Introduction

The third section of the AcEPT test is the Grammar and Structure. It tests the knowledge of standard
written English. This section consists of 30 questions in three different forms: sentence completion, cloze
test, and error identification. Each form has its own directions. The time allocated is 20 minutes.

Part A. Sentence Completion

There are 10 incomplete sentences in this part. A blank replaces a part of the sentence. The answer
to fill in the blank must make the sentence grammatically correct.

Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. Students can ______ write about a topic from different angles.
(A) study
(B) studies
(C) studied
(D) studying

Part B. Cloze Test

There are two paragraphs in this part. Each paragraph has five incomplete sentences. The answer to
fill in the blank must make each sentence grammatically correct.

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.
Southern bent-wing bats are found in Southern Australia. They (11) ______ flying mammals of about
52-58 millimeters long. The bat species is also known as Miniopterus orianae bassanii and is currently (12)
______. They (13) ______ in limestone caves, lava tunnels, coastal cliff rock crevices, and man-made tunnels
around the border between southern Victoria and South Australia. They like these environments because
(14) ______ can be warm and safe. The diet of the southern bent-wing bat consists of eating moths and
beetles. They catch their food while flying, as beetles and moths (15) ______ caught on their wings, tail,
and sometimes directly in their mouth.
11. (A) is 14. (A) they
(B) am (B) them
(C) are (C) their
(D) were (D) theirs
12. (A) rare 15. (A) getting
(B) rarest (B) gotten
(C) rarely (C) gets
(D) rarity (D) get
13. (A) life
(B) live
 (C) lived
(D) living

Part C. Error Identification

There are 10 sentences in this part. Each sentence has a grammatical error. Parts that can be the
error are underlined. The answer is the part that makes the sentence grammatically incorrect.

Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. Malala Yousafzai is the youngest Nobel Prize winners at 17 years old.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Chapter 1
Words

In the grammar part, we check how well you know different types of words in English writing. You
must understand how words look and what they do in a sentence to do well in this part. Below, we will
talk about each type of word.

1. Word Class
In English, the different types of words are called word classes or parts of speech. These help us
understand how words are used in sentences. There are two main groups: form and function. Form word
classes, or lexical words, are important parts of sentences. They are nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs.
Function word classes, or structure words, help form the sentence. They are pronouns, prepositions, and
determiners. Each word class has its own rules, so using them correctly in sentences is important.

a. Noun
A noun is a word for people, places, things, or ideas. Based on their use, there are nine types of nouns.
No Noun Definition Example
1 Singular one of something kitten, town, iris, truss, marsh, launch, tax,
blitz, bus, buzz, roof, chef, wolf, city, puppy,
ray, boy, potato, tomato, alumnus, focus,
dialysis, ellipsis, criterion, phenomenon, deer
2 Plural two or more of something regular kittens, towns
-s, -ss, -sh, - irises, trusses, marshes,
ch, -x, -z launches, taxes, blitzes
-s, -z busses, buzzes
-f, -ef roofs, chefs, wolves,
-y cities, puppies, rays, boys
-o potatoes, tomatoes
-us alumni, foci
-is dialyses, ellipses
-on criteria, phenomena
unchanged deer, sheep, series, species
3 Countable counted as an individual item, book(s) flower(s), house(s), idea(s), juice(s),
preceded an article or a quantifier (a) time
4 Uncountable impossible to count as a separate equipment, homework, information,
item intelligence, juice, time, knowledge, power
5 Possessive show ownership and association by the cat’s carrier, Kacey’s song, my niece’s
adding an apostrophe (‘) and an “s” room, my boss’ car, the children’s paintings
6 Gerund verbs ending in “-ing” for a real or acting, cooking, fishing, shopping, singing,
precedent situation exercising,
 7 Infinitive verbs preceded by “to” for an unreal to forgive, to eat, to live, to break free, to
or unprecedented situation exercise

The committees welcome ______ to the conference.

(A) guest
(B) guests
(C) guested
(D) guesting
The missing part is after the verb “welcome” and before the preposition “to”. To be the sentence’s object,
the missing part must then be filled with a noun. Option (A) is incorrect because it is a singular verb, and
the missing part does not follow an article “a” or “an”. Option (B) is correct because it is a plural noun, which
does not have to follow articles. Option (C) is correct because it is a verb for something that happened in
the past. Option (D) is incorrect because it is a verb for something happening right now. Therefore, the
correct answer is (D).

b. Adjective
An adjective is a describing word providing details to a noun’s state of being. Adjectives can also
describe pronouns, but not verbs, adverbs, or other adjectives. There are 15 types of adjectives.
No Adjective Definition Example
Quality
1 Predicate modify who carries out the action happy, sad, excited, disappointed
2 Descriptive add details by describing the qualities of red, beautiful, strong, delicious,
nouns acidic, round, liquid, sweet, high
3 Proper refer to a particular proper noun British, Greek, Christian
4 Demonstrative refer to a specific noun regarding proximity this, that, these, those
5 Interrogative ask questions about nouns which, whose, what
Quantity
5 Quantitative describe the quantity or amount of an item cardinal, ordinal, many, little, next
7 Attributive describe a single noun single, (n)either
8 Distributive describe a group of nouns both, a couple of, double, triple,
9 Limiting limit or restrict the meaning of a noun each, every, some, any, half, twice
Degree
10 Absolute describe an item in its own right good, bad, lack, tall
11 Comparative show differences between two items better, worse, more, less, taller
12 Superlative show differences of more than two items, the best, the worst, the most, the
preceded by “the” least, the tallest
Form
13 Participial modified from verbs to past used, driven, developed, given
describe nouns present developing, running, working,
14 Compound two or more adjectives combined, creating short-term, full-time, and high-tech,
a single adjective bad-tempered
15 Coordinate use more than one adjective, separated brown wooden (spoon); big, sturdy
with a comma or conjunction (luggage); black and white (attire)
The professor presents her research in the internationalize seminar.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is correct because the singular noun “professor” acts as the sentence’s subject. Option (B) is
correct because the noun “research” is an uncountable noun as an object. Option (C) is correct because the
preposition “in” is the beginning of an adverb of place. Option (D) is incorrect because the verb
“internationalize” cannot come after the article “the”. To describe the noun “seminar”, it needs the
adjective “international”. Therefore, the correct answer is (D).

c. Verb
A verb is a word that describes an action. Based on form, there are five types of verbs.
No Verb Definition Example
1 Root the base form of a verb without a prefix believe, consider, drink, eat, guess,
and/or suffix. hate, laugh, play, swim, talk, watch
2 To-infinitive root verbs preceded by “to”, indicating the to believe, to consider, to drink, to
purpose of an action eat, to guess, to hate, to laugh
3 Participle present suffixed by “-ing” expressing an believing, considering, laughing,
ongoing action loving
past modified by the suffix “-d” or “- believed, considered, guessed,
ed” for regular verbs hated, laughed, played, talked
conjugated for irregular verbs drunk/drunken, eaten, swam
4 Auxiliary helping verbs used to alter the main verb do, have, be (and its variations)
modal give additional can, could o show or infer general ability
meaning to the o make polite or informal request
main verb o ask and give informal permission
will, would o make formal request
o make prediction
o show intention
shall o show intention
o make polite or informal request
should o tell expectation
o suggest or providing advice
o infer responsibility or obligation
may, might o make formal request
o ask and give formal permission
o show possibility
must o show necessity
o infer logical assumption

