varies. *"'
(h) S t,ch countries as Brazil and Canada are big.

*Puncruation note: Periods are used with e.g. in Arnerican English . Periods are generally not used with eg in British EngHsh.
upunctuarion note:
(l) When the " such as phrase" can be ornirted without substantially changing the rneaning of the semence, commas are used. Example:
Some words, such as kttow and see, are vc(bs. (Commas are r.sed.)
(2) N o commas are used when the ":.-uch as phrase" gives essential information about the noun to which it refers.
Exampltr: Words such as kt/CXV and see are verbs. (No commas artr used.)

D EXERCISE 25. Giving examples. (Chart F-1)

Directions: Add examples to the given sentences.

l . T here are many simple kinds of exercise you could include in your life to improve your
health. For example ....
-+ For example> you could walk briskly for half an hour three times a week.
2. Some rock stars have international fame) for example, ... .
3. T he names of some newspapers are internationally known, e.g., ... .
4. Some English words have the same pronunoation but different spelling, e.g., ....
5. Maoy English words have more than one meaning. For example, . .. .
6 . If you are working too h ard and not making time for pleasurable activities in your Iife, you
should consciously schedule in relaxation tim e. For example, . . ..

A24 APPENDIX
 7. Same natural phenorneoa, such as spring showers or moonlight, da not endanger h,uman
life. Other natural phenomena, however, have the potential ro be life-threateoing to
humans, for example, . ...

0 EXERCISE 26. Using SUCH AS. (Chart F-1)

Direc~ions: Cornplete the sentences with your own words. Vse su ch as.

1. You need a hobby. There are many hobbies you might enjoy, --LS\.\=c"'-t-\!....!::0\~S,.___ _ _
cevoo.IMics OY. st-oo.IMp colledi\\g.

'2. There are certain products that almost everyone buys regularly, _________

3. You should buy a small, economical car, ----------------- -

4. Medical science has made many advances, yet there arestill serious diseases that have
notbeenconquered, ________________________ _ __

5 . Some countries, - ------------ and - -------- - - --

are rich in oil.

6. I enjoy such sports ------- -------------------

7. Such inventions ------------- have contributed greatly to the progress of civilization.

However, other inventions, _ _____________
_____ _ _ __ , have threatened human existence .

8. There are certain times when I wish to be alone, ____ _________when

------------ - or when ------------------

9. Same subjects have always been easy and enjoyable for me, -----------
However, other subjects, ___________
___________________, _________________
10. In certain Situations, ------------- - when - -----------
_ __________ or when _ _ _____ ______, my English still
gives me a little trouble.

1 I. Numbers ------------- are odd numbers, whereas numbers

_ ______ ______ are even nurnbers.

12. Same languages, _____________ and _____________

are closely related to English, while others, _____________ and
____________ , are not.

Supplementory Grommor Unils Ä

25
 The ciry provides many culrural opporrunities. lt Moreover,furthermore, andin additiort mean

has an excellem arr museum . "also." They are cransitions. (See Chart 19-3, p. 389.)
MoYeov er, }
Fzu·thermore,it has a fine symphony o rc hestta.
Jn addition , .
(b) The city provides many c ulrurat oppottuniries. In (b): In addt'tion to aod beside$* are used as
ln addition to } an excellenr arr museum it has prepositions. They are followed by an object (museum),
Besides not a c1ause.
'

a fine symphony orchestra .

•coMPARE; Besides means "in addition lo."
Beside means "next to''; e.g., I sar beside my /riend.

0 EXERCJSE 27. Connectives to continue the same id ea. (Chart F-2)

Directions.: Combine the ideas in these sentences by using moreover, jurthermore, in
additio?l (to), besides, or also where appropriate.
1. I like to read that newspaper. One reason is that the news is always reported
accutately. It has interesting speciaJ features.
2. There are many ways you can work on improving your English outside of dass. For
example, you should speak English as much as possible, even when you are speaking with
friends who speak your native language. You should read as many magazines in English as
you have time for. Watehing television can be helpful.

3 . AJong with the increase in population in the city, there has been lUl increase in the rate of
crime. A housing shortage has developed. There are so many automobiles in the cicy that the
expressways are altnost always jammed with cars, regardless of the time of day,
4. Good health is perhaps one's mosr valuable asser. To maintain good health, it is important
to ear a balanced diet. The body needs a regular supply of vitamins, minerals, protein,
carbohydrates, and other nutrients. Physical exercise is essential. Sleep and rest should not
be neglected.

UNIT G : Verb Form Review Exercises

0 EXERCISE 28. General review of verb forms . (Chapters 1 4 20)
Dir•ections: Comp1ete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in parenrheses.
l . Some of the students (speak, never) --------------------
English before they came here last fall.

