1 Mole Concept

Chapter 1
CHEMISTRY
y Chemistry is defined as the study of the Concept Ladder
composition, properties and interaction of matter.
Branches of Chemistry Chemistry, from the ancient
(1) Physical Chemistry Egyptian word “khēmia”
The branch of chemistry concerned with the way meaning transmutation of
in which the physical properties of substances earth, is the science of matter
at the atomic to molecular
depend on and influence their chemical structure,
scale, dealing primarily with
properties, and reactions.
collections of atoms, such
(2) Inorganic Chemistry as molecules, crystals, and
The branch of chemistry which deals with the metals.
structure, composition and behavior of inorganic
compounds. All the substances other than the
carbon-hydrogen compounds are classified Rack your Brain
under the group of inorganic substances.
(3) Organic Chemistry How was mass of single carbon
The discipline which deals with the study of aotm determined?
the structure, composition and the chemical
properties of organic compounds is known as
organic chemistry.
(4) Biochemistry Concept Ladder
The discipline which deals with the structure
and behavior of the components of cells and the Antoine Lavoisier is known
chemical processes in living beings is known as as father of chemistry. He
biochemistry developed an experimentally
based theory of the chemical
(5) Analytical Chemistry
reactivity of oxygen and
The branch of chemistry dealing with separation,
coauthored the modern
identification and quantitative determination of system for naming chemical
the compositions of different substances substances.

MATTER
y It exists in three physical states, e.g., Solid, Liquid Definition
and Gas. It also has two other states namely
Bose-Eistein condensite and Plasma Matter is anything that occupies
mass and space.
Mole Concept

1.
 Characteristics
(1) Solids have definite volume and definite shape.
(2) Liquids have definite volume but definite shape.
They take the shape of the container in which
they are kept. Concept Ladder
(3) Gases ahve neither definite volume nor definite
shape. They occupy completelty the container in In chemistry, a substance
which they are kept. is a form of matter that has
constant chemical composition
and characteristic properties.
These three states are interconvertible on
It cannot be separated into
changing the conditions of temperature and
components by physical
pressure. separation methods, i.e. without
Heat
  Heat
  breaking chemical bonds. They
Solid 
Cool
 Liquid 
Cool
 Gas
can be solids, liquids or gases.
Classification of Matter On the Basis of Purity
Matter can be classified broadly as mixture or
pure substances, which can be further subdivided
as shows below.

Mole Concept

2.
(1) Mixture
Generally pure substances are added together to Definition
form a mixture. Also, a mixture can be obtained
A mixture contains two or more
by mixing two mixtures. For example, sugar
substances present in it in
solution in water, air, tea etc.
any ratio which are called its
(2) Homogenous Mixture components.
A mixture in which the components completely
mix with each other and its composiion is
uniform throughout. For example, salt solution,
sugar solution, air etc.
(3) Heterogenous Mixture Concept Ladder
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform
throughout and different components sometimes Alloys are mixtures of two
can be observed. For example, mixture of salt or more metals or a metal
and a non-metal and cannot
and sugar, grains and pulses along with some
be separated into their
dirt (often stone) pieces etc.
components by physical
(4) Pure Substances methods. For example, brass is
They have fixed composition, whereas mixture a mixture of approximately 30%
may contain the components in any ratio and its zinc and 70% copper.
composition is variable. For example, gold, silver,
copper, water, glucose etc.
(5) Element
it consists of only one type of particles, atoms or Rack your Brain
molecules. For example silver, copper, sodium,
hydrogen, oxygen etc. How do we judge whether milk,
(6) Molecule ghee, butter, salt, spices, mineral
Two or more atoms combine to give molecules water or juice that we buy from the
of the element. Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen market are pure?
gases consists of molecules in which atoms of
same elements combine to give their respective
moleucles.
(7) Compound Definition
Compounds are always formed when substances
When two or more atoms of
combine in different ratios by mass. For example
different elements combine,
water ammonia, carbon monoxide, sodium
Mole Concept

the molecule of a compound is

chloride etc. formed.