People choose ______ from and to JFK rather than Newark or LaGuardia.
(A) flown
(B) to fly
(C) flies
(D) fly
The missing part follows the verb “choose” and is followed by the prepositions “from” and “to”. The missing
part must then be filled with another verb, either a to-infinitive or a present participle. Option (A) is incorrect
because it is a past participle. Option (B) is correct because to comes before the root verb “fly”. Option (C)
is incorrect because it cannot follow a plural noun or another verb. Option (D) is incorrect because it needs
“to” to be the second verb. Therefore, the answer is (B).

d. Adverb
An adverb is a word that describes a verb, adjective and even another adverb to add more description
and detail. There are ten types of adverbs.
No Adverb Definition Example
1 Time tell when an action happens tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, 4 May 1992
2 Place tell where an action takes place here, there, everywhere, nowhere
3 Manner tell how something is done fast, slowly, happily, loudly, beautifully
4 Frequency tell how often an action happens always, never, rarely, every now and then
5 Degree tell the extent or intensity of an very, extremely, quite, almost, completely,
action or adjective partially, altogether, fully, about
6 Purpose tell why an action happens (in order) to, for, in the hope of,
7 Interrogation ask about the manner, place, time or how, why, when, where, and to what
frequency of an action extent
8 Confirmation confirm the action of a verb certainly, definitely, absolutely, surely
9 Negation deny the action of a verb no, none, do not, cannot, never
10 Comment give viewpoint or opinion luckily, obviously, sadly, unfortunately

Newness accepted students must come to campus for orientation tomorrow morning.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is incorrect because the noun “newness” cannot come before the adjective “accepted” that
describes the noun “students”. To describe the adjective “accepted”, it needs the adverb of manner
“newly”. Option (B) is correct because the noun “campus” also functions as an adverb of place. Option (C)
and (D) are correct because they are adverbs of time. Therefore, the correct answer is (A).

e. Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces a referent, the noun that has already been mentioned or is clear
through context. There are ten types of pronouns.
Noun Personal Possessive Reflective
Definition substitute nouns show belonging show that the verb’s
Example Subject Object with noun without noun actor is also its recipient
1st singular I Me My Mine Myself
person plural We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd singular Yourself
You Your Yours
person plural Yourselves
singular (male) He Him His Himself
3rd
singular (female) She Her Hers Herself
person
plural They Them Their Theirs Themselves
3rd thing It Its Its Itself
Indonesia is moving ______ capital from Jakarta to Borneo to reduce the former’s population.
(A) it
(B) its
(C) it is
(D) itself
The missing part follows the verb “is moving”, and is followed by the noun “capital”. The missing part can
then be filled with an adjective, a pronoun, a preposition, or a determiner. Because the “capital” in the
question is a countable noun, it needs a determiner to be preceded by an adjective. Meanwhile, a
proposition cannot come before the “capital” because it is not a place, time, or direction. It leaves a pronoun
to fill in the missing part. Option (A) and (C) are incorrect because it is not needed to replace the nouns
“Indonesia” and “capital”. Moreover, the be verb “is” in Option C is unnecessary because there is the verb
be and the present participle “is moving”. Option (B) is correct because the possessive pronoun “its” is the
possessive pronoun referring to “Indonesia”, which can be followed by a noun. It can be put before the
singular third thing “capital”. Option (D) is incorrect because the reflective pronoun “itself” should be put
after the nouns “Indonesia” and “capital”. Therefore, the correct answer is (B).

f. Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between the words before and after it. There are
three types of prepositions.
No Preposition Definition Example
1 Place discuss where something takes place at, in, on, above, beside, under, below,
behind, between, among, in front of, at
the back, near, far, over, next to
2 Time discuss a specific time period when at, in, on, until, before, after, by, during,
something happens from … to …, since, for
3 Direction discuss at which something is moving across, from, to, from … to …, out of,
or has already moved to though, towards, by, up, down, to, into,
onto, over, upon, against, along
4 Possession discuss ownership of something of, (belong) to
5 Composition discuss what something is consisted of of, about
6 Instrument discuss the means of doing something with, by, on, in
7 Source discuss the origin of something from

The most common prepositions are “in”, “on” and “at”. However, they can be tricky because there is no
definite rule for choosing one over the other. However, the general rule is that “in”, “on” and “at” go from
general to specific. The rest of how they are used must be remembered.
No Preposition Use Example
1 In unspecific times during the day in the morning, in the afternoon
months, seasons, years, centuries in May, in summer, in 1998, in the 21st century
general locations in a hotel, in town, in the US
shapes, colors, sizes in line, in black, in four different sizes
expressions when doing something in the preparation process, in marketing
beliefs, opinions, interests, feelings in God, in singing
atmospheres in the cold, in the crowd, in the loneliness
 2 On surfaces of something on the kitchen table, on his desk, on the rooftop
locations on the street, on the bus, on the plane
specific days, dates Monday, Thursday, May 4th, July 29th
gadgets, devices, machines on the phone, on their computer, on speaker
body parts on my shoulder, on his cheek, on her finger
the state of something on sale, on fire, on break, on vacation
3 At specific times at 12:00, at (mid)night, at Christmas, at Easter
specific location at 10 Downing Street, at 221B Baker Street
places at the ballroom, at the park, at home
email addresses at [email protected]
activities at their singing, at painting

The 78th session of the UN General Assembly will take place from 5 to 19 September 2023 on New York City.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is correct because the preposition “of” shows that “the 78th session” belongs to “the UN General
Assembly”. Option (B) and (C) are correct because the prepositions “from” and “to” show the range of time
when “the 78th session of the UN General Assembly” is held. Option (D) is incorrect because the preposition
“on” cannot be used for general locations, such as the name of a city, “New York City”. The correct
preposition is “in”. Therefore, the correct answer is (D).

g. Determiner
A determiner is a describing word that identifies a noun. It must come before a noun. Determiners
function similarly to adjectives (demonstrative, interrogative, qualitative, distributive, limiting) and
pronouns (possessive). However, there are determiners consisting of frequently-used words that describe
nouns.
No Determiner Definition Example
1 Difference something different, singular and plural other
Words remaining or more singular another
2 Personal show inclusivity we teachers, you all, us boys
3 Article precede a Indefinite countable nouns an anthem, a car, a class
noun or noun “a”, “an” uncountable nouns a cup of tea, a slice of cake
phrase and similar type things a laptop, a sheep, an apple
identifies it as the first time an item a movie, a song, a novel, a
either specific is mentioned cat
or nonspecific Definite before country names the UK, the Philippines
“the” river and ocean names the Amazon, the Artic
specific items known the anthem, the car, the
by communicants class, the dress, the daylight
when an item is being the movie, the song, the
mentioned again novel, the cat

Articles are the most common determiner. However, there are exceptions to using articles.
No Exception Example
1 Limiting adjectives or indefinite pronouns can describe uncountable some water, some ice, some
nouns. light, some power
 2 Articles cannot come before possessive pronouns, and vice versa. the luggage, my luggage
3 Articles cannot come before nouns of abstract ideas. creativity, dinner, Hebrew

Aurora borealis are a colorful display of light in ______ night sky in Iceland.
(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
(D) some
The missing part comes before the preposition “in” and followed by the nouns “night” and “sky”. However,
“night” acts as an adjective. The missing part must be a determiner in the form of an article. The “night sky”
is a specific noun because there is only one night sky. Option (A) is incorrect because it is an indefinite
article. Option (B) is incorrect because it is an indefinite article for a word beginning with a vowel. Option
(C) is correct because it is a definite article. Option (D) is incorrect because it is an indefinite article for
uncountable nouns. Therefore, the correct answer is (C).

