MODULE 1

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
INTRODUCTION

HEMISTRY is the scientific discipline involved with elements and compounds composed of atoms,
molecules and ions: there composition, structures, properties, behavior and the changes they
undergo during a reaction with other substances.
In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate composition between physics and biology. It is
sometimes called The Central Science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied
scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant chemistry (botany), the
formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are
degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work
(pharmachology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene (forensics).
Chemistry addresses topics such as how atoms and molecules interact via chemical bonds to form new
chemical compounds. There are two types of chemical bonds: 1. Primary chemical bonds e.g. covalent bond, in which
atoms share one or more electron/s; ionic bonds, in which an atom donates one or more electrons to another atom to
produce ions (cations and anions) ; metallic bonds and 2. Secondary chemical bonds e.g. Hydrogen bonds; Van der
Waals force bonds, ion-ion ineraction, ion-dipole interaction etc.

HEMISTRY, the science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances
(defined as elements and compounds), the transformations they undergo, and the energy that is
released or absorbed during these processes. Every substance, whether naturally occurring or
artificially produced, consists of one or more of the hundred-odd species of atoms that have been identified as
elements. Although these atoms, in return, are composed of more elementary particles, they are the basic building
blocks of chemical substances; there is no quantity of oxygen, mercury, or gold, for example, smaller than an atom of
that substance. Chemistry, therefore, is concerned not with the subatomic domain but with the properties of atoms
and the laws governing their combinations and how the knowledge of these properties can be used to achieve specific
purposes.
The great challenge in chemistry is the development of a coherent explanation of the complex behavior of
materials, why they appear as they do, what gives them their enduring properties, and how interactions among
different substances can bring about the formation of new substances and the destruction of old ones. From the
earliest attempts to understand the material world in rational terms, chemists have struggled to develop theories of
matter that satisfactorily explain both permanence and change. The ordered assembly of indestructible atoms into
small and large molecules, or extended networks of intermingled atoms, is generally accepted as the basis of
permanence, while the reorganization of atoms or molecules into different arrangements lies behind theories of
change. Thus chemistry involves the study of atomic composition and structural architecture of substances, as well as
the varied interactions among substances that can lead to sudden, often violent reactions.
Chemistry also is concerned with the utilization of the natural substances and the creation of the artificial
ones. Cooking, fermentation, glass making, and metallurgy are all chemical processes that date from the beginnings of
civilization. Today, vinyl, Teflon, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and superconductors represent the fruits of chemical
technology. The 20th century saw dramatic advances in the comprehension of the marvelous and complex chemistry

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
of living organisms, and a molecular interpretation of health and disease holds great promise. Modern chemistry,
aided by increasingly sophisticated instruments, studies materials as small as single atoms and as large and complex
as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which contains millions of atoms. New substances can even be designed to bear
desired characteristics and then synthesized. The rate at which chemical knowledge continues to accumulate is
remarkable. Over time more than 8,000,000 different chemical substances, both natural and artificial, had been
characterized and produced. The number was less than 500,000 as recently as 1965.

Welcome. You are now part of the class taking General Chemistry 1. As a grade 11 student, you must be eager
to try new things and rediscover yourself and your surroundings.

This module will help you to understand certain issues behind this rapidly changing world. As you go through
this module, you sharpen your self-awareness as a student and an individual living these days and gain wisdom that
will enable you to be conscious in every material around you.

At the end of this subject, you are expected to:

1. Use properties of mater to identify substances and to separate them.

2. Calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a compound.

3. Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reaction

4. Explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction, identify the excess reagent

5. Use Dalton’s law of partial pressures to relate mole fraction and partial pressure of gases in a mixture

6. Use quantum numbers to describe an electron in an atom

7. Draw Lewis structure of molecular covalent compound.

8. Explain the properties of some polymers in terms of their structure

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Table of Contents

Module 1: Matter and Its Properties

Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….………..1

Brief Description of the Module …………………………………………………………………………….………………….…….....1

Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..……...1

General Instructions ………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………..……...1-2

Pre-Test ………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..……..3

Activity 1.1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…...….4

Discussion: Matters ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..4-5

Self-Check 1.1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..…..6

Discussion: Properties of Matter………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………..6-8

Discussion: Matter: Pure Substances and Matter

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...8-9

Self-Check 1.2 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….9

Activity 1.2 ………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………..10

Points to Remember ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…………..……10

References ………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….11

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
 Introduction
MODULE 1: MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES

MATTER is any substance that has mass and takes up space by

having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately
composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic
particles, and in everyday as well as scientific usage, “matter” generally
includes atoms and anything made up of them, and any particles (or
combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and
volume. However it does not include massless particles such as photons.
Or other energy phenomena or waves such as light.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE

Lesson 1 focuses on matters and its properties. It also discusses on how substances can be separated and the
products’ components for use, safety, quality and cost as the result of studying matter.

OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Use properties of matter to identify substances and to separate them.

2. Recognize the formulas of common chemical substances.

3. Compare consumer products on the basis of their components for use, safety, quality and cost.

4. Describe various simple separation techniques such as distillation, chromatography.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

At the start of the module, you are going to take the pre-test to see how much background information and
knowledge you have about the topics to be discussed.

This module is self-instructional. You can read, analyze concepts and ideas presented, and reflect on them.
The activities and Self-Check Questions will help you assess how you progress as you go through the module.

Your answers on the Self-Check Questions and activities will be evaluated by your teacher. These will be part
of your formative evaluation.

The post-test will be given in a separate booklet upon completion of this module. It will serve as the
summative evaluation of your performance.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
 Work on this module independently. Your teacher will not be around to supervise you as you go through this
module. It is expected that you will make the most of it.

This module shall be passed on _____________________________. You can pass your output online through
[email protected] , but it will be collected if you can’t access online.

This module will be collected upon distribution of the new set of modules.

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 Pre-test
©

TRUE OR FALSE
Directions: Read and analyze the following. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is
wrong.
___________________1. Atoms are not the smallest particles.

___________________2. Molecules are not composed of atoms.

___________________3. Ions are not particles with charges.

___________________4. Solid is not tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.

___________________5. The liquid is far together with no regular arrangement.

___________________6. Gas is not separated and has no regular arrangement.

___________________7. Solid did not vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.

___________________8. Liquid did not vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.

___________________9. Gas did not vibrate and moves freely at high speeds.

___________________10. The matter is any substance that has no mass and takes up space by having volume.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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 Activity 1.1

Directions: In your home, look for 10 common chemical substances and give their respective chemical formulas.

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES CHEMICAL FORMULA

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Discussion: MATTERS

MATTER is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having
volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of
atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday
as well as scientific usage, “matter” generally includes atoms and anything
made up of them, and any particles (or combination of particles) that act as if
they have both rest mass and volume. However it does not include massless
particles such as photons. Or other energy phenomena or waves such as light.

Particles Composing Matter

 ATOMS – the smallest particles

 MOLECULES – composed of atoms
 IONS – particles with charge

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States of Matter

Gasses, liquids and solids are all made up of microscopic particles, but the behaviors of these particles differ
in the three phases. The following figure illustrates the microscopic differences.

Note that patterns in a:

 Solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern

 Liquid are close together with no regular arrangement
 Gas are well separated with no regular arrangement

Note that patterns in a:

 Solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.
 Liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other
 Gas vibrates and moves freely at high speeds.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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 Self-Check 1.1

Directions: In the items inside the box below, classify the following matter in their respective states.

Iron nail Sugar Syrup

Air Ice Alcohol

Rock Water Paint

Blood

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Discussion: PROPERTIES OF MATTERS

The different types of matter can be distinguished through two components: composition and properties. The
composition of matter refers to the different components of matter along with their relative proportions. The
properties of matter refer to the qualities/attributes that distinguish one sample of matter from another. These
properties are generally grouped into two categories: physical or chemical.

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHANGES

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter. Physical
properties are used to observe and describe matter. Physical properties of materials and systems are often described
as intensive and extensive properties. This classification relates to the dependency of the properties upon the size or
extent of the system or object in question.

An intensive property is bulk property, meaning that it is a physical property of a system that does not
depend on the system size or the amount of material in the system. Examples of intensive properties include
temperature, refractive index, density, and hardness of an object. When a diamond is cut, the pieces maintain their
intrinsic hardness (until their size reaches a few atoms thick). In contrast, an extensive property additive for
independent, non-interacting subsystems. The property is proportional to the amount of material in the system.

Intensive Properties: A physical property that will be the same regardless of the amount of matter.

 Density
 Color (pigment or shade)
 Conductivity: electricity to flow through the substance
 Malleability: if a substance can be flattened
 Luster: how shiny the substance looks

Extensive Properties: A physical property that will change if the amount of matter changes.