3.
Mole Concept

4.
 Properties of Matter and Their Measurements
y The properties of a substance have unique Concept Ladder
characteristics and are classified into physical
and chemical properties. Physical properties like melting
(1) Physical Properties and boiling points can be the
Those properties which can be measured or result of the components
observed without changing the identity or present inside a system.
composition of the substance are known as
physical properties, .e.g, colour, melting point,
boiling point, odour etc.
(2) Chemical Properties
Those properties which describe a matter’s Rack your Brain
‘potential’ to undergo some chemical changes
are konwn as chemical properties, e.g., How do we judge whether milk,
characteristics reactions of different substances ghee, butter, salt, spices, mineral
which include acidity or basicity, combustibility water or juice that we buy from the
etc. market are pure?
(3) Measurement
Any quantitative observation represented by a
number followed by a unit in which it is measued
is called measurement, such as length, are,
Concept Ladder
volume etc.

There are other unit systems

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND SI UNITS
used for measurement of
y The 11th general conference of weights and
different physical and chemical
measures in 1960 recommended the use of quantities For example, FPS
international system of units. Abbreviated as SI (Foot, poundal, second), CGS
Units (after the French expression La System (centimeter, gram, second).
International de units).

Fundamental Units
y The SI system ahs seven basic units of physical
Rack your Brain
quantities as follows:

Can you guess what is BTU?

Mole Concept

5.
 Physical Quantity Abbreviation Name of unit Symbol

time t second s

mass m kilogram kg

length l metre m

temperature T kelvin K

electric current I ampere A

light intensity lv candela Cd

amount of
n mole mol
substance

Derived Units
y The units obtained by combination of basic
units are known as derived units e.g. velocity is
expressed as distance/time. Hence unit is m/s or
ms–1. Some common derived units are:

Physical Concept Ladder

Definition SI Unit
Quantity
Fundamental units are the basis
volume length cube m3 of derived units.. Derived units
are obtained when fundamental
length
area m2 units are divided or multiplied
square
together but cannot be obtained
distance ms–1 per unit on addition or substraction.
speed
travelled time

speed ms–2 per

acceleration
changed unit time
Mole Concept

6.
 Standard Prefixes

Fraction Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol

10–1 deci d 101 Deka da

10–2 centi c 102 Hecta h

10–3 milli m 103 kilo k

10–6 micro m 106 Mega M

10–9 nano n 109 Giga G

10–12 pico p 1012 Tera T

10–15 femto f 1015 Peta P

10­–18 atto a 1018 Exa E

Precision and Accuracy

Precision Concept Ladder
It is the closeness of various measurements for
the same quantity. The accuracy of any measurment
Accuracy depends upon two parameters.
It is the agreement of a particular value to the First being the device and
second being the skill of
true value.
operator.
Ex: Let the true weight of a substance be 3.00g. The
measurement reported by three students are as
follows:

Sudent Measurements/g Average/g

1 2

A 2.95 2.93 2.94

B 3.01 2.99 3
Mole Concept

C 2.94 3.05 2.99

7.
 Case of A student
It is precision but no accuracy since measurements
one close but not accurate.
Case of B student
Measurements are close (precision) and accurate
(Accuracy)
Case of C student
Measurement are not close (no precision) and
not accurate (no accuracy)

SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITION

Mass and Weight
y Mass of a substance is the amount of matter
present in it while weight is the force exerted by
gravity on an object.
y The mass of a substance is constant whereas its
weight may vary from one place to another due
to change in gravity.
y SI unit of mass is kg.

Volume
y Volume is often quantified numerically using the
SI derived unit, the cubic meter (m3).
y Volume of liquids or solutions is measured by
using burette, pipette, graduated cylinder or
volumetric flask.

Density
y The mass density or density of a material is
Definition
defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol
most often used for density is r Volume is the quantity of three-
y SI unit of density is kg m–3. dimensional space enclosed
y Other units of density include lb ft–3 and g cm–3. by some closed boundary,
y Density is usually calculated with respect to a for example, the space that a
standard substance. This is known as relative substance (solid, liquid, gas, or
Mole Concept

plasma) or shape occupies or

density.
contains.

8.
 Temperature
y Temperature is a physical property of matter that
quantitatively expresses the common notions of
hot and cold.
y There are three common scales to measure
temperature — °C (degree celsius), °F (degree
fahrenheit) and K (kelvin).
y The temperature on two scales is related to each
other by the following relationship:
°F = 9/5(°C) + 32
K = °C + 273-15

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

y The combination of elements to form compounds
is governed by the following five basic laws:

Concept Ladder

Relation between different

temperature scales.