2. I wish I (c01ne, not) ------ --- - - ---------- here last year.

3. Ir is essential that you (be) _________________ here tomorrow.

4. Had I known Dan wouldn't be here, I (come~ nox) --------------

5. My passport (starnp) - - -------- at the airport when I arrived.

6. My seventy-year-old grandfather, who owns his own business, (continue~ probably)

- ---- - - -------- to work as long as he (live) ______

A"26 APPENDIX
 7. I arrived herein August 1999. By August 2009, 1 (be) - - - --------
here for ten years.
8. Before (go) ______ to bed, I have to fmish my homework.

9 . (Hear) _ _________ that story many times before, I got bored when Jim
began to tell it again.
10. Do you know that man (sit) ________ in the brown leather chair?

11 . Many of the goods that (produce) -------------- since the

beginning of the twentieth century are torally machine- made.

12. The instructor said that she (give) an exam neXt Friday.

13. I (know) Beth for six years. When I (rneet) ______

her, she (work) in a law office.

14. lfyou (be) _ _____ here yesterday, you (meet) _____ _______
my father and mother.

15. This evening the surface ofthe Iake is completely still . It Iooks as if it (make)
-------- of glass.
16. I don't know why the food service has to be so slow. We (stand) _ ____ _ _ _
________ here in the cafeteria line for over h alf an ho ur, and there (be)
______ still a lot of people in front of us.

17, .Sue says she can 't come on the pienie with us. I wish she (change) -------
-------- her mind and (decide) ______ to come with us.

JS. My dog turned her head toward me and loo'ked atme quizzically, almost as if she
(ttnderstand) ------------ what I said.

19. (Be) ______ an excellent researcher, Dr. Barnes (respect) -------- ·

________ by the entire faculty.

20. Without the sun, life as we know it (exist, not) ---------------

0 EXERCISE 29 . Generalreview of verb forms. (Chapters l ~ 20)

Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
I . Since (come) _ _______ to the United States six months ago, Maria (learn)
__________ a Iot of English .

2. Mrs. McKay (give, already) ______________ birth to rhe child by the time her busband
arrived at the hospital.

3. I recommended that he (a.pply) ______ to at least three universities.

Supplementary Gramma r lJnlts A27

 4. Thank you for your help. I never (be) ------------ able to finish this work without it.

5. Peggy told rne she (be) _______ _ here at six tomorrow.

6. (Sit) on a park bench and (watch) the

brigbtly colored leaves fall gently to the ground, he felt at peace w1th the world.

7 . Why didn't you tell me about this before? I certainly wish I (inform) _______
_ _________ earlier.

8. The !arge dormitory (destroy, completely) _ _

by fire last week. Since all of the students (go) ____ ____ home for the
holidays) there was no loss of life.

9. James blushed when his friend asked him an (embarrass) __________

question.

10. Anna is grown up now. You shouldn't speak to her as if she (be) ------ a child.

11 . I asked all of the people (invite) to the parry to RSVP.

12 . Wh.en the (puzzle) Student could not figure out the answer to
the (puzzle) problem, she demanded that I (give) ______
her the correct answer, but I insisted that she (figure) ______ it out for
herselL

13. Ever since I can remember, mathematics (be) ________ my favorite subject.

14. The people (work) - --- ---- to solve the problems of urban poverty are
hopeful that many of these problems (solve) ------------ within the
next ten years.

15. lt's a funny Story. rn teil you the details when I (call) ------ you tomorrow.

0 EXERCISE 30. General revfew of verb forms. (Chapters 1 -+ 20)

Directions: This exercise is based on compositions written by students who were members of a
multicultural dass. Complete the sentenceswith the correct forms ofthe verbs in parentheses.

( I) Next week, when I ---:-:::--:-:--:--- --~-=-:--- my final examinations, I

(f&1ish) (take)
(2) -----,-",...,.-,,...--.,---,--- one of the best experiences I - - - ---=---- : ----
(finish, also) (have, ever)
(3) in my lifetime. In the last four months, I --- - -=--.,.----- more about
(learn)
(4 ) foreign culrures than 1 --------.,-:------,----- before ---- ..... , -- . , . -----
( arzticipate} (wme)
(5) to the United States. ---....,..,-.,........,,.....---- in a foreign country and -----,-.,..---
a~ ~

