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SUMMARY

LO1 Matter exists as pure substances, which may be either

elements or compounds, and as mixtures. Mixtures may
be homogeneous (these mixtures are also called solutions)
or heterogeneous. (Section 1.2)
LO2 All matter consists of particles: atoms, molecules
(combinations of atoms held together by chemical bonds),
or ions (atoms or combinations of atoms that have a net
negative or positive electrical charge). Chemical formulas
are used to describe polyatomic forms of elements, such
as H2, and the elemental composition of compounds, such
as H2O. Chemical equations describe the proportions of
the substances involved in a chemical reaction. Space-
filling and ball-and-stick models are used to show the
three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms in
molecules. (Section 1.2)
LO3 Matter undergoes physical
processes, which do not change its
chemical identity, and chemical
reactions, which transform matter
into different substances. Matter is
described and defined in terms of its
physical properties and chemical properties. Physical
properties may be used to separate mixtures into pure
substances. (Sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.5)
LO4 The COAST framework used in this book to solve
problems has four components: Collect and Organize
information and ideas; Analyze the information to
determine how it can be used to obtain the answer; Solve
the answer to the problem (o en the math-intensive step);
and Think About It, where you consider the answer’s
reasonableness, including its value and units. (Section 1.4)
LO5 The physical properties of the
different states of matter are linked
to the arrangement and mobility of
the particles in them. For example,
the particles in solids and liquids are
packed close together, which make
these states of matter nearly
incompressible. Gases, however, are compressible because
their particles are far apart. (Section 1.6)
LO6 The scientific method is the approach we use to
acquire knowledge through observation, testable
hypotheses, and experimentation. An extensively tested
and well-validated hypothesis becomes accepted as a
scientific theory or model. (Sections 1.7 and 1.11)
LO7 Dimensional analysis uses conversion factors
(fractions in which the numerators and denominators
have different units but represent the same quantity) to
convert a value from one unit into another unit. (Section
1.9)
LO8The limit of how well we know an uncertain value is
expressed by the number of significant figures used to
express the value. (Sections 1.8 and 1.10)
LO9 There are inherent uncertainties
in all measured values, whereas
other values, such as the number of
eggs in a carton, are known exactly
because they can be counted. The
precision of measured values refers
to how little variability there is
between repeated measurements. The accuracy of a
measurement, such as weighing an object on a scale, refers
to how close the measured value is to the actual mass of
the object. The standard deviation and confidence
interval of a set of measurements provide measures of the
uncertainty surrounding the average or arithmetic mean
of the data set. An outlier in a data set may be identified
by using the Grubbs’ test. (Section 1.10)

PARTICULATE PREVIEW WRAP-UP

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Sublimation is the process by which
a solid changes directly into a gas.
The image on the le is a solid
because it consists of tightly packed
and ordered molecules, whereas the image on the right is
a gas because there is space between the molecules and
they are spread out to fill the circle. Energy must be added
to convert a solid into a gas.

PROBLEM-SOLVING SUMMARY

Type of Problem Concepts and Equations Sample

Exercises

Distinguishing The chemical properties of a substance 1.1

physical can be determined only by reacting it with

properties from another substance; physical properties

chemical can be determined without altering the

properties substance’s composition.

Recognizing Particles in a solid are ordered; particles 1.2

physical states in a liquid are randomly arranged but

of matter close together; particles in a gas are

separated by space and fill the volume of

their container.

Using Convert values from one set of units to 1.3, 1.4

dimensional another by multiplying by conversion

analysis to factors set up so that the original units

convert units cancel.

Calculating 1.5

density from

mass and

volume

Using Apply the weak-link rule in expressing the 1.5

significant results of calculations that involve

figures in uncertain values: the results are known

calculations only as well as the least well-known value

used in the calculation.

Distinguishing Quantities that can be counted are exact. 1.6

exact from Measured quantities or conversion

uncertain factors that are not exact values are

values inherently uncertain.

Calculating 1.7

mean, standard

deviation, and

confidence

interval values

Using Grubbs’ Calculate the value of Z for a suspected 1.8

test to identify outlier xi:

an outlier

If the calculated Z value is greater than

the appropriate reference Z value in Table

1.8, then xi is an outlier.