TC TF  32 TK  273.15

 
100 180 100

Law of Conservation of Mass Rack your Brain

y It states that matter can neither be created nor
destroyed. Is law of conservation of mass
y This law was put forth by Antoine Lavoisier in valid when particles of light break
Mole Concept

1789. from the packet of quanta?

9.
 y He performed careful experimental studies for
Rack your Brain
combustion reactions for reaching to the above
conclusion.
What will happen when hydrogen
y This law formed the basis for several later
and sulphur combine in the ratio
developments in chemistry. Infact, this was
1:16 by mass?
the result of exact measurement of masses of
reactants and products, and carefully planned
experiments performed by Lavoisier.

Q1 Five grams of KClO3 yid 3.04 1 g nd 1.36 L of oxygen at standard temperature

and pressure. Show that these figures support the law of conservation of mass
within limits of ±0.4% error.

A1 According to gram-molecular volume law, 22.4 L of all gases and vapours at STP
weight equal to their molecular weights denoted in grams.
32  1.36
\ Weight of 1.36 L of oxygen at STP   1.943 g
22.4
Weight of KCl formed = 3.041 g (given)
\ Total weight of product (KCl + O2) = 3.041 + 1.943 = 4.984 g
Error = 5 – 4.984 = 0.001 g
\ % error  0.016  100  0.32
5

Hence, the law of conservation of mass is valid within limits of –0.4% error. Thus,
the law is supported.
Mole Concept

10.
 Law of Definite Proportions
y This law was given by French chemist, Joseph Concept Ladder
Proust.
y He stated that a given compound always contains Law of constant composition
exactly the same proportion of elements by is not true for all types of
weight. compounds but true only for
y Proust worked with two samples of cupric the compounds obtained from
one isotope.
carbonate — one of which was of natural origin
and the other was synthetic one.
y He found that the composition of elements
present in it was same for both the samples as
shown below :

% of copper % of oxygen % of carbon

Natural
51.35 9.74 38.91
sample

Synthetic
51.35 9.74 38.91
sample

y Thus, irrespective of the source, a given Rack your Brain

compound always contains same elements in
the same proportion. The validity of this law Can we apply the law of definite
has been confirmed by various experiments. It proportion in case of non-
is sometimes also referred to as Law of definite stoichiometric compounds and
composition. polymers?

Q2 0.7 g of iron reacts directly with 0.4 g of sulphur to form ferrous sulphide. If
2.8 g of iron is dissolved in dilute HCl and excess of sodium sulphide solution
is added, 4.4 g of iron sulphide is precipitated. Prove the law of constant
composition.

A2 The ration of the weight of iron and sulphur in the first sample of the compound
is Fe : S :: 0.7 : 0.4 or 7 : 4.
According to the second experiment, 2.8 g of iron gives 4.4 g ferrous sulphide, or
2.8 g Fe combines with S = 4.4 – 2.8 = 1.6 g
Therefore, the ratio of the weights of Fe : S :: 2.8 : 1.6 or 7.8.
Mole Concept

Since the ratio of the weights of the two elements is same in both the cases, the
law of constant composition is true.

11.
 Law of Multiple Proportions
y This law was proposed by Dalton in 1803. Concept Ladder
y According to this law, if two elements can
combine to form more than one compound, the
The law, which was based on
masses of one element that combine with a fixed
Dalton’s observations of the
mass of the other element, are in the ratio of
reactions of atmospheric gases,
small whole numbers.
states that when elements form
y For example, hydrogen combines with oxygen
compounds, the proportions of
to form two compounds, namely, water and
the elements in those chemical
hydrogen peroxide.
compounds can be expressed
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water
in small whole number ratios.
2g 16g     18g
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Hydrogen Peroxide
2g     32g 34g

Q3 Elements X and Y form two different compounds. In the first compound, 0.324
g X is combined with 0.471 g Y. In the second compounds, 0.117 g X is combined
with 0.509 g Y. Show that these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.

A3 In the first compound 0.324 g of X combines with 0.471 g of Y. In the second

compound 0.117 g of X combines with 0.509 g of Y.
0.509  0.324
Therefore, 0.324 g of X combines with the weight of Y   1.4095 g
0.117
Now, the weights of Y that combine with the same weight of X, i.e., 0.324 g of it,
are in the ratio of 0.471 : 1.4095 or 1 : 3. The ratio, being simple, illustrates the law
of multiple proportions.

Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes

y This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808.
y He observed that when gases combine or Previous Year’s Question
are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in
a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at Equal masses of H2, O2 and methane
same temperature and pressure. have been taken in a container of
y 100 mL of hydrogen combine with 50 mL of volumes V at temperature 27°C in
oxygen to give 100 mL of water vapour. identical conditions. The ratio of
Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water the volumes of gases H2:O2:methane
100 mL 50 mL 100 mL would be
[AIPMT-2014]
Mole Concept

(1) 8 : 16 : 1 (2) 16 : 8 : 1
(3) 16 : 1 : 2 (4) 8 : 1 : 2

12.
 Q4 Air contains 21% oxygen by volume. Calculate the theroretical volume of air
which will be required for burning completely 500 cubic ft of acetylene gas
(C2H2).

A4 2C2H2  5O2  4CO2  2H2O  steam

2 vol 5 vol 4 vol 2 vol

According to the above equation:

2 volumes of acetylene require 5 volumes of O2 for combustion.
5  500
\ 500 eu. ft. of acetylene will require O2   1250 cu. ft.
2

100  1250
Hence, the quantity of air required   5952 cu. ft.
21

Avogadro law
y In 1811, Avogadro proposed that equal volumes
Mole Concept

of gases at the same temperature and pressure

should contain equal number of molecules.

13.
 y Avogadro made a distinction between atoms and
molecules which is quite understandable in the Rack your Brain
present times.
y If we consider again the reaction of hydrogen A container of 5 liter consists
and oxygen to produce water, we see that two CO2 gas. Another container of
volumes of hydrogen combine with one volume half the volume consists O2 at
of oxygen to give two volumes of water without same condition. Would it follow
leaving any unreacted oxygen. Avogadro’s law?

DALTON’S THEORY OF ATOM

John Dalton developed his famous theory of
atom in 1803. The main postulates of Concept Ladder
y Atom was considered as a hard, dense and
smallest indivisible particle of matter. Dalton’s atomic theory had
y Each element consists of a particular kind of certain explanation of Laws of
atoms. Chemical Combination :
y The properties of elements differ because of Law of conservation of mass :
difference in the kinds of atoms contained in Matter consists of atoms and
them. can neither be created nor
y This theory provides a satisfactory basis for the destroyed.
law of chemical combinaiton. Law of constant composition:
When atoms of same or different
Limitations of Dalton’s Theory elements combine together to
y It fails to explain why atoms of different kinds form compounds, they combine
should differ in mass and valency etc.
Mole Concept

in a fixed ratio, a simple whole

number ratios.

14.
y The discovery of isotopes and isobars showed
that atoms of same elements may have different Rack your Brain
atomic masses (isotopes) and atoms of different
kinds may have same atomic masses (isobars). Can you find law of multiple
y The discovery of various sub-aomic particles like proportion and law of reciprocal
X-rays, electrons, protons etc. during late 19th proportion form Dalton’s Atomic
century lead to the idea that the atom was no Theory Postulate?
longer an indivisible and smallest particle of the
matter.

ATOM
y Each element is composed of smallest particles
called ‘ATOM’.
y Atom the name is derived from Greek language
Atoms means ‘Not to be cut’.

Atomic Mass
y Atomiic mass of na element can be defined as
the number which indicates how many times the
mass of one atom of the element is heavier in
comparison to 1 th part of the mass of one
12
atom of Carbon-12.
y [Mass of an atom of the element ] Mass of an atom in amu
Atomic mass  
1 1 amu
 [Mass of an atom of carbon-12]
12

Atomic mass unit (amu) or Unified mass (u)

1
y The quantity × mass of an atom of C-12 is
12 Definition
known as atomic mass unit.
Average atomic mass is defined
y  1 a.m.u.  1.9924  10 kg
26

as the average mass of isotopes

12
of an element naturally present.
Average Atomic Mass (AAM)
y The atomic mass as the weighted average mass
of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element.
Mole Concept

y  % abundance isotope 1   % abundance isotope 2 

A.A.M.     A1       A 2   ......
 100   100 

15.
 Q5 Chlorine is a mixture of two isotopes with atomic masses 35u and 37u and they
are present in the ration of 3:1. Determine average atomic mass of chlorine?