2. Strategy
a. Words can change their class, and their positions can tell the change. The exact same word can have
different functions at different positions. To understand a word’s function in a particular position, the
words around the underlined words or the missing part in the questions must be focused on.
b. Except for uncountable nouns, singular nouns must be preceded by an article, determiner, or possessive
pronoun. Uncountable nouns can be preceded by an indefinite article or directly follow a verb.
c. In Error Identification questions, the parts of the sentence that are not underlined are correct and must
be used as guides in identifying the error.

3. Exercise
Part A. Sentence Completion
Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. A camera lens uses glass to move light _____ one spot for a clear picture.
(A) from
(B) with
(C) to
(D) of
2. Deforestation in California ______ the wildlife.
(A) causing
(B) caused
(C) causes
(D) cause
3. Poppy bees ______ cutting instruments.
(A) has
(B) have
 (C) had
(D) having
4. Flocks of birds fly and schools of ______ swim in wavelike form as protection.
(A) fish
(B) fishes
(C) fished
(D) fishing
5. Researchers ______ collect data before analysis.
(A) can
(B) will
(C) should
(D) are able to

Part B. Cloze Test

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.
Thunderstorms can be quite scary, but they are also a (11) ______ meteorological phenomenon to
study. (12) ______ thunderstorm consists of two parts: the lightning strike and the loud clap of thunder
afterward. Because warm, moist clouds (13) ______ rise from the lower atmosphere, it causes the fog in
the clouds to thicken into water and even ice. Water and ice (14) _______ together to make the towering
cumulonimbus clouds in the form of the big dark clouds before a storm. Consequently, the hot air displaces
the cold air and pushes (15) ______ down in the form of wind.
11. (A) fascinate 14. (A) from
(B) fascinating (B) form
(C) fascination (C) forms
(D) fascinated (D) formed
12. (A) A 15. (A) it
(B) An (B) its
(C) Some (C) they
(D) Various (D) them
13. (A) swift
(B) swifts
(C) swiftly
(D) swifter

Part C. Error Identification

Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. Users must switches off electronic equipment before unplugging them.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. Qualitative method is more suitable for literature research.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. Brokers get paying through a commission for buying or selling a stock.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. American football is a team sport played by two team of eleven players.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25. A visual merchandiser plans and builds store displays to increases sales.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Chapter 2
Sentences

In standard written English, an idea is delivered in the form of a sentence. To score well in the
grammar and structure section, the sentence structure should be mastered. This section will teach you how
to write sentences correctly.

1. Group of Words
A group of words can be phrases, clauses, and sentences. Each group consists of different
components. A sentence is complete in itself to describe a whole idea. A phrase and clause can be found in
a sentence.

a. Phrase
A phrase is a group of words without a subject and a verb. Phases can give context, detail, and clarity.
There are seven types of phrases. The headword of a phrase tells its type.
No Phrase Form Example
1 Noun adverb + adjective + noun o The artist paints beautiful landscapes.
o The actress gives a good performance.
2 Verb auxiliary + verb o The organizations get funding from the government.
o The governor goes fishing on the weekend.
3 Adjective determiner + adjective o The teacher is incredibly smart.
o The dress is quite expensive.
4 Adverbial preposition / determiner o The actor sings with a low register.
+ adverb o The student works hard in order to succeed.
5 Prepositional preposition + noun o The others come in a minute.
o The lecture is beyond comprehension.
6 Gerund gerund + (article +) noun o The documents end up collecting dust.
o The dean keeps sending a message to the rector.
7 Infinitive to infinitive + noun / o The parents push their kids to study geography.
prepositional phrase o The headmaster advises the graduates to apply to
Sandford immediately.

No matter how long a phrase’s construction is, it is not a sentence because it has neither a subject nor a
verb.

Recent announced regulation this morning can make daily activities in the office efficient.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is incorrect because the noun “recent” cannot come before the past participle “announced”,
that functions as an adjective, describes the noun “regulation”. To describe the adjective “announced”, it
needs the adverb of manner “recently”. Thus, “recently announced regulation” forms a noun phrase that
functions as a subject. Option (B) is correct because the noun phrase functions as an adverb of time. Option
(C) are correct because the adverb of frequency describes the noun “activities”. Option (D) are correct
because the adverb of place shows where the noun “activities” takes place. Therefore, the correct answer
is (A).

b. Sentence
A sentence is a group of words with a subject and a verb. A subject tells what the sentence is about.
It can be a person, animal, or thing doing the action in the sentence. There are four word classes and
formations that usually become the subject in a simple sentence.
No Subject Form Usage
1 Noun people, places, things, o Rishi Sunak becomes Britain’s first Prime Minister of color.
or concepts o Alaska is the largest state in the US.
2 Pronoun personal referents o He gets to be one of the elected city council members.
o She remains the chairwoman for the next five years.
o They gain control over the area through violence.
3 Noun a group of words with a o Three African-American women work for NASA in 1955.
phrase noun as its head o An anthropology student studies culture of human beings.
o The mathematician solves the equation quickly.
4 Gerund verbs ending in “-ing” o Renting tools is sometimes better than buying them.

______ is becoming a more common lifestyle.

(A) Recycle
(B) Recycles
(C) Recycling
(D) Recyclable
The missing part comes before the auxiliary verb “is” and the present participle verb “becoming”. Because
the subject must come before the verb, a noun or pronoun can fill in the missing part. Option (A) and (B)
are incorrect because they are verbs, which cannot be a subject. Option (C) is correct because it is a gerund,
which can be subject. Option (D) is incorrect because it is an adjective, which cannot be a subject. Therefore,
the correct answer is (C).

Meanwhile, a predicate tells what is said about a subject. It always contains a verb, even sometimes
consisting of only a verb. There are two word classes and formations that can be the verb in a simple
sentence.
No Verb Form Usage
1 Infinitive singular subject o The Congress convenes at least once a year.
o An archeologist studies ancient cultures through historical
documents and artifacts.
plural subject o Chameleons change color to deceive predators.
o Jakarta and Yogyakarta remain as Special Regions.
2 Auxiliary be + adjective o She is attentive to the details of the interior design.
o Oranges and berries are rich in vitamin C.
 noun o Professor Adi is the founder of the Academic English Proficiency
phrase Test.
o The Burj Khalifa and Warisan Merdeka Tower are among the
tallest buildings in the world.
modal + infinitive o Bullying can lead to self-harm and suicide.
o The river may flood the surrounding villages.
be o Information on social media can be misleading.
o The knives must be sterile for the surgery.