Converting 1.9

temperatures

VISUAL PROBLEMS

1.1. For each image in Figure P1.1, identify what class of

matter is depicted (an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture)
and identify the physical state(s).

FIGURE P1.1

1.2. For each image in Figure P1.2, identify what class of

matter is depicted (an element, a compound, a
homogeneous mixture, or a heterogeneous mixture)
and identify the physical state(s).

FIGURE P1.2

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1.3. Which of the following statements best describes the
change depicted in Figure P1.3?
a. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes a
chemical reaction, forming a gaseous compound.
b. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes a
chemical reaction, forming a solid compound.
c. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes
deposition.
d. A mixture of two gaseous elements condenses.

FIGURE P1.3

1.4. Which of the following statements best describes the

change depicted in Figure P1.4?
a. A mixture of two gaseous elements is cooled to a
temperature at which one of them condenses.
b. A mixture of two gaseous compounds is heated to a
temperature at which one of them decomposes.
c. A mixture of two gaseous elements undergoes
deposition.
d. A mixture of two gaseous elements reacts together
to form two compounds, one of which is a liquid.

FIGURE P1.4

1.5. Suppose the CO2 represented by the molecules in the

box on the le in Figure P1.5 is cooled from room
temperature to 180 K. Draw the particulate image of
the CO2 that would be present at that temperature in
the box on the right. Hint: The normal sublimation
point of CO2 is 195 K.

FIGURE P1.5

1.6. Suppose the temperature of the mixture of substances

represented by the molecules in the box on the le in
Figure P1.6 was reduced from 298 K to 50 K. Draw the
particulate image of the mixture that would be
present at 50 K in the box on the right. Hint: The
colors used to represent the atoms of different
elements are shown on the last page of the book.

FIGURE P1.6

1.7. What are the chemical formulas of the three

compounds with the molecular structures shown in
Figure P1.7?

FIGURE P1.7

1.8. What are the chemical formulas of the three

compounds with the molecular structures shown in
Figure P1.8?

FIGURE P1.8

1.9. A pharmaceutical company checks the quality control

process involved in manufacturing pills of one of its
medicines by taking the mass of two samples of four
pills each. Figure P1.9 shows graphs of the masses of
the pills in each of the two samples. The pill is
supposed to weigh 3.25 mg. Label each sample as both
precise and accurate, precise but not accurate,
accurate but not precise, or neither precise nor
accurate.

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FIGURE P1.9

1.10. Use representations [A] through [I] in Figure P1.10 to

answer questions (a)–(f).
a. Which figures, if any, depict a chemical reaction?
b. Which two representations depict the same
compound?
c. Which representations, if any, depict a physical
process? Name the change(s).
d. List the molecules that are elements.
e. What is the formula of the compound that consists
of three elements?
f. Which molecule contains the most atoms?

FIGURE P1.10

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Matter

Concept Review

1.11. Which of the following are homogeneous mixtures?

(a) a gold wedding ring; (b) sweat; (c) bottled drinking
water; (d) human blood; (e) compressed air in a scuba
tank
1.12. Which of the following is a pure substance? (a) sweat;
(b) blood; (c) air; (d) sucrose (table sugar); (e) milk
1.13. Which of the following is an element? (a) Cl2; (b)
H2O; (c) HCl; (d) NaCl
1.14. Which of the following is not an element? (a) I2; (b)
O3; (c) ClF; (d) S8
1.15. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?
(a) filtered water; (b) chicken noodle soup; (c) clouds;
(d) trail mix snack; (e) fruit salad
1.16. Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?
(a) air; (b) a sports drink (e.g., Gatorade); (c) muddy
river water; (d) brass; (e) table salt (sodium chloride)
1.17. Over 99% of the
Composition of the Atmosphere