A5 Average atomic mass of chlorine

35  0.75  37  0.25
  35.49 u
0.75  0.25
Concept Ladder

Molecular Mass Mass spectroscopy and osmotic

y Molecular mass is the number which indicates pressure measurements are
how many times one molecule of a substance is used for the determination
heavier in comparison to 1 th of the mass of of molecualr weight of any
12 compound.
one aotm of C-12.
y Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)
Molecular mass 
1
 [Mass of an atom of C-12]
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

1 amu

Q6 Calculate molecular mass of the following molecules:

(i) sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (ii) Glucose (C6H12O6)

A6 (i) Molecular mass of H2SO4

= 2(1.008 u) + 32.0 u + 4 (16.0) u
= 2.016 u + 32.0 u + 64.0 u = 98.016 u
(ii) Molecualr mass of C6H12O6
= 6(12.011 u) + 12(1.008 u) + 6(1600 u)
= 72.066 u + 12.096 u + 96.00 u = 180.162 u

Q7 Calculate molecular mass of glucose (C12H22O11) molecule.

A7 Molecular mass of glucose (C12H22O11)

Mole Concept

= 12(12.011 u) + 22(1.008 u) + 11(16.00 u)

= 342.308 u

16.
 Average Molecular Mass (AMM)
y Average Molecular Mass Previous Year’s Question
total mass
ular mass =
total mole of molecules An element, X has the followign
isotopic composition :
y Let a sample contains n1 mole of molecules with 200
X:90% 199
X:8.0%
molecular mass M1 and n2 mole of molecules with
202
X:2.0%
molecualr mass M2, then [AIPMT-2007]
(1) 201 amu (2) 202 amu
n1M1  n2M2
Mav  (3) 199 amu (4) 200 amu
n1  n2

Formula Unit Mass

y The mass of a formula unit present in ionic Rack your Brain
compound is known as formula unit mass.
y For example, the formula unit mass of sodium There is a compound XCl2 which is
chloride (NaCl) is 58.5 u. ionic in nature. Can this compound
Gram Atomic Mass (GAM) have molecular mass?
y Gram atomic mass of an atom expressed in
grams.
y Number of gram atoms
Definition
Mass of element in grams
=
GAM of element
The atomic mass of an element
expressed in grams is called gram
Gram Molecular Mass (GMM) atomic mass.
y That amount of substance whose mass in grams
is equal to its molecular mass or the equivalently
molecular mass of a substance expressed in
Definition
grams is called gram molecular mass.
y Gram molecular mass is also called one gram
The molecualr mass of a
molecule. compound expressed in grams is
y Number of gram molecules called gram molecular mass.
Weight of substance
=
GMM of substance
Mole Concept

17.
 MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR MASSES
y One mole is the amount of a substance that Previous Year’s Question
contains as many particles or entities as there
are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the 12C If Avogadro number NA, is changed
isotope. from 6.022 × 1023 mol–1 to 6.022 × 1020
y The mass of a C-12 was determined by a mass mol–1, this would change
spectrometer and found to be equal to 1.992648 [AIPMT-2015]
× 10–23 g. (1) the mass of one mole of carbon
(2) the ratio of chemical species to
y Number of aotms in one mole of carbon
each other in a balanced equation
12 g mol 1 of 12
C (3) the ratio of chemical species to

  each other in a compound
1
1.992648  1023 g 12
C atom
(4) the definition of mass in units of
grams.
= 6.0221367 × 1023 atoms mol–1
≈ 6.022 × 1023 atoms mol–1

Molar Mass
y The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to
Definition
atomic or molecualr formula mass in u. Units of
molar mass are g mol–1 or kg mol–1. The mass of one mole of a
\ Molar mass of CO2 = 12.011 + 2(16.0) = 44.011 g substance in called its molar
mol–1 mass.
Molar mass of NaCl = 23.0 + 35.5 = 58.5 g mol–1

Molar Volume
y According to Avogadro’s hypothesis, equal volumes
of different gases under similar conditions of
temperature and pressure contian equal number Concept Ladder
of molecules.
y 1 mole of any gas at STP (standard temperature Loschdmidt Number
and pressure), viz., 1 atm and 273 K (0°C) contains The number of molecules
present in 1 cm3 of an
NA molecules (6.022 × 1023).
ideal gas at STO is called
y 1 mole of a gas at 1 bar and 273 K consiting of NA
Loschdmidt number
molecules will have a volume of 22.7 liters which
6.022  1023
is considered to be new STP condition.   2.69  1019
Mole Concept