Humans cuts 15 billion trees a year.

(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is incorrect because the verb that follows a plural subject must be in its root word form. The
suffix “s” is only for singular subjects. The correct verb is “cut”. Option (B) is correct because the determiner
“billion” must be in its root form. Option (C) is correct because, as the noun head of a plural noun phrase,
the word “tree” must be in its root form. Option (D) is correct because the singular noun “year” comes after
the article “a”, so it is not a plural noun. Therefore, the correct answer is (A).

c. Clause
A sentence consists of at least one clause. However, not all clauses can be a sentence on its own.
There are two types of clauses: dependent and independent clauses. An independent clause can be a
sentence, but a dependent clause cannot. Dependent clauses only give a piece of incomplete information.
Thus, it needs a conjunction to connect it to an independent clause. The clause connector can be a
coordinating conjunction, conjunctive adverb, or correlative conjunction.
A subordinating conjunction tells informative that the dependent clause adds to the independent
clause.
No Function Coordinating Usage
Conjunction
1 show a reason for o People vacation in Hawaii, for its temperature is warm.
2 add similar ideas and o Hawaii is an archipelago, and it is in the Pacific Ocean.
3 add a negative idea nor o Hawaii is not a subtropic state, nor it is located on the
mainland.
4 add contrasting ideas but o Hawaii might disappear altogether, but such extreme
change would take millions of years.
5 present a choice or o Tourists can fly to Hawaii, or they can sail from
California.
6 add a surprising contrast yet o Many US states have islands, yet Hawaii is the only
state comprised entirely of islands.
7 show a result so o Hawaii was formed on the Pacific Plate hotspot, so it
is prone to earthquakes.
A conjunctive adverb connects and shows the relationship between logically related independent clauses.
It must be preceded by a semicolon and followed by a comma.
No Function Conjunctive Adverb Usage
1 Addition additionally, besides, o The core is solid; additionally, the temperature at
furthermore, moreover its center is estimated hotter than the sun’s surface.
2 Clarification as an instance, for o The Earth consists of three layers; namely, the top
example, namely, such as is crust, below it is mantle, and the center is core.
3 Comparison alternatively, likewise, o Geology studies the Earth’s composition and
similarly formation; similarly, Geophysics studies its physical
properties, processes, and atmosphere.
4 Consequence accordingly, consequently, o Water covers about seventy percent of the Earth’s
hence, therefore surface; therefore, it is an ideal place to support life.
5 Contrast however, nevertheless, on o The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old; however,
the other hand human existence is about 200,000 years old.
6 Emphasis certainly, definitely, o The Earth is neither too close to nor too far from the
indeed, to be exact, in fact sun; to be exact, it is the third planet from the sun.

Humans need trees to make paper and furniture, ______ trees help humans breathe.
(A) so
(B) for
(C) yet
(D) and
The missing part comes after a comma and before the subject “trees” and the verb “help”. A conjunction
can fill in the missing part. Since the clauses before and after the comma are both simple sentences, a
coordinating conjunction can be the connector. Option (A) is incorrect because “so” tells the following
clause as the effect of the preceding clause. Option (B) is incorrect because “for” tells the following clause
as the cause of the clause that comes before it. Option (D) is incorrect because “and” tells that the clauses
that comes before and after it belong to the same category. Option (C) is correct because “and” tells that
the latter clause adds a surprising contrast to the former clause. Therefore, the correct answer is (C).

A correlative conjunction tells the relationship, or lack thereof, between independent and dependent
clauses. Correlative conjunctions thus always come in pairs.
No Function Correlative Conjunction Use
1 Addition both … and, not only … o Not only Sydney has world-renowned harbors, but it
but also, also has beautiful parks,
2 Alternative not … but, either … or, o Either Eisenhower resigned or he would be impeached.
3 Causal such … that, if … then, so o The university has such good curricula that it is
… that, consistently ranked high.
4 Comparison as many … as, rather … o The US has as many naval vessels as the UK.
than, neither … nor, o Vatican City neither has seas nor does it have lakes.
 5 Condition whether … or, no sooner o The government could not decide whether to build
… than, new roads or to rebuild the old ones.
6 Correlation just as … so, o Just as the US has Puerto Rico, so France has Mayotte.
7 Sequence hardly … when, scarcely … o Hardly had the sun risen when the temperature began
when, barely … before, to increase.

Where it rains, trees provide shelter for animals.

(A) (B) (C) (D)
Option (A) is incorrect because the subordinating conjunction “where” tells about places. Meanwhile, the
information that the dependent clause adds to the independent clause is about time. The correct
subordinating conjunction is “when”. Option (B) is correct because the verb “rains” follows the singular
subject “it”. Option (C) is correct because the verb “provide” follows the plural subject “trees”. Option (D)
is correct because the plural noun “animals” tells a general object. Therefore, the correct answer is (A).

2. Strategy
a. The subject-verb agreement is the most important to pay attention to and the easiest to spot. The
correct form of the verb depends on the sentence’s subject.
b. The subject is usually at the beginning of a sentence. However, an adverb can come before it. When an
adverb consists of a preposition that comes before a noun, the noun is not the sentence’s subject.
Adverb Subject Predicate
time In the winter,
manner In a nonstop flight,
frequency Once a year, bar-tailed godwits migrate from Alaska to New Zealand.
degree Altogether,
place Into Mount Tasman,

c. When a clause connector comes before a noun, the noun cannot be the sentence’s subject. Therefore,
the sentence is incomplete.
Connector Subject Predicate
As soon as the first responders the victim to the hospital
Because the number of drug use rises significantly
That Indonesia has more than 17,000 islands
While the board discusses layoffs

3. Exercise
Part A. Sentence Completion
Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. In economics, globalization ______ to countries doing business together.
(A) refer
(B) refers
 (C) referred
(D) referring
2. The Great Pyramid of Giza ______ the Temple of Artemis are two of the World’s Seven Wonders.
(A) and
(B) for
(C) or
(D) so
3. Hybridity ______ to cultures mixed into one.
(A) leading
(B) leads
(C) lead
(D) led
4. Introducing fiction to children is beneficial, ______ it can make them more empathetic.
(A) but
(B) nor
(C) for
(D) or
5. Retirees go on cruises _____ everything on board is taken care of.
(A) even though
(B) furthermore
(C) therefore
(D) because

Part B. Cloze Test

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.
Ethiopia is an African country whose official name is the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The
country (11) ______ inside the continent; thus, it has no seashore. It is Africa’s second most populated
country, with more than 78 million citizens. It (12) ______ three different climates because it has three
geographically different areas. The lowland is hot, (13) ______ the mountainous highland is cold, while the
area between is warm. In addition, the country is interesting historically. Historians believe Ethiopia is the
first (14) ______ where people set a community. At first, there were different parts led by different people.
The Emperor Menelik I united the country more than 150 years ago. It is the oldest independent country
(15) ______ Africa. Aside from Mussolini’s five-year occupation, Ethiopia never experiences colonization.
11. (A) am 14. (A) place
(B) are (B) places
(C) is (C) placed
(D) were (D) placing
12. (A) has 15. (A) in
(B) had (B) on
(C) have (C) at
(D) having (D) onto
 13. (A) so
(B) but
(C) for
(D) nor

Part C. Error Identification

Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. The minister ensuring Canada remains some tourist destination of choice.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. Present in front of a large audience is nerve-racking.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. Diplomats negotiate on behalf of the country them represent.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. All presidential candidates must undergoing the fit and proper test.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25. Salvador Dalí was an artist who took great delight in shocking her contemporaries.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Chapter 3
Tenses

In writing, the main thing to know is tense. To do well in grammar, you need to know the tense well.
This part shows how to write a sentence with the right tense.