molecules in Earth’s atmosphere are nitrogen and

oxygen. What are their chemical formulas?
1.18. The first four elements in column 17 of the periodic
table exist as diatomic molecules. What are their
chemical formulas?
1.19. Among the compounds formed by nitrogen and
oxygen are three that consist of molecules with (a)
two atoms of nitrogen and one of oxygen, (b) two
atoms of oxygen and one of nitrogen, and (c) one
atom of each element. What are the chemical
formulas of these compounds?
1.20. Among the multitude of compounds formed by
carbon and hydrogen are three composed of
molecules with (a) two atoms each of carbon and
hydrogen, (b) six atoms each of carbon and
hydrogen, and (c) one atom of carbon and four of
hydrogen. What are the chemical formulas of these
compounds?
1.21. Acid RainIn one of the reactions in the atmosphere
that contributes to the formation of acid rain,
molecules of water (H2O) vapor and sulfur trioxide
(SO3) gas combine, forming a molecule of liquid
sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Write a chemical equation

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describing this reaction (including the physical states
of the reactants and product).
1.22. When dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) gas dissolves in
water, molecules of N2O5 and H2O combine,
forming two molecules of nitric acid (HNO3). Write a
chemical equation describing this reaction (including
the physical states of the reactants and product).
1.23. Which of the following describe physical properties
and which describe chemical properties of the
element sodium?
a. Its density is greater than that of kerosene and less
than that of water.
b. It has a lower melting point than that of most
metals.
c. It is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity.
d. It is so and can be easily cut with a knife.
e. Freshly cut sodium is shiny, but it rapidly tarnishes
in contact with air.
f. It reacts very vigorously with water to form
hydrogen gas (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
1.24. Which of the following describe physical properties
and which describe chemical properties of hydrogen
gas (H2)?
a. At room temperature, its density is less than that of
any other gas.
b. It reacts vigorously with oxygen (O2) to form water.
c. Liquefied H2 boils at a very low temperature
(−253°C).
d. H2 gas does not conduct electricity.
1.25. Which of the following describe physical properties
and which describe chemical properties of water?
a. Most, but not all, kinds of wood float in water.
b. Water has a remarkably high boiling point for a
compound whose molecules consist of only three
atoms, two of which are hydrogen.
c. Evaporation of the water in perspiration cools the
skin.
d. A process called electrolysis can convert liquid
water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.
e. Ice is less dense than liquid water.
f. Water is denser than gasoline.
1.26. Which of the following describe physical properties
and which describe chemical properties of methane
(the principal component of natural gas)?
a. Methane is lighter (less dense) than air.
b. Methane has a higher fuel value (energy produced
per gram) than any other fossil fuel.
c. Methane can be liquefied for transport by ship if it
is cooled to 109 K.
d. Liquefied methane is over 300 times denser than
methane gas at its boiling point.
e. Leaking natural gas has caused explosions that
destroyed peoples’ homes.
f. Methane is colorless and odorless.
1.27. Which of the following are examples of chemical
properties of formaldehyde (CH2O)?
a. It has a characteristic acrid smell.
b. It is soluble in water.
c. It burns in air.
d. It is a gas at room temperature.
e. It is colorless.
f. Formaldehyde is used to synthesize many other
compounds.
1.28. Which of the following is an example of a physical
property of silver (Ag)?
a. Silverware slowly tarnishes over time.
b. Tarnished silverware can be restored to a shiny
metallic finish if placed in a boiling hot aqueous
solution of baking soda that also contains
aluminum foil.
c. Silver coins in pirate treasure turn black when le
in the sea for a few centuries.
d. Silver sinks in seawater.
e. Silver is an excellent conductor of electricity.
f. Silver is so for a metal, though not as so as gold.
1.29. Which of the following can be separated by
filtration? (a) sugar dissolved in coffee; (b) sand and
water; (c) octane from the other components in
gasoline; (d) alcohol dissolved in water; (e) water
vapor from the other gases in humid air

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*1.30. Would filtration be a suitable way to separate
dissolved proteins from blood plasma? Explain why
or why not.
1.31. Examine Figure 1.12. In which physical state do
particles have the greatest freedom of motion—solid,
liquid, or gas? In which state do they have the least
freedom of motion?
1.32. A pot of water on a stove is heated to a rapid boil.
Identify the gas inside the bubbles that form in the
boiling water.
1.33. A brief winter storm leaves a dusting of snow on the
ground. During the sunny but very cold day a er the
storm, the snow disappears even though the air
temperature never gets above freezing. If the snow
didn’t melt, where did it go?
1.34. What is in the space between the particles that make
up a gas?
1.35. Can an extensive property be used to identify a
substance? Explain why or why not.
1.36. Which of these properties of water are intensive and
which are extensive?
a. The density of water at room temperature and
pressure.
b. The temperature at which water freezes.
c. The mass of water in your body.
d. The mass of one molecule of water.
e. The rate at which water is flowing over Niagara
Falls.
The Scientific Method: Starting Off with a Bang