A28 APPENDIX
 (6) to school with people from various parts of the world ------ :-:----:----- me the
(give)
(7) opportunity ------- ,-------.,.--- and -----,------.,.-----with people from
(erzcounrer) (imeract)
(8) different cultures. I ----- .".~ ---- to share some of my experiences and
(like)
thoughts with you.
(9) When I fi rst - - ---- .. , .... ---- > I ------"---..,....---- no on.e an d I
(arrive) (know)
(10) - - -----.,.------,-,.------- all ofmy fingers - - ---- -,.--.....,..----- what I was
(need) (communicate)
trying to say in English. All of the international studem s were in the same situation.
(11) When we ----..,....-----"------ the right word, we - --- , --:--: -----
(can,find, 11ot) (use)
(12) Strange movements and gestures -------------- our meaning.
(communicace)
(13) ----__,..".-..,....---- some common phrases, such as " H ow are you?", "F ine, thank
(Know)
(14) you, and you?" and "Whar country are you from?", ---"........,..- - enough in the
(be)
(15) beginning for us ----- ,------,-.,.----- frjends with each othet. T he TV room in the
(make)
( 16) dormitory --- .".------ our common meeting place every evening after dinner.
(become)
( 17) ----.,.,..---- ,...---- -------,---,....---- our English, many of us tried to
(Hope) (irnprove)
(18) warch television and - ------.,.-----..,.,.----- what the people - --- , --- ---
(undemand) (appear)
( 19) on the screen __________ , but for the most part their words were just a
(say)
(20) Strange mumble to us. After a while, _______ _ and a little sad, we slowly
(bore)
(21) began ro disappear to our separate rooms. I - ----:--;--;----;"- : ---- that all of us
(think)
(22) -------- , ------- , --- - some homesickness. However, despite my loneliness,
(e'Xperience)
(23) 1 had a good feeling within myself because I - ----..,....,.----- what 1
(do)
(24) - ----- , . ----- to do for many years: ------:-,....---- and
(wam) (live)
(25) ---.....,..---.,...---in a foreign country.
(study)
(26) After a few days, classes ---- .. " . ----- and we --------
(begiyl) (have)
(27) another meeting place: the classroom. --- ------- quite what
(know, not)
(28) ------ , --------- the first day of dass, I was a bit nervous, but also
(expeu)
(29) -----..,........,---- · After -------:":':"--:-:----- the right bllilding and the
( excite) (find)

Supplemen!ory Grommor Units A29

 (30) right room, I walked in and ----:-:----,----- an empty seat. I ------ :-:---:---:----
(choose) (imroduce)
(31) myself to the person -------=....,....,---- next to me, and we sat ----:--::-:----- to
(sil) (talk)
(.32) each other for a few minutes. Since we -----:,.......,--- from different countries, we
(be)
(33) -------.,--..,...,------- in English. At first, I was afra{d tbat the other student
(speak)
(34) ------ ~~-- ~~------ whatl ___~~---- > but l ------
(undemand, not) (say)
(35) ----~ ---=------ =--- :--:--:----- when she - - ----.,...---to my questions easily.
(surprise, pleasamly) (respond)
(36) Tagether we -----:--- :-- :-:--the first steps toward --------:=---- ::-;: ------ a friendship.
(take) (build)
(37) As the sernester ---------- ,-----•I ---- "..------- out more and more
(progress) (find)
about my fellow students. Students from some countries were reticent and shy in dass.

(38) They almest never ------ :---- :----- questions and --------- very softly.
(ask) (speak)
(39) Others of different nationalities ------ : - :---- just the opposite: they spoke in
(be)
(40) booming voices and never ---- ::--- :---:-- -- - ----:---:-:---- questions,
(hesilate) ( ask)
(41) and sometimes they ----- :::--- ----,---- the teacher. 1 ___---- ::------,----
(imerrupl, even) (be, never)
(42) in a classroom with such a mixture of culrures before. I leamed - ----,---.,-----
(suprise, nol)
(43) by anyth.il}g my classmates might say or do. TI1e time spent --------,-,,.------ ,---- our
(share)
(44) ideas with each other and ---- ::---,..---- about each other's customs and beliefs
(learn)
(45) -------,,.......,..---- valuable and fun. As we pr:ogressed in our English, we slowly
(be)
learned about each other, too.

(46) Now, several months after m y arrival in the United Stares, I ----..,.......,---- able
(be)
to understand not only some English but also something ab out different cultures. If 1

(47) - - - ----,.------ here, l _ ___----=----- - able to attain these insights

(come, 110 1) (be, rtot)
(48) into other cultures. I wish everyone in the world ------:::--...,...---- the same experience _
(have)
(49) Perhaps if all the people in the world ----=--- =----more about cultures different
(know)
(50) from their own and ----::--.,..---- the opportunity friends
(have) (make)
(5 1) with people from different countries, peace ----- ::-:----- secure.
(be)

A30 APPENDIX