1. Tense Structure
Tenses are very important in English. They show when something happens. There are three main
tenses: past, present, and future. When you change the tense, the verb changes, but other parts of the
sentence stay the same. Some words can tell you what tense a sentence is in.

a. Present Tense
The present tense tells about a current event, action, or condition of a subject. It can be simple and
continuous tense. The simple present tense is for facts, habits, routines, and events. A sentence in the
simple present tense can consist of a plural subject followed by a verb in its root form (V1) or a singular
subject followed by a verb suffixed by “-s”, “-es”, or “-ies”. It can also consist of a subject and a verb-be for
simple present tense (V-be1) followed by a noun or an adjective. The V-be1’s used in academic English
include “is” for singular subjects and “are” for plural subjects. Adverbs used are every day/time, every now
and then, always, often, usually, sometimes, (bi)annually, quarterly, seldom, and never.
o Presidents of the US always live in the White House.
plural subject adverb of frequency V1 adverb of place
o The President talks to journalists at noon.
singular subject V1-s preposition plural object adverb of time
o A presidential candidate relies on public funding for campaigns.
singular subject V1-s preposition object conjunction plural object
o The Republican candidate is usually an ex-army.
singular subject V-be1 adverb of frequency singular object
o The White House staff are enthusiastic for the inauguration.
plural subject V-be1 adjective conjunction singular object
Meanwhile, the present continuous tense is for an ongoing activity, event, or condition that is still
happening, progressing, temporary and uncompleted. A sentence in the present continuous tense consists
of a subject followed by a V-be1 and a present participle (V-ing). Adverbs of time used are at the moment,
(right) now, and today.
o The election committees are counting the electoral votes right now.
plural subject V-be1 V-ing plural objects adverb of time
o At the moment, the first lady is redecorating the West Wing.
adverb of time singular subject V-be1 V-ing plural objects

The most famous room in the White House ______ the Oval Office.
(A) were
(B) are
(C) is
(D) was
The missing part comes after the noun phrase “the most famous room”, as the sentence’s subject, and the
adverb of place “in the White House. The missing part comes before the noun phrase “the Oval Office”, as
the sentence’s object. A verb must fill in the missing part to connect the subject to the object. The verb
used depends on the number of the subject and the type of what follows it. Since the subject and the objects
are singular noun phrases, and the sentence tells a fact that remains true, the verb must be V-be1 for
singular subjects. Option (A) is incorrect because “were” is V-be2 for plural subjects. Option (B) is incorrect
because “are” is V-be1 for plural subjects. Option (C) is correct because “is” is V-be1 for singular subjects.
Option (D) is incorrect because “was” is V-be2 for singular subjects. Therefore, the correct answer is (C).

b. Past Tense
The past tense expresses an event, action, or condition of a subject that took place and was
completed during a period before now. The simple past tense is for facts that were once true, habits that
no longer existed, routines that changed, and occurrences that happened in the past. A sentence in the
simple past tense can consist of a subject, either singular or plural, followed by a verb in its second form
(V2). There are two types of change from the root to the second form, regular and irregular.
Regular Irregular
believe believed drink drank
guess guessed eat ate
laugh laughed swim swam
listen listened write wrote
dream dreamed or dreamt spoil spoilt or spoiled

It can also consist of a subject followed by a V-be2 and an adjective or a noun. The V-be2 used are “was”
for singular subjects and “were” for plural subjects. Adverbs of time used are just, … ago, last …, and in …,
and yesterday.
o Ronald Reagan sought support from Conservative Republicans.
singular subject V2 uncountable object preposition plural object
o Roosevelt and Fairbanks wanted to maintain American power in the world.
plural noun V2 to-infinitive uncountable object adverb of place
o John Adams was the first president to live in the White House.
singular subject V-be2 noun to-infinitive adverb of place
o John McCain and Sarah Palin were optimistic winning the election.
plural noun V-be2 adjective V-ing singular object

George Washington chosen the location for the capital and the land for the White House.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
The sentence is about something that happened in the past, so it needs to use the simple past tense. Option
(A) is incorrect because the verb “chosen” is a past participle, which, when used, come after “have” or “has”.
The correct verb is “chose”. Option (B) is correct because the conjunction “for” shows why an action occurs.
Option (C) is correct because the conjunction “and” adds a similar idea. Option (D) is correct because the
article “the” comes before the definite noun “White House”, as there is only one White House in the world.
Therefore, the correct answer is (A).

c. Future Tense
The future tense expresses an event, action, or condition of a subject that does not yet exist but will,
and is expected to, happen and end in the period after now. There are two simple ways to write it: “will” or
“going to”. A sentence with “will” is for plans, promises, predictions based on previous experience, and
decisions made spontaneously. It consists of a subject, either singular or plural, followed by “will” and a
verb in its root form. Meanwhile, a sentence with “going to” for plans that are previously decided on. It
consists of a subject and a V-be followed by “going to” and a noun or an adjective. Adverbs of time used are
afterward, right after, in (a) …, (the day after) tomorrow, (in the) next …, and later.
o The first 100 days will measure the early success of a US president.
plural object verb uncountable object preposition singular object
o Once inaugurated, the president will be the Commander in Chief as well.
adverb of time singular subject verb singular object conjunction
o The president-elect is going to move to the White House after inauguration.
singular object verb preposition adverb of place adverb of time
o The government are going to announce new regulations tomorrow.
plural object verb plural object adverb of time
o The first lady is going to be the hostess of the state dinner.
singular object verb singular object preposition singular object

Karine Jean-Pierre will ______ Jen Psaki as the Press Secretary.

(A) replacing
(B) replaced
(C) replaces
(D) replace
The missing part comes after the modal “will”, indicating the sentence is written in the simple future tense.
The missing part also comes before a person’s name as the sentence’s object. V1 must fill in the missing
part. Option (A) is incorrect because it ends in by “-ing”. Option (B) is incorrect because it t ends in “-d”.
Option (C) is incorrect because it t ends in “-s”. Option (D) is correct because it is the root form. Therefore,
the correct answer is (D).