Concept Review

1.37. What kinds of information are needed to formulate a

hypothesis?
1.38. How does a hypothesis become a theory?
1.39. Is it possible to disprove a scientific hypothesis?
1.40. Is it possible to prove a theory?
1.41. Compare the meaning of the word theory as it is used
in science with its use in normal conversation.
1.42. Why was the belief that matter consists of atoms
considered a philosophy in ancient Greece, but a
theory by the early 1800s?
Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis

Concept Review

1.43. Describe in general terms how the SI and USC

systems of units differ.
1.44. Suggest two reasons why SI units are so widely used
in science.
Problems

Note: The physical properties of the elements are listed in

Appendix 3.
1.45. What is the mass of a magnesium block that
measures 2.5 cm ✕ 3.5 cm ✕ 1.5 cm?
1.46. What is the mass of an osmium block that measures
6.5 cm ✕ 9.0 cm ✕ 3.25 cm? Do you think you could
li it with one hand?

1.47. Write the conversion factor(s) for each of the

following unit conversions: (a) picoseconds (ps) to
femtoseconds (fs); (b) kilograms (kg) to milligrams
(mg); (c) the mass of a block of titanium in kilograms
(kg) to its volume in cubic meters (m3)
1.48. A single strand of natural silk may be as long as 4.0
km. What is this length in meters?

*1.49. There are ten steps from the sidewalk up to the

front door of a student’s apartment. Each tread is
12.5 cm deep and 15.5 cm above the previous one.
What is the distance diagonally from the bottom of
the steps to the top in meters?
1.50. An Olympic-sized swimming pool is 50.00 m long
and 25.0 m wide, and it must have a water depth of

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at least 2.0 m. What is the minimum volume of
water in such a pool in cubic meters?

1.51. Boston MarathonTo qualify to run in the 2019 Boston

Marathon, a distance of 42.195 km, an 18-year-old
woman had to have completed another marathon in
3 hours and 30 minutes or less. To qualify, what
must this woman’s average speed have been in
meters per second?
1.52. The length of a track race known as the
Olympic Mile

“Olympic mile” is actually 1500. m. What percentage

of a USC mile (5280. feet) is an Olympic mile?

*1.53. If a wheelchair-marathon racer moving at 8.28 m/s

expends energy at a rate of 665 Calories per hour,
how much energy in Calories would be required to
complete a marathon race (42.195 km) at this pace?
1.54. Nearest Star At a distance of 4.3 light-years, Proxima
Centauri is the nearest star to our solar system. What
is the distance to Proxima Centauri in kilometers?

1.55. What volume of gold would be equal in mass to a

piece of copper with a volume of 125 cm3?
*1.56. A small hot-air balloon is filled with 1.00 ✕ 106 L of
air (d = 1.20 g/L). As the air in the balloon is heated,
it expands to 1.09 ✕ 106 L. What is the density of the
heated air in the balloon?

1.57. What is the volume of 1.00 kg of mercury?

1.58. A student wonders whether a piece of jewelry is
made of pure silver. She determines that its mass is
3.17 g. She then drops it into a 10 mL graduated
cylinder partially filled with water and determines
that its volume is 0.3 mL. Could the jewelry be made
of pure silver?

