Vocabulary: Ayoea, 11 A 5sa. Pov, A 5ea. PS) Avoed - Mov, F3I (3J.Lov, F3If3J.Lov, I-6 5weov, I-6

VOCABULARY NOTES 31
VOCABULARY
'
ayoea,~ , ~
ayoea~, 11
~
market place
a<5sA.<p6~, a<5sA.<pov, o (voe. a<5eA.<ps) brother
av6ewno~, avOed.mov, o man, human being
f3i{3J.lov, f3if3J.lov, i-6 book
<5weov, ~weov, i-6 gift; bribe (especially in pl.)
(prep.) +acc. into, to; for (purpose)
(prep.) +gen. from, out of
(prep.) + dat. in
'1 ,, I
ef!YOV, e(ffOV, 't'O work, deed
Os6~, Osov, o or rj god, goddess
-xal (conj. or adv.) (conj.) and
(adv.) even, also
-xat . .• -xat (conjs.) both ... and
Myo~, Myov, o word, speech, story
µ6.x11. µ6.x11~. ii battle
vijao~, v?}aov, rj island
o, rj, i-6 the; often shows possession
0<56~. o<5ov, rj road
, ,_ , ,_ ~
oi-xia, otuta~, 11 house

"Oµwo~, 'OµfJeov, o Homer (epic poet)
nat<5svsi educates, teaches
neµnet sends
dxv11, dxv11~. rj art, skill, craft
xwea, xwea~, rj land, country
1fi5XfJ, 1fi5Xif ~, rj soul
w (interjection) used with vocative
VOCABULARY NOTES
The word ayoea, ayoea~, rj designated a good deal more than just a "market
place"; it was a combination of shopping center, civic center, and cultural
center.
32 UNIT 1
In ac'JBA<p6;, ac'JBA<pov, o, "brother," note the shift in accent in the vocative

singular: ac'JBA<ps.
&vOewno;, avOewnov, o generally means "man" as opposed to a god or an
animal; hence the second meaning given, "human being."
Not all c'Jwea (nom./acc./voc. plural of c'Jweov, c'Jweov, -r6, "gift") were, of course,
bribes; but in a political or legal context, this is a frequent meaning of the word.
The prepositions sl;, be, and ev are proclitics, as are the forms o, ij, ol and al
of the definite article. These three prepositions fit the diagram on page 20
which illustrates the relations among the cases when they indicate movement
or lack of movement:
ACCUSATIVE DATIVE GENITIVE
k
sl; BV
into . in
be
out of
to from
Before words beginning with a consonant, be is used; e~ is used before words

beginning with a vowel or diphthong: be -rij; ol"la; but 8~ ayoeii;.
When used with vfj<ro;, v1]<rov, iJ, "island," ev means "on": ev -r'fj v?}<r<p, "on the
island."
In addition to indicating motion toward a place, el; can indicate purpose,
"for": "They put on their armor d~ µax'YJv (for battle)."
The word Oe6;, Oeov, o or iJ can be either masculine or feminine, "god" or
"goddess." Assume that the word is masculine unless feminine gender is in-
dicated by a word that agrees with it, e.g., -rfj; Oeov, "of the goddess."
When ual connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, it is a conjunction

and means "and": "Oµ'Y}eo; xal o a0BA<p6;, "Homer and his brother." When
ua{ is used with only one item, it is an adverb and means "even" or "also":
xal "Oµ'Y}eo;, "even/also Homer." In ua{ • •. ual, the first eat is translated as
"both" and the second by "and": xal "Oµ'Y}eo; xal 6 abd<p6;, "both Homer
and his brother."
Of the many possible English translations of Myo~" Myov, o, only a few are
given here. The word is a verbal noun related to the verb for "say" and can
mean "anything one says" from an individual word (actually a fairly rare
meaning of the word) to a whole speech or story. Among other additional
meanings are "account" (both in the sense of "narrative" and "accounting")
VOCABULARY NOTES 33
and "reason" (both as "explanation or justification" and as "the faculty with

which one decides something").
Note the feminine gender of Yi]ao~, Y1]aov, f;, "island," and 006~, ooov, f;,
"road"; most second-declension nouns are masculine.
The forms of the article o, f;, ot and al are proclitics; for the use of the article,
see Section 16.4, pages 29-30.
The verb naioevet is a denominative, i.e., it is formed from a noun stem by
the addition of a suffix. The noun in question is the noun for "child," and
natoevet means doing what one does to a child, "educates, teaches."
dxY'YJ, dv'Y/~. f; ranges from the "skill, craft" of a plumber to the "art" of a
Michelangelo; it is essentially the "knowing how to do something."
xwea, xwea~. f; can mean anything from "space" or "spot" to "land, country."
As "country," the word has the sense of "country" as nation or "country" as
opposed to city.
'1/Yvxfi, 'l/JVXfJ~, f; means "soul" as vital principle ( = life) or as personality.
The interjection ih is the normally polite way of attracting the attention of
someone addressed in the vocative case; it should not be translated. When it
is absent in Greek prose, "o" should be supplied in English.
COGNATES AND DERIVATIVES