22400 mL

18.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ATOM
To calculate no. of p, n and e–
(a) In case of neutral atom

Atom p e– n

Carbon (C) 6 6 6

Nitrogen (N) 7 7 7

(b) In case of ions

Ion p e– n

Oxide ion (O2–) 8 8 + 2 = 10 8

Nitride ion (N3–) 7 7 + 3 = 10 7

(c) In case of molecule

Ex: CH4
Total number of atoms in CH4 = 5

Molecule Element p e– n

CH4 Carbon 6 6 6

Hydrogen (1
4 4 0
× 4)

Total 10 10 6

Ex: N2
Total number of atoms in N2 = 2

Molecule Element p e– n

Nitrogen
N2 2 × 7 = 14 2 × 7 = 14 2 × 7 = 14
(1 × 2)

Total 14 14 14
Mole Concept

19.
 (d) In case of Charge on Molecule
Ex: (NH4)+
Total number of atoms in (NH4)+ = 5
(No. of N-atoms = 1, No. of H-atoms = 4)

Molecule Element p e– n

(NH4)+ Nitrogen 7 6 7

Hydrogen
4 4 0
(1 × 4)

Total 11 10 7

CALCULATION OF MOLES
Mole Concept

20.
y Amount of substance which contains Avogadro’s
number (6.022 × 1023) of atoms if the substance
Previous Year’s Question
is atomic or Avogadro’s number (6.022 × 1023) of
molecules.
OR Which has maximum molecules?
In case of gaseous substance mole is the amount [AIPMT]
of gas which has a volume of 22.4 litres at STP. (1) 7 g N2 (2) 2 g H2
(3) 16 g NO2 (4) 16 g O2

Examples :
(a) In case of atoms :
y 1 Mole of carbon atoms = NA carbon atoms
OR
1 Mole of carbon atoms = 6.022 × 1023 carbon
Previous Year’s Question
atoms
y 1 Mole of nitrogen atoms = NA nitrogen atoms Suppose the elements X and Y
= 6.022 × 1023 Nitrogen atoms combine to form two compounds
XY2 and X3Y2. When 0.1 mole of XY2
(b) In case of ions : weighs 10 g and 0.05 mole of X3Y2
y 1 Mole of O2– = NA O2– ions = 6.022 × 1023 O2– ions weighs 9g, the atomci weights of X
y 1 Mole of N3– = NA N3– ions = 6.022 × 1023 N3–ions and Y are
+
y 1 Mole of NH4+ = NA NH4 ions = 6.022 × 1023 NH4
+ [NEET-2016]
ions (1) 40, 30 (2) 60, 40
Mole Concept

(3) 20, 30 (4) 30, 20

21.
 (c) In case of molecules :
y 1 Mole of N2 = NA N2 molecules = 6.022 × 1023 N2 Previous Year’s Question
molecules
y 1 Mole of O2 = NA O2– molecules = 6.022 × 1023 O2
The number of moles of oxygen
molecules
in one litre of air containing 21%
y 1 Mole of CO2 = NA CO2 molecules = 6.022 × 1023
oxygen by volume, under standard
CO2 molecules
conditions, is
[AIPMT]
(d) In case of Acid/Base/Salt/Double salts :
(1) 0.0093 mol
y 1 Mole of HCl = NA HCl = 6.022 × 1023 HCl
(2) 2.10 mol
y 1 Mole of NaOH = NA NaOH = 6.022 × 1023 NaOH
(3) 0.186 mol
y 1 Mole of NH4OH = NA NH4OH = 6.022 × 1023 NH4OH
(4) 0.21 mol
y 1 Mole of NaCl = NA NaCl = 6.022 × 1023 NaCl
y 1 Mole of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O = 6.022 × 1023
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O

Q8 How many g atoms are there in on atom?

A8 6.023 × 1023 atoms = 1 g atom = 1 mole

1
1 atom 
6.023  1023
 1.66  1024 g atom or mol

Q9 From 200 mg of CO2, 1021 molecules are removed. How many grams and moles
of CO2 are left.