1.59. The average density of human

The Density of Blood

blood is 1.06 g/mL. What is the mass of blood in an

adult with a blood volume of 5.5 L? Express your
answer in (a) grams and (b) ounces.
1.60. Earth has a mass of 5.98 ✕ 1024 kg
The Density of Earth

and a volume of 1.08 ✕ 1012 km3. What is the average

density of our planet in units of grams per cubic
centimeter?
Evaluating and Expressing Experimental Results

Concept Review

1.61. How many suspect data points can be identified from

a data set by using Grubbs’ test?
1.62. Which confidence interval is the largest for a given n
value: 50%, 90%, or 95%?
1.63. The concentration of ammonia in an aquarium tank
is determined each day for a week. When calculating
the variability in the results, which will be larger: (a)
standard deviation; (b) 95% confidence interval?
Explain your selection.
1.64. During the analysis of a data set, if an outlier could
not be found at the 95% confidence level, (a) could
there be an outlier at the 90% confidence level? (b)
Could there be an outlier at the 99% confidence level?
Problems

1.65. Which of these measured values has the fewest

number of significant figures? (a) 545; (b) 6.4 ✕ 10−3;
(c) 6.50; (d) 1.346 ✕ 102
1.66. Which of these uncertain values has the greatest
number of significant figures? (a) 545; (b) 6.4 ✕ 10−3;
(c) 6.50; (d) 1.346 ✕ 102

1.67. Which of these uncertain values has the fewest

number of significant figures? (a) 1/545; (b) 1/(6.4 ✕
10−3); (c) 1/6.50; (d) 1/(1.346 ✕ 102)
1.68. Which of these uncertain values has the greatest
number of significant figures? (a) 1/545; (b) 1/(6.4 ✕
10−3); (c) 1/6.50; (d) 1/(1.346 ✕ 102)

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1.69. Which of these uncertain values has four significant
figures? (a) 0.0592; (b) 0.08206; (c) 8.314; (d) 5420; (e)
5.4 ✕ 103
1.70. Which of these uncertain values has only three
significant figures? (a) 7.02; (b) 6.452; (c) 6.02 ✕ 1023;
(d) 302; (e) 12.77

1.71. Perform each of the following calculations, and

express the answer with the correct number of
significant figures (only the highlighted values are
exact):
a. 0.6274 ✕ 1.00 ✕ 103/[2.205 ✕ (2.54)3] =
b. 6 ✕ 10−18 ✕ (1.00 ✕ 103) ✕ 12 =
c. (4.00 ✕ 58.69)/(6.02 ✕ 1023 ✕ 6.84) =
d. [(26.0 ✕ 60.0)/43.53]/(1.000 ✕ 104) =
1.72. Perform each of the following calculations, and
express the answer with the correct number of
significant figures (only the highlighted values are
exact):
a. [(12 ✕ 60.0) + 55.3]/(5.000 ✕ 103) =
b. (2.00 ✕ 183.9)/[(6.02 ✕ 1023) ✕ (1.61 ✕ 10−8)3] =
c. 0.8161/[2.205 ✕ (2.54)3] =
d. (9.00 ✕ 60.0) + (50.0 ✕ 60.0) + (3.00 ✕ 101) =

1.73. Perform each of the following calculations, and

express the answer with the correct number of
significant figures and units (only the highlighted
values are exact):
a. [0.066 cm3 ✕ (6.67 ✕ 105 g/cm3)]/(2.838 − 2.211) mL
=
b. (7.6 g + 7.8 g + 8.1 g + 7.9 g + 8.0 g)/5 =
c. (273 + 37.4) K ✕ (1.3806 ✕ 10−23 J/K) =
d.

1.74. Perform each of the following calculations, and

express the answer with the correct number of
significant figures and units (only the highlighted
values are exact):
a. (43 mg + 38 mg + 39 mg + 37 mg + 40 mg + 41
mg)/6 =
b.

c.

d. (6.626 ✕ 10−34 kg · m2/s)/[(9.109 ✕ 10−31 kg) ✕ (2.998

✕ 108 m/s)] =

*1.75. The widths of copper lines in printed circuit boards

must be close to a design value. Three
manufacturers were asked to prepare circuit boards
with copper lines that are 0.500 μm (micrometers)
wide (1 μm = 1 ✕ 10−6 m). Each manufacturer’s
quality control department reported the following
line widths on five sample circuit boards (given in
micrometers):
Widths of Copper Lines (μm)

Manufacturer 1 Manufacturer 2 Manufacturer 3

0.512 0.514 0.500

0.508 0.513 0.501

0.516 0.514 0.502

0.504 0.514 0.502

0.513 0.512 0.501

a. What is the mean and standard deviation of the

data provided by each manufacturer?
b. For which of the three sets of data does the 95%
confidence interval include 0.500 μm?
c. Which of the data sets fit the description “precise
and accurate,” and which is “precise but not
accurate”?
1.76. Diabetes Test Glucose concentrations in the blood
above 110 mg/dL can be an early indication of
several medical conditions, including diabetes.
Suppose analyses of a series of blood samples from a
patient at risk of diabetes produce these results: 106,
99, 109, 108, and 105 mg/dL.
a. What are the mean and the standard deviation of
the data?