English has many words which are related to Greek words. Those words which
developed in both languages from a common ancestor (e.g., "father," nanfr1) are
called cognates. Those words that English borrowed from Greek either
directly, or through Latin, or by using Greek roots to make a new English word
are called derivatives. Knowing cognates and derivatives can aid one in
memorizing Greek vocabulary. Cognates will be listed in italics.
In the list of words which follows, note how the Greek letters have been adapted
to English.
ayoea agoraphobia (fear of public places)
aoeit<p6~ Philadelphia (the Quaker city of brotherly love, although the
name in antiquity commemorated the incestuous love of
Ptolemy Philadelphos for his sister)
tf.y()emno~ anthropology
{3t{3it£oy bibliophile
OWf!OY Dorothy, Theodore (gift of a god)
el~ Istanbul (to the city)
BU, 8~ ecstatic (standing out of oneself), Exodus
34 UNIT 1
BY in; energy
eeyov work; energy
Oe6c; theology, Dorothy, Theodore
ual triskaidekaphobia (fear of three-and-ten =thirteen)
A.6yoc; logic, anthropology, theology
µaxrJ theomachy, tauromachy (bullfight)
vfjaoc; Polynesia (land of many islands)
&o6c; Exodus, odometer (note the absence of "h" in English)
olula economics (managing household finan_ces)
propaedeutic (what must be done before teaching
a subject)
technology
psychology
DRILLS
I. (a) Identify the following forms, giving gender, number, and case. If the
form is nominative or accusative, translate and say how the form could be
used in a sentence, e.g., Aoyov: masculine, singular, accusative, "word"
possibly used as the direct object of a verb; if the form is not nominative or
accusative, simply translate, e.g., Aoywv: masculine, plural, genitive, "of
words."
(b) Change the number, from singular to plural or from plural to singular.
1. ·dxvat (2 possibilities) 14. Myq.i
2. 1f!VXfiv 15. eeya (3)
3. uxvwv 16. aoeA.<pov
4. &yoea~ 17. A.6yov
5. ayoeac; 18. OW(!OY (3)
6. 1f!vxa'ic; 19. aoeA.<pol (2)
7. ·dxvn 20. eeywv
s. xwea. (2) 21. xwea.c; (2)
9. ayoefi. 22. oweotc;
10. dxva.c; 23. li.vOewne
11. A.Oywv 24. aCJeA.<pol'c;
12. avOewnotc; 25. owea (3)
13. li.vOewnov
DRILLS 35
II. Below are given the accented nominative form and two other forms of a series
of nouns. Put the accent on the unaccented forms and account for the accent
you have given.
1. "Oµ'f/(!O<; 'Oµriecp '0µ1J(!OY
2. fh6c; (Jeep (hot
3. Yijo'o<; Y'YJo'<p 'Jl'f/<10t
4. f3 t{JJ.{oy f3 t{JAtWY {Jt{JJ.ta
5. dxv'f/ UXYW'JI uxvat<;
6. xwea. xweat xwewv
7. &yoea ayoeat<; ayoeiic;, ayoeac;
8. a8eJ.cp6c; a8eJ.cpwv a8eJ.cpovc;
9. 8weov 8weov 8wea
10. 'lfJVXfJ 'l/JVXat 'lfJVXatc;
III. (a) Decline the following words or phrases in the usual order.
(b) Keeping the usual order of the cases, give both the singular and the plural
for each case and name the case.
Example: (a) Myoc;, Myov, My<p, A6yov, Mye, Myot, etc.
(b) Myoc;, Myot, nominative; Myov, Mywv, genitive; etc.
1. a<JeJ.cp6c;
2. 1J!VXIJ
3. ~ xwea
4. To <Jweov
5. o aveewnoc;
6. ~ &<Jae;
IV. Translate the following.

1. WV<; a8e.A.cpovc;
2. ev rfj vlja<p
3. b vljaotc;
4. dxvat
5. el~ &yoe&v
6. a<Je.A.cpwv
7. 't'~'JI 't'OV a8e.A.cpov ?fVXfJY
8. 't'~'JI 1J!VX~'JI 't'OV 'OµfJeov
9. leycp
36 UNIT 1
10. Ta UOY aOeA<pWY owea

11. Ta owea Ta l'WY aOeA<pWY
12. Ta l'Olt; aOeA<po'ir; owea
13. owea io'it; aosA<po'it;
14. -rd -rWv clt5eAcpWv t5Wea -rd ioic; &:vOecbnot~
15. Ta l'Oit; Oeoit; owea Ta TWY aYOewnwY
16. Ta l'Olt; aOeA<poir; owea Ta BY ay9e~
17. TOY aOeA<pOY 0 "Oµrieot; natOeVBt.
18. 0 aOeA<pot; Ta owea slt; .lit; Yi/<lovt; neµnst.
UNIT 1 EXERCISES
I. 1. 0 "Oµrieot; TOY iJ.y()ewnoy natOeVet.