 Mass: how much matter in the sample

 Volume: how much space the sample takes up
 Length: how long the sample is

Physical Change

It is the change in which the matter’s physical appearance is altered, but composition remains unchanged.

A physical change takes place without any changes in molecular composition. The same element or
compound is present before and after the change. The same molecule is present throughout the changes. Physical
changes are related to physical properties since some measurements require that changes be made.

 Solid is distinguished by a fixed structure. Its shape and volume do not change. In a solid, atoms are tightly
packed together in a fixed arrangement.
 Liquid is distinguished by its malleable shape (is able to form into the shape of its container), but constant
volume. In a liquid, atoms are close together but not in a fixed arrangement.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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  Gas is made up of atoms that are separate. However, unlike solid and liquid, a gas has no fixed shape and
volume.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CHANGES

Chemical properties of matter describe its “potential” to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue
of its composition. What elements, electrons, and bonding are present to give the potential for chemical change. It is
quite difficult to define a chemical property without using the word “change”. Eventually you should be able to look at
the formula of a compound and state some chemical property. At this time this is very difficult to do and you are not
expected to be able to do it. For example hydrogen has the potential to ignite and explode given the right conditions.
This is a chemical property. Metals in general have they chemical property of reacting with an acid. Zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. This is chemical property.

Chemical change results in one or more substances of entirely different composition from the original
substances. The elements and/or compounds at the start of the reaction are rearranged into new product compounds
or elements. A CHEMICAL CHANGE alters the composition of the original matter. Different elements or compounds are
present at the end of the chemical change. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different
compounds.

Discussion: MATTER: PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURE

 Matter can be broken down into two categories: pure substances and mixtures. Pure substances are further
broken down into elements and compounds. Mixtures are physically combined structures that can be
separated into their original components.
 A chemical substance is composed of one type of atom or molecule.
 A mixture is composed of different types of atoms or molecules that are not chemically bonded.
 A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more chemical substances where the various components can
be visually distinguished.
 A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform and every part of the
solution has the same properties.
 Various separation techniques exist in order to separate matter, including distillation, filtration, evaporation
and chromatography. Matter can be in the same phase or in two different phases for this separation to take
place.
 Distillation is the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling
 Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using a filter medium that allows the fluid
to pass through but not the solid.
 Evaporation is the process of changing from a liquid or solid state into vapor (fog, mist or steam).

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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  Chromatography is the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or as a vapor through a medium in
which the components move at different rates
 Elements are pure substances that are made up of only one kind of atom.
 Compounds are pure substances made up of two or more kinds of atoms.

Self-Check 1.2

Directions: Identify the following. Write PS if the given word/s is/are under Pure Substance, M if Mixture, HE if
under Heterogeneous Mixture and HO if under Homogeneous Mixture.

1. Table Sugar

2. Table Salt

3. Iodized Salt

4. Brown Sugar

5. Distilled Water

6. Soft Drinks

7. Oxygen gas (in tank)

8. Human breath

9. Rubbing Alcohol

10. Mixture of Water and Oil

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
 Activity 1.2

Directions: Look at the picture below and compare consumer products based on their components for USE, SAFETY,
QUALITY, and COST.

SAFEGUARD ANTI-BACTERIAL SOAP DIAL SPRING WATER DEODORANT SOAP

Points to Remember!

States of Matter  Extensive

 Chemical Property
 Solid
 Liquid Separation Techniques
 Gas
 Distillation
Properties of Matter  Filtration
 Evaporation
 Physical Property
 Chromatography
 Intensive

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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 References and Web Links

 Patalinghug, Wyona C. Ph. D., Camacho, Vic Marie I., Sevilla, Fortunato III B., Singson, Maria Cristina D.
Teaching Guide for Senior High School GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1, 4th Floor, Commission on Higher Education,
C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education, 2016 (pp. 4-18)

Prepared by: Checked by:

BEO JORMA B. BAYLE, LPT. MARILOU C. MENDOZA, LPT.

Subject Teacher SHS Module Coordinator

AIMIE O. ALCANTARA, LPT.

SHS Head Teacher

Recommending Approval: Approved by:

NERISSA S. DELOS REYES, MAEd, SMRIEdr Dr. RAMON E. WOO JR., CPA, DFRIEdr.
VP / Basic Education Principal Dean of Studies

Noted by:
Dr. ROSALINA S. ANDAYA Ed. D., DFRIEdr.
President

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
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