2. Strategy
a. The verb chosen must agree with the subject in form and meaning. There are six rules of subject-verb
agreement.
No Rule Use
1 When the conjunction “and” joins two o Hawaii and Alaska are the last two states to join the
singular subjects, the verb is plural. USA.
2 When the conjunction “or” joins two o Hawaii or Alaska is the preferred destination for
singular subjects, the verb is singular. vacation.
 3 When limiting pronouns comes before o Some water causing flood in Miami is seawater from
a subject, the verb is singular for the Atlantic Ocean.
uncountable nouns, but the verb is o Some states are swing states that could be won by the
plural for countable nouns. Democrats or the Republic.
4 When correlative conjunctions two o Neither Alaska nor Hawaiian Islands do not attach to
subjects, the verb follows the latter. the other 48 states.
o Neither Hawaiian Islands nor Alaska attaches to the
other 48 states.
5 When the subject is an indefinite o No US States bans same-sex marriage anymore.
pronoun, the verb is singular. o No one agrees with Trump building Mexico wall border.
6 When the subject is pseudo, o There is only one judicial district in the US, which is
V-be used after “There” depend on the Washington D.C.
following noun. o There are four US States that do not have the word
“State” in their official name.

b. If any, an adverb of time is the signal word to determine the tense of a sentence.
c. Only sentences with action verbs can be rewritten in the passive voice; sentences whose V-be2 is
followed by adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and nouns, as direct objects, cannot.

3. Exercise
Part A. Sentence Completion
Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. Melting glaciers and warming seawater cause sea ______ to rise.
(A) levelling
(B) leveled
(C) level
(D) levels
2. Hybridity ______ to cultures mixed into one.
(A) leading
(B) leads
(C) lead
(D) led
3. Jakarta’s traffic will ______ worse without better public transportation.
(A) getting
(B) gotten
(C) get
(D) got
4. Napa Valley ______ famous for its excellent wines.
(A) is
(B) are
 (C) am
(D) were
5. Observing someone’s response ______ help making sense of their psychology.
(A) have to
(B) shall
(C) ought to
(D) can

Part B. Cloze Test

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.
New York City is a city in the state of New York. For five years, the city (11) ______ the country’s
capital when George Washington was President. It (12) ______ important to the US economy for buyers
and sellers to trade goods. People with (13) ______ backgrounds moved to the city for work. It is one of the
most diverse in the world. It held the record for the largest city for many years until Tokyo (14) ______ over
the title in 1975. Along with New Jersey, New York (15) ______ host the 2026 FIFA World Cup.
11. (A) becoming 14. (A) take
(B) becomes (B) took
(C) became (C) taken
(D) become (D) taking
12. (A) is 15. (A) is
(B) am (B) would
(C) are (C) is going to
(D) were (D) are going to
13. (A) different
(B) difference
(C) differentiate
(D) differ

Part C. Error Identification

Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. Penguins can outswims other aquatic animals.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. The bomb explosion killing twenty civilians.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. John Kerry succeeding Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa in 1503.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25. None benefit results from the wall on the border of the US and Mexico.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Chapter 4
Clauses

The building block of academic English is clauses. To do well in the grammar and structure part, you
need to understand how to build and use them correctly. The following section explains how to make a
clause correctly for different purposes.

1. Subordinate Clause
A subordinate clause cannot be a complete sentence on its own. It adds details to the main clause’s
characteristics. There are three types of subordinate clauses.

a. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause describes a noun or pronoun, whether as a subject, object, or any other role.
There are two types of adjective clauses. (1) An essential clause adds details to the noun or pronoun and
tells “which one” or “what kind”. It directly follows the main clause; otherwise, the sentence will not make
sense.
Clause 1 The Rocky Mountains is a range.
Clause 2 The Rocky Mountains stretches from Canada to New Mexico.
Adjective clause The Rocky Mountains is a range that stretches from Canada to New Mexico.

Meanwhile, (2) a non-essential clause tells information about a noun or pronoun that comes before it
without limiting or restricting it. It can either come after a comma or in between two commas.
Clause 1 The Rocky Mountains spans 3,000 miles.
Clause 2 The Rocky Mountains is located west of the Great Plains.
Adjective clause 1 The Rocky Mountains spans 3,000 miles, which is located west of the Great Plains.
Adjective clause 2 The Rocky Mountains, which is located west of the Great Plains, spans 3,000 miles.

An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb, which serves as the connector
of the clause. Relative pronouns can be the subject of an adjective clause, but relative adverbs cannot.
When to use either of them depends on the noun or pronoun that the adjective clause describes.
No Relative Function Usage
Pronoun
1 who definite person as o Kamala Harris is the first woman who technically becomes a
subject US President.
2 whoever indefinite person o Whoever wants to enter the US, they must pass the
as subject immigration check at the border.
3 whom definite person as o President Biden transferred power to Kamala Harris, whom is
object his Vice President.
4 whomever indefinite person o The Trump Administration denied asylum to whomever
as object crosses the Mexican border without seeking it first.
 5 which definite thing as o North America has the longest coastline, which borders by the
subject and object Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans.
6 whichever indefinite thing as o Whichever side adapts itself to the current geopolitical issues,
subject and object they will win the US-China Cold War.
7 that definite thing as o The American continent is a giant landmass that gets dubbed
subject and object “The New World”.
8 whose possessive o North America is the third largest continent, whose entirety is
pronoun as subject within the Northern Hemisphere.

Relative pronouns acting as objects of the sentence can come after prepositions “to”, “for”, “about”, and
“from”. Meanwhile, relative adverbs can be conjunctions.
No Relative Function Usage
Adverb
1 when definite time o 1492 is the year when Christopher Columbus landed in North
America.
2 whenever indefinite time o US Presidents will transfer power to their Vice whenever they
are under anesthesia.
3 where definite place o The Isthmus of Panama is a narrow strip of land where North
America meets South America.
4 wherever indefinite place o Wherever immigrants come, the Biden Administration will
send them back to their country of origin.
5 why reason o Why President Biden transferred power to Kamala Harris is he
was under anesthesia for colonoscopy.

Photosynthesis is the process ______ involves plants using sunlight, chlorophyll, and CO2 to create oxygen.
A. who
B. that
C. whom
D. whose
The missing part follows the independent clause’s subject “photosynthesis” and the V-be “is”. It is followed
by the dependent clause’s subject “plants” and the verb “use”. Thus, a clause connector can fill in the
missing part. Option (A) is incorrect because “who” is the connector for a subject of a person. Meanwhile,
the subject “photosynthesis” is a thing. Option (B) is correct because “that” is the connector for both a
subject and an object of both a person and a thing. Option (C) is incorrect because “whom” is the connector
for an object of a person. Option (D) is incorrect because “whose” is the connector for a possessive pronoun.
Therefore, the correct answer is (D).

b. Adverbial Clause
An adverbial clause gives additional context and description to a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
It answers questions about how, when, where, why, and to what extent. The main clause still makes sense
even when there is no adverbial clause. A subordinating conjunction connects an adverbial clause to the
main clause. An adverbial clause can come before or after the main clause. When it is after, a comma must
come in between.
Clause 1 Pete Buttigieg served as the mayor of South Bend, Indiana.
Clause 2 Pete Buttigieg becomes the Secretary of Transportation.
Adverbial clause 1 Before Pete Buttigieg becomes the Secretary of Transportation, he served as the
mayor of South Bend, Indiana.
Adverbial clause 2 Pete Buttigieg becomes the mayor of South Bend, Indiana before he serves as the
Secretary of Transportation.