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b. Patients with blood glucose levels above 120
mg/dL are considered diabetic. Is this value within
the 95% confidence interval of these data?

1.77. Use Grubbs’ test to decide whether the value 3.41

should be considered an outlier in the following data
set from analyses of portions of the same sample
conducted by six groups of students: 3.15, 3.03, 3.09,
3.11, 3.12, and 3.41.
1.78. Use Grubbs’ test to decide whether any one of the
values in this set of replicate measurements should
be considered an outlier: 61, 75, 64, 65, 64, and 66.
Testing a Theory: The Big Bang Revisited

Concept Review

1.79. What is meant by an absolute temperature scale?

1.80. Can a temperature in °C ever have the same value in
°F?
Problems

1.81. Silver and gold melt at 962°C and 1064°C,

respectively. Convert these two temperatures to the
Kelvin scale.
1.82. Radiator CoolantThe coolant in an automobile
radiator freezes at −39°C and boils at 110°C. What are
these temperatures on the Fahrenheit scale?

1.83. The discovery of new “high

Critical Temperature

temperature” superconducting materials in the mid-

1980s spurred a race to prepare the material with the
highest superconducting temperature. The critical
temperatures (Tc)—the temperatures at which the
material becomes superconducting—of three such
materials are −93.0 K, −250.0°C, and −231.1°F.
Convert these temperatures into a single
temperature scale, and determine which
superconductor has the highest Tc value.
1.84. As air is cooled, which gas condenses first: N2, He, or
H2O?

1.85. Liquid helium boils at 4.2 K. What is the boiling

point of He in °C?
1.86. Liquid hydrogen boils at −253°C. What is the boiling
point of H2 on the Kelvin scale?

1.87. A person has a fever of 102.5°F. What is this

temperature in °C?
1.88. Physiological temperature, or body temperature, is
37.0°C. What is this temperature in °F?

1.89. Record Low The lowest temperature measured on

Earth is −128.6°F, recorded at Vostok, Antarctica, in
July 1983. What is this temperature on the Celsius
and Kelvin scales?
1.90. Record High The highest temperature ever recorded
in the United States is 134°F at Greenland Ranch,
Death Valley, CA, on July 13, 1913. What is this
temperature on the Celsius and Kelvin scales?
Additional Problems

*1.91. Sodium chloride (NaCl) contains 1.54 g of Cl− ions

for every 1.00 g of Na+ ions. Which of the following
mixtures would react to produce sodium chloride
with no sodium or chlorine le over?
a. 11.0 g of sodium and 17.0 g of chlorine
b. 6.5 g of sodium and 10.0 g of chlorine
c. 6.5 g of sodium and 12.0 g of chlorine
d. 6.5 g of sodium and 8.0 g of chlorine
1.92. Your laboratory instructor has given you two shiny,
light gray metal cylinders. Your assignment is to
determine which one is made of aluminum (d =
2.699 g/mL) and which one is made of titanium (d =
4.54 g/mL). The mass of each cylinder was
determined on a scale to five significant figures. The
volume was determined by immersing the cylinders
in a graduated cylinder as shown in Figure P1.92. The
initial volume of water was 25.0 mL in each

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graduated cylinder. The following data were
collected:

Mass (g) Height (cm) Diameter (cm)

Cylinder A 15.560 5.1 1.2

Cylinder B 35.536 5.9 1.3

a. Calculate the volume of each cylinder by using the

dimensions of the cylinder only.
b. Calculate the volume from the water displacement
method.
c. Which volume measurement allows for the greater
number of significant figures in the calculated
densities?
d. Express the density of each cylinder to the
appropriate number of significant figures.