2. 0 'OµfJeov aOeA<pOt; natOeVet TOY (iy(}ewno'JI.
3. TOY "OµrieoY natOeVet 0 aYOewnot;.
4. "Oµrieot; TOVt; aYOewnovt; natOBVBt.
5. "Oµrieoi; rnvr; aYOewnovt; eY •ff ayoe~ natosvst.
6. 0 aOeA<pot; TOV 'OµfJeov natOeVel TOVt; aYOewnovt; TOVt; BY •ff ayoe~·
7. BY 'talt; ayoea'it; ili.t; TWY aYOewnwy '1/JVxli.r; 0 "Oµrieor; l'Ott; /3tfJJ..lotr;
natOsvst.
8. o Osor; oweoY np 'OµfJeov aoe.A<pq> neµnst slr; i-Y}Y xweaP.
9. if> "Oµries, lj 6sor; rn'ir; ey •fl xweQ. aY9ewnott; owea neµnst.
10. Ta TWY 6swY fJwea neµnst 0 TOV ay9ewnov aOeA<p<k be •fjr;
olxlar; slr; iar; Y1}<rovr;.
11. 0 BY •ff Y1}<1q> iJ.y()ewnot; TOVt; aOeA<pOVt; elt; µaxrrv neµnst.
12. o aos..1.<por; o 'OµfJeov {Jt{JJ.loy ex ifjr; ayoear; elt; i-Yjy Yfj<roy new&et.
13. 0 aOeA<pOt; owea, Ta PtftUa Ta TOV 'OµfJeov, neµnst slr; iar; TW'JI
aY9ewnwY olxlat;.
14. BY •ff olxlq, 0 aYO(!wnot; TOY aOeA<pOY Myq> ~al eeycp natOeVBt.
15. o aY6ewnor; rnvr; aos.A.<povr; xai A6ycp xai seycp natosvet.
EXERCISES 37
16. JJ abel.<pe, "al lv µaxn 6 Oeo(; -,;ov~ avOedmov~, wv~ -,;ov 'Oµf;eov
abe/.<pov(;, natbevet.
17. JJ Oeol, -,;o'i~ J.6yot(; natbevet 6 ''Oµ'YJQO~' wv~ avOewnov~ -,;ov~ lv
-,;a'i~ 6bo'i~.
18. -,;fj 6&p 7:fj l~ ayoea(; ek 7:~V xweav nlµnet "Oµ'Y]QO(; -,;a -,;o'i~
avOewnot(; bwea.
19. dxvn "al -,;ov abe/.<pov natbevet 6 "Oµ'Yj[!O~.
' 7:rJ~ 7:eXVrJ
20 , 8V I
7:0V au8A<p0V
I .ll 1
, I f3 lf3 Alq>
1 I
natu8V8l
.ll I
0' ''O µ'Y}QO~.
21 • 0' "O µ'Y}QO~

f3 f3
l 1'.lOl~ natu8V8l 7:0V au8A<pOV i'YJV 7:8XV1JV.
1 I .ll I I > .ll 1
I I I
22. 6 Oeo~ Myov~ el(; -,;&,~ 7:WV avOewnwv 'IJJVXb.~ nlµnet.
II. 1. The god educates the men.

2. The man sends Homer's brother to the market place.
3. Man, Homer's brother sends to the gods a gift from the island.
4. With his stories Homer educates his brothers on the islands.

Vocabulary: Ayoea, 11 A 5sa. Pov, A 5ea. PS) Avoed - Mov, F3I (3J.Lov, F3If3J.Lov, I-6 5weov, I-6

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VOCABULARY NOTES 31

oi-xia, otuta~, 11 house

In ac'JBA<p6;, ac'JBA<pov, o, "brother," note the shift in accent in the vocative

Before words beginning with a consonant, be is used; e~ is used before words

When ual connects two words, phrases, clauses, or sentences, it is a conjunction

and "reason" (both as "explanation or justification" and as "the faculty with

COGNATES AND DERIVATIVES

IV. Translate the following.

10. Ta UOY aOeA<pWY owea

I. 1. 0 "Oµrieot; TOY iJ.y()ewnoy natOeVet.

21 • 0' "O µ'Y}QO~

22. 6 Oeo~ Myov~ el(; -,;&,~ 7:WV avOewnwv 'IJJVXb.~ nlµnet.

II. 1. The god educates the men.

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