According to the nature of the information that an adverbial clause gives, there are ten types of
adverbial clauses.
No Function Subordinating Conjunction Usage
1 Comparison as … as, so … as, than, the … o The Smithsonian has more long-term loaned
the … collections than it has traveling exhibitions.
2 Concession although, even if, even o Although the Smithsonian is an American Institution,
or contrast though, however, though, it exists because of an Englishman’s generosity.
while, whereas o President Polk suggested the United States Nation
Museum, while Congress proposed the Smithsonian.
3 Condition if, even if, only if, in case, o James Smithson’s inheritance would be donated to
or provided that, unless the US only if Henry Hungerford died childless.
Supposition o Artifacts and memorabilia will be on display unless
they are on reserve.
4 Effect so that, such that o President Polk signed a bill so that the Smithsonian
could be founded.
5 Extent as long as, so far as, until o The Smithsonian is free of charge as long as the
admission requirements are fulfilled.
6 Manner as if, as though, like o The Smithsonian received criticism for depicting the
Japanese as if they were victims.
7 Place anywhere, everywhere, o Artifacts and memorabilia can be seen anywhere the
whence, where, wherever Smithsonian museums are located.
8 Purpose in order that, lest, so that o Henry Hungerford donated the money in order that
he could establish an institution.
9 Reason as, because, now that, o Because the government manages the Smithsonian,
since it is free for the public.
10 Time after, as, as soon as, o When James Smithson died in 1829, he left his
before, by the time, once, fortune to his nephew.
since, until, when, o Congress accepted James Smithson’s donation in
whenever, while 1836 after they decided what to do with the money.
There is a slight difference to use “when”. As a relative adverb of time in an adjective clause, it adds
information about the time of something happening. However, as a subordinating conjunction of time in an
adverbial clause shows order, it shows the order which one happens first and vice versa.

In order that the ice melted, the upper Great Lake emptied as it flowed into the Niagara River.
(A) (B)(C) (D)
The sentence has three clauses: one dependent/subordinate clause before comma, and two independent
clauses after comma, with one main and one subordinate clause. Option (A) is incorrect because the
dependent clause “the ice melted” is an adverbial clause of time. Meanwhile, “in order that” is a
subordinate conjunction, which is a connector for an adverbial clause of purpose. The correct subordinating
conjunction can either be “when” or “whenever”. Option (B) is correct because the subordinate conjunction
“as” is the connector for the adverbial clause of reason “it flowed into the Niagara River”, which is the
reason for the main clause “the upper Great Lake emptied”. Option (C) is correct because the pronoun “it”
replaces the singular subject “the upper Great Lake”. Option (D) is correct because the preposition “into”
shows the direction where the water from the upper Great Lake is moving. Therefore, the correct answer
is (A).

c. Noun Clause
A noun clause replaces a single noun in a sentence, no matter how long or many the words are. It
begins with a relative pronoun and a certain subordinating conjunction. Although both a noun clause and
an adjective clause begin with a relative pronoun, they function differently. While an adjective clause does
not replace anything in a sentence, a noun clause completely replaces an individual noun.
Noun clause Whoever visit Las Vegas must play poker at the casino.
noun clause as subject verb object adverb of place
Adjective clause Whoever visit Las Vegas, they must play poker at the casino.
subordinate clause main clause

Despite containing an extra verb for more details, it also can include an adverb and a prepositional phrase
to give even more information. There are five functions of noun clauses.
No Function Usage
1 Subject o Whoever alleged President Trump of sexual assault would get sued.
2 Direct object o President Trump denied he sexually assaulted E. Jean Carroll.
3 Indirect object o President Trump appealed to whoever would support US-Mexican border wall.
4 Prepositional o E. Jean Carroll testified about how much money in damages President Trump
object must pay.
5 Predicate o The reason why President Trump got expelled of the trial was that he kept
nominative making disparaging comments.

______ about Area 51 needs a scientific explanation.

A. What
B. What people
C. What know
D. What people know
The missing part comes before the preposition “about”, the object “Area 51” and the verb “needs”, which
shows that it is the sentence’s subject. Option (A) is incorrect because the sentence is a statement, not a
question. The clause connector “what” needs a subject and a verb to be a clause. Option (B) is incorrect
because it needs a verb to be a clause. Option (C) is incorrect because it needs a noun as the subject to be
a clause. Option (D) is correct because it is a noun clause that functions as the sentence’s subject for the
verb “needs”. Therefore, the correct answer is (D).

2. Strategy
a. Unlike a phrase, a clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Phrase the first female President
article adjective adjective noun
Clause Technically, Kamala Harris becomes the first female President.
adverb subject verb noun phrase

b. Every subject and verb in every clause must be in agreement. In adjective clauses, the verb depends on
the main clause’s subject. In adverbial clauses, the verbs depend on each clause’s subject. Meanwhile,
when noun clauses that become the sentence’s subject, the main clause’s verb depends on the noun
clause.
c. In the complete form, each clause must have one subject with one verb and a connector. Neither of them
should be missing or doubled.
Adjective Incorrect o Students, wants to pursue higher education, need to take SATs.
clause Correct o Students, who wants to pursue higher education, need to take SATs.
Adverbial Incorrect o Although students must pass AcEPT because it is needed for registration.
clause Correct o Students must pass AcEPT because it is needed for registration.
Noun Incorrect o Knowing the programs of each faculty helps students in making decision.
clause Correct o Knowing the programs each faculty offers helps students in making decision.

3. Exercise
Part A. Sentence Completion
Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Company, ______ factory was in New York City, burned down.
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) in which
2. Baron Loicq de Lobel was a French engineer ______ proposed the Bering Strait crossing.
(A) whomever
(B) whoever
 (C) whom
(D) who
3. Kevin Kwan wrote Crazy Rich Asians, ______ the original material of the movie adaption.
(A) which is
(B) who are
(C) that am
(D) whom was
4. The attack ______ Adolf Hitler sent to Poland marks the beginning of World War II.
(A) whose
(B) whom
(C) that
(D) who
5. ______ achieves humanitarian work can be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
(A) Wherever
(B) Whichever
(C) Whoever
(D) Whenever