FIGURE P1.92

*1.93. Manufacturers of trail mix must control the

distribution of the items in their products.
Deviations of more than 2% outside specifications
cause supply problems and downtime in the
factory. A favorite trail mix is designed to contain
67% peanuts and 33% raisins. Bags of trail mix were
sampled from the assembly line on different days.
The bags were opened, and the contents counted,
with the following results:

Day Peanuts Raisins

1 50 32

11 56 26

21 48 34

31 52 30

a. Calculate the mean and standard deviation in the

percentage of peanuts and percentage of raisins in
the four samples.
b. Do the 90% confidence intervals for these
percentages include the target composition
values: 67% peanuts and 33% raisins?
*1.94. Gasoline and water do not mix. Regular grade (87
octane) gasoline has a lower density (0.73 g/mL)
than water (1.00 g/mL). A 100 mL graduated
cylinder with an inside diameter of 3.2 cm contains
34.0 g of gasoline and 34.0 g of water. What is the
combined height of the two liquid layers in the
cylinder? The volume of a cylinder is πr2h, where r
is the radius and h is the height.
1.95. At a natural history museum, a child was heard
stating that dinosaur bones on display at the
museum were 68,000,002 years old. When asked
about this unusual age value, the child explained that
during a visit two years earlier a tour guide had said
the bones were 68 million years old. How would you
explain to the child the meaning (and certainty) of a
value such as 68 million years?
1.96. Ms. Goodson’s geology classes are popular because
of their end-of-the-year field trips. Some last several
days, but all involve exactly eight hours of hiking per
day. On one three-day trip the class’s average hiking
speeds were 1.6 mi/h, 1.4 mi/h, and 1.7 mi/h each day.
What was the length of their trip in miles and
kilometers?
*1.97. Toothpaste ChemistryMany popular brands of
toothpaste contain about 1.00 mg of fluoride per
gram of toothpaste. The fluoride compound that is
most o en used in toothpaste is sodium fluoride,
NaF, which is 45% fluoride by mass. How many
milligrams of NaF are in a 178-gram tube of
toothpaste?

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12/3/2020 Summary
*1.98. Test for HIVTests called ELISAs (enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays) detect and quantify
substances such as HIV antibodies in biological
samples. A “sandwich” assay traps the HIV antibody
between two other molecules. The trapping event
causes a detector molecule to change color. To
make a sandwich assay for HIV, you need the
following components: one plate to which the
molecules are attached; a 0.550-mg sample of the
recognition molecule that “recognizes” the HIV
antibody; 1.200 mg of the capture molecule that
“captures” the HIV antibody in a sandwich; and
0.450 mg of the detector molecule that produces a
visible color when the HIV antibody is captured.
You need to make 96 plates for an assay. You are
given the following quantities of material: 100.00
mg of the recognition molecule; 100.00 mg of the
capture molecule; and 50.00 mg of the detector
molecule.
a. Do you have sufficient material to make 96 plates?
b. If you do, how much of each material is le a er
96 sandwich assays are assembled? If you do not
have sufficient material to make 96 assays, how
many assays can you assemble?
1.99. Vitamin CSome people believe that large doses of
vitamin C can cure the common cold. One
commercial over-the-counter product consists of
500.0-mg tablets that are 20% by mass vitamin C.
How many tablets are needed for a 1.00-g dose of
vitamin C?
*1.100. Patient DataMeasurements of a patient’s
temperature are routinely done several times a
day in hospitals. Digital thermometers are used,
and it is important to evaluate new thermometers
and select the best ones. The accuracy of these
thermometers is checked by immersing them in
liquids of known temperature. Such liquids
include an ice–water mixture at 0.0°C and boiling
water at 100.0°C at exactly 1 atmosphere pressure
(boiling point varies with atmospheric pressure).
Suppose the data shown in the following table
were obtained on three available thermometers
and you were asked to choose the “best” one of the
three. Which would you choose? Explain your
choice.

Thermometer Measured Measured Temperature

Temperature of Ice of Boiling Water, °C

Water, °C

A 0.8 99.9

B 0.3 99.8

C 0.3 100.3

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