Introduction to Mechanical Vibration

Prof. Anil Kumar

Lecture – 12
Magnification Factor and Frequency Response Curve

Welcome to the lecture on force vibration of single degree of freedom system. Today we will
discuss the magnification factor and frequency response curves. So we were discussing about
the single degree of freedoms system under harmonic excitations and we found that there are
the complete solution is of the two parts; the transient part and the steady state part. The
transient part decays with time and the steady state part is remains.
(Refer Slide Time: 01:14)

So here we will study some characteristics of the steady state part. So we write the equation,
so we have the equation; so this was our system, is spring mass damper system subjected to
some force and here we found that the xp, that is the steady state part that is;

and here X was given as, and we had

So let us take term , multiplying and dividing by Cc , critical damping.

can be write as .

So now X, can be write as

Now what is F0/k? This is Xst , we defined Xst , the static deflection under some constant force
F0. So if we apply some constant force F0.
(Refer Slide Time: 07:01)

The system will deflect with Xst, so that is why it is called a static deflection or zero
frequency deflection. We can write frequency ratio so we can write this equation as,

This is called as Magnification factor (MF).

So, Magnification factor

The phase difference term can be write as,

⇒ is the phase difference.

The magnification factor is ratio of steady state amplitude of the steady state response and
zero frequency deflection. So this magnification factor is a function of r and , and is the
damping factor and r is the frequency ratio. It means that for any given damping, if we
change the r means, we change the ratio of the force frequency upon the natural frequency of
the system. We will get a curve, for different r and one damping factor. Similarly, if we take
several damping factors, we will get a group of similar curves.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:38)
So these curves, because they tell; so for example if we take here like X by Xst and here r that
is omega and for some damping, we are getting some curve. Then for other damping, we are
getting some curve. So this curve tells us the response, a steady state response amplitude at
some force frequency, some forcing frequency.
So that is why these kinds of curves are called the frequency response curve. So here
frequency response curves, we can plot for a single degree of freedom system.

Because they are for certain frequencies, so we can plot these, so here we have, so this is
. So this is the frequency response curve. This curve tells some
important characteristics and it helps us to design a system that of our choice based on the
limits of the vibration response or the amplitude of the vibration.

Because here we can select our interest of frequency range that in which the particular system
is subjected to some force so we have some frequency range and in that frequency range,
what response we are expecting? We can select that damping value, so that our system
response is staying in our choice, so this frequency response curve we are seeing that; please
note the curve.
(Refer Slide Time: 15:01)
We can see that if we are increasing the damping, the response of the system is decreasing,
means the amplitude x; a steady state amplitude x is decreasing, if you increase the value of
damping and that is obvious because we; damping is the parameter that controls the
vibration response. Moreover, we can see that when we are near the r=1 or our forcing
frequency is equal to the natural frequency of the system. Then the response is very high,
response is very high. Although if we increase the damping, the response is decreasing but in
compare to the other regions, for example, or , the response is quiet high. When
r=0, the response is means . So that is the definition of the zero
frequency deflection, so when means, we have some force F0, a constant force is
acting, so the response is equal to Xst.

And that so , so all the curves are we starting at and moreover we

And we see that when we are decreasing the damping, we are more going close to the; peak is
more moving towards the resonance condition that is . If we have the zero damping, so
= 0; I mean no damping, the response is infinitely large, okay. We want to know that what
is the peak frequency or at what value of r the peak of this curves occur? So if you want to
get the peak, we have to differentiate MF equation with respect to r and equate it to 0.
⇒

⇒
⇒
⇒

⇒
⇒
⇒

And this we can see from the curve, we see that when the dotted line is the 0.707, here we are
getting the peak at unity but after this we are encouraging the damping say 1,2 we are not
getting any peak, so and for <0.707. is 0.525, we are getting clearly the peaks, so a peak
only will occur if <0.707, then what will be the value of magnification factor when r at the
peak?

So what is the value of magnification factor for the peak, so we can put value of r for peak in
MF.

So this is only the function of damping, here this peaks we can find and we see that if we are
decreasing the damping okay, means , MF tending to . So here it is clear that
why we have this 0.707 and the peak response and absence of the peaks and from here we
can understand the effect of damping.

Because if you we are encouraging the; if we are near the resonance condition and we do not
have the damping then the amplitude is infinite but if we are encouraging the damping, the
amplitude is reducing, so near r = 1 or and we have only method to control the vibration is
the; we can induce some damping. Now come to the phase angle, phase angle we have
already written here, phase angle.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:21)

So and we see here that we can plot the phase angle similar to the

frequency response curve, as is also function of and r .We have plotted phase angle so
what we can see that phase angle is; it is 0 about 0 at low frequency, at low r.
(Refer Slide Time: 28:43)
So it is start from 0, when r=0, it is start from 0 and it is increasing and going towards 1800,
when we are changing the r. Moreover, all the curves are passing through = 900 at r=1, so
at resonance condition for any value of damping, we have the 900 phase angle and this is
independent of damping.
If we have lower value of damping, in the phase angle plot, there is more abrupt changes.

Similarly, here =0.125, 0 to 900 and then towards 1800. So at higher value of r, tending to
1800 and lower values of r, they are near 00 and more abrupt the changes in phase angle about
resonance, the most sharp is the peak in the frequency response curve. For example,
, we have very abrupt change.

So here in the frequency response curve, sharp peak and for 0 damping, the phase suddenly
changes from 00 to 1800 at resonance. So we discussed the magnification factor and
frequency response curve as frequency response curve are the function of damping and for
different damping values, they give the response a steady state response, amplitude response
at the; in the different frequency force frequency.

So they gave us some information that can help us to design our system I mean; we can select
that what is our frequency range and based on that what the response we want? we can select
the damping value, okay. So these frequency response curve and phase angle plot they give
us some very important information and that is useful for about the single degree of freedom
systems. So thank you for your attention and see you in the next lecture.