Part B. Cloze Test

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.
Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson (11) ______ she grew up in St. Louis and Stamps,
Arkansas. Her brother could not pronounce her name (12) ______ he had a speech disorder, shortening it
to Maya. Maya soon discovered her love of the arts. She was awarded a scholarship to study dance and
drama in San Francisco. At the time, she also began to write poetry, novels, and television scripts. She is
widely known for her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, (13) ______ she wrote in 1969. She
was also involved in activism. She worked for a new magazine called The African Review, (14) ______ her to
travel the world. (15) ______ she returned to the US, Maya actively participated in the Civil Rights
Movement.
11. (A) that 14. (A) allowing
(B) when (B) allowed
(C) whom (C) allows
(D) where (D) allow
12. (A) so 15. (A) Where
(B) after (B) Which
(C) because (C) When
(D) in contrast (D) Who
13. (A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) where
Part C. Error Identification
Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. Before the earthquake, aid was sent to the people of Haiti.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. Alexander Fleming, whose was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, founded penicillin,
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. A thief stole a Picasso, which are worth billions, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. Whatever do not obey the international ban on whaling will get punishment.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25. Pharrell Williams replaces Virgil Abloh, who was Louis Vuitton creative director for menswear.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 AcEPT Test Simulation
Part A. Sentence Completion
Directions: For questions 1 – 10, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of the
following sentences.
1. To be able ______ is an advantage when enlisting for the Navy.
(A) to swim
(B) swimming
(C) swam
(D) swim
2. DNA ______ generic information.
(A) to encode
(B) encoding
(C) encoded
(D) encodes
3. There ______ plenty of people living under the highway.
(A) is
(B) am
(C) are
(D) was
4. ______ San Francisco and Sydney have beautiful harbors.
(A) Both
(B) None
(C) Either
(D) Neither
5. Ecocriticism is a new ideology ______ William Ruekert purposed it in 1978.
(A) so
(B) or
(C) since
(D) where
6. The sculptor ______ his art installation as a form of criticism.
(A) uses
(B) used
(C) using
(D) use
7. The minister ______ Canada remain a tourist destination of choice.
(A) ensure
(B) ensures
(C) ensured
(D) ensuring
8. ______ research comprehensive is its selection of data sources.
(A) Making
 (B) To make
(C) Being made
(D) What makes
9. Researchers ______ at the University of Toronto discovered insulin in 1921.
(A) worked
(B) who worked
(C) working
(D) whom working
10. ______ outside of China, zoos rarely exhibit giant pandas.
(A) Anyway
(B) Anyone
(C) Anyhow
(D) Anywhere

Part B. Cloze Test

Directions: For questions 11 – 20, choose the word or phrase in A, B, C, or D that best completes each of
the following texts.

Plants have a unique process to breathe and get their food. This process is called photosynthesis and
happens in two (11) ______. The first stage (12) ______ place during the day. As plants absorb the light
from the sun, cells (13) ______ the plants move and convert the light into energy. The cells are called
chloroplasts, (14) ______ uses chlorophyll to do this job. The second stage is called the dark reaction. Plants
take in carbon dioxide from the air and change (15) ______ into oxygen by breathing it out.
11. (A) stage 14. (A) who
(B) stages (B) whom
(C) staged (C) whose
(D) stagging (D) which
12. (A) take 15. (A) it
(B) takes (B) its
(C) taken (C) them
(D) taking (D) theirs
13. (A) inside
(B) insides
(C) is inside
(D) that inside

The founding fathers, who established the US government, agreed on a plan for running the country.
The plan is known (16) ______ the Constitution. The document (17) ______ that the power should be given
to the US citizens. It also outlines how the government should be broken up (18) ______ there is a power
balance. There are three branches of the government. These branches hold different roles and are known
as the executive, (19) ______, and judicial branches. (20) ______ to these branches, the document states
there should be three different levels of government. The first level, which is the local government, is in
towns and cities. The second level, which is the state government, is in the 50 states. The final level, which
is the national government, is in Washington, D.C.
16. (A) as 19. (A) legislate
(B) with (B) legislation
(C) than (C) legislative
(D) without (D) legislating
17. (A) state 20. (A) On the opposite
(B) states (B) On the contrary
(C) stated (C) In contrast
(D) stating (D) In addition
18. (A) or
(B) so
(C) yet
(D) for

Part C. Error Identification

Directions: In questions 21–30, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D.
Identify the one underlined word or phrase that is incorrect.
21. Arrmanatha Nassir is negotiate the deal with other representatives.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
22. Yohana Yembise were bringing attention to women’s issues.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
23. Traveling abroad can broadening one’s perspective.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24. There is a protest at the governor’s office these morning.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
25. Him may be the first swimming across the Sunda Strait.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
26. Gertrude Ederle was the first women to cross the English Channel in 1926.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27. Where the sun light arrives on earth, plants absorbs it.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
28. Fish breath oxygen under water using theirs gills.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
29. Plants take watering through the molecules in their roots.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
30. Glucose is a type of natural sugar used for nourishment and survive.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
 ANSWER KEY

Introduction Tenses
A. 1. (A) study 1. Tense Structure
B. 11. (C) are a. Present tense
12. (A) rare (C) is
13. (B) live b. Past tense
14. (A) they (A) chosen (chose)
15. (D) get c. Future tense
C. 21. (C) winners (winner) (D) replace
Words 3. Exercise
1. Word class A. 1. (A) view
a. Nouns 2. (B) leads
(B) guests 3. (C) get
b. Adjectives 4. (A) is
(D) internationalize (international) 5. (D) can
c. Verb B. 11. (C) became
(C) to fly 12. (A) is
d. Adverb 13. (A) different
(A) Newness (Newly) 14. (B) took
e. Pronoun 15. (C) Is going to
(B) its C. 21. (B) outswims (outswim)
f. Preposition 22. (C) killing (killed)
(D) on (in) 23. (A) succeeding (succeeded)
g. Determiner 24. (B) begins (began)
(C) the 25. (A) None (No)
3. Exercise Clauses
A. 1. (C) to 1. Subordinate Clause
2. (C) causes a. Adjective Clause
3. (B) have (B) that
4. (A) fish b. Adverbial Clause
5. (C) should (A) In order that (When or Whenever)
B. 11. (B) fascinating c. Noun Clause
12. (A) A (D) What is known
13. (C) swiftly 3. Exercise
14. (B) from A. 1. (C) whose
15. (A) it 2. (D) who
C. 21. (B) switches (switch) 3. (A) which is
22. (D) literature (literary) 4. (C) that
23. (A) paying (paid) 5. (C) whoever
24. (C) team (teams) B. 11. (D) where
25. (D) increases (increase) 12. (C) because
Sentence 13. (B) which
1. Group of Words 14. (A) allowing
a. Phrase 15. (C) When
(A) Recent (Recently) C. 21. (A) Before
b. Sentence 22. (A) whose (who)
(C) Recycling 23. (C) are (is)
 (A) cuts (cut) 24. (A) Whatever (Whoever)
c. Clause 25. (B) whom (who)
(C) yet
(A) Where (When)
3. Exercise
A. 1. (B) refers
2. (A) and
3. (B) leads
4. (C) for
5. (D) because
B. 11. (C) is
12. (A) has
13. (B) but
14. (A) place
15. (A) in
C. 21. (A) ensuring (ensures)
22. (A) present (presenting)
23. (C) them (they)
24. (C) undergoing (undergo)
25. (D) her (his)

AcEPT Test Simulation

A. 1. (A) to swim 16. (A) as
2. (D) encodes 17. (B) states
3. (C) are 18. (B) so
4. (A) Both 19. (C) legislative
5. (C) since 20. (D) In addition
6. (B) used C. 21. (B) negotiate (negotiating)
7. (B) ensures 22. (A) were (was)
8. (D) What makes 23. (B) broadening (broaden)
9. (B) who worked 24. (D) these (this)
10. (D) Anywhere 25. (A) Him (He)
B. 11. (B) stages 26. (B) women (woman)
12. (B) takes 27. (A) Where (When)
13. (A) inside 28. (D) theirs (their)
14. (D) which 29. (B) watering (water)
15. (A) it 30. (D) survive (survival)