A9 44 g of CO2 = 1 mol = 6.023 × 1023 molecules

\ 6.023 × 1023 molecules = 44 g of CO2
40  1021  103
1021 molecules 
6.023  1023
126.9
Weight of CO2 left = 200 – 73.05 = 126.9=
mg = 0.1269 g
103
44 g of CO2 = 1 mol
Mole Concept

1
0.1269 g of CO2 =  0.1269  0.0028 mol
44

22.
Q10 How many moles of O are present in 4.9 g of H PO ? 3 4

A10 Molecular weight of H3PO4 = 1 × 3 + 31 + 16 × 4 = 98 g

98 g = 1 mole of H3PO4 = 4 mole of O
4.9 g of H3PO4  4  4.9 = 0.2 mole of O
98

Q11 Calculate the number of moles in each of the following:

(i) 11g of CO2 (ii) 3.01 × 1022 molecules of CO2
(iii) 1.12 L of CO2 at STP

A11 (i) 44g of CO2 = 1 mol

11g of CO2  1  11  1  0.25 mol
44 4
(ii) 6.023 × 1023 molecuels = 1 mol
3.01 × 1022 molecules  1  3.01  10  0.05 mol
22

6.023  1023

(iii) 22.4L of CO2 = 1 mol

1.12L of CO2  1  1.12  0.05 mol
22.4

Q12 What is the volume occupied by one CCl4 molecule at 20°C? Density of CCl4 is
1.6 g mL–1 at 20°C.

A12 CCl4 molecule is liquid.

Mw of CCl4 = 12 + 4 × 35.5 = 154 g
1 molecule of CCl4  154
 25.56  1023 g
6.023  1023
mass
Volume of one molecule 
density
25.56  1023

1.6
Mole Concept

 1.598  1022 mL or cm3

23.
 Q13 The volume of a drop of water is 0.04 mL. How many H2O molecules are there
in a drop of water? d = 1.0 g mL–1.

A13 Volume of 1 drop of H2O = 0.04 mL

Weight of H2O = Volume × Density = 0.04 × 1 = 0.04 g
1 mole of H2O = 18 g = 6.023 × 1023 molecules
6.023  1023  0.04
 0.04 g   1.3384  1021 molecules
18

PRECENTAGE COMPOSITION
y The percentage fo any element or constituent in
a compound is the number of parts by mass of Previous Year’s Question
that element or constituent present in 100 parts
by mass of the c An organic Compound contains
carbon, hydrogne and oxygen. its
It is calculated as follows: elemental analysis gave C, 38.71%
y First calculated the molecular mass of the and H, 9.67%. The empirical formula
of the compound would be
compound from its formula by adding the atomic
[AIPMT-2008]
masses of the elements present in 100 parts by
(1) CHO (2) CH4O
mass of the compound. (3) CH3O (4) CH2O
y Then calculate the percentage of the element or
consitutents by using the relation:
Mass of that element × 100 in the compound
Mass% of an element =
Molar mass of the compound

Q14 Calculate the percentage composition of various elements in the following

compoud : Blue vitriol (CuSO4.5H2O).

A14 Molar mass of CuSO4.5H2O = 63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 + 5 × 18 = 249.5 g

Mass% of Cu 
63.5  100
 25.45 %
249.5
32  100
Mass% of S   12.82 %
249.5
16  9  100
Mole Concept

Mass% of O   57.71 %
249.5
10  1.008  100
Mass% of H   4.040 %
249.5
24.
 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAE
Rack your Brain
Empirical Formula
y It represents the simplest whole number ratio of
Can we apply percentage
the various atoms present in a compound.
composition in case of non-
y For example, the empirical formula of glucose is
stochiometric comopounds like
CH2O, that of benzene is CH, and that of hydrogen Fe0.95O.
peroxide is OH.
Molecular Formula
y It represents the exact number of different types
of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
y For example, molecular formual of glucose is
C6H12O6, that of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2.
Relation Between Empirical and Molecular
Formulae
y The molecualr formula of a compound is a simple
whole number multiple of its empirical formula,
Molecualr formual = n × Empirical formula
where n is any integer, e.g., 1, 2, 3, ..., etc.
The value of n is obtained as

Molar mass
n=
Empirical formula mass

Molar Mass of a Volatile Compound

y It is determined by Victor Meyer’s method. It is
based on the principle that 22.4 L of vapours of
a volatile compound at STP have mass equal to
the gram molecualr mass or by the relation given
below.
Molar mass = 2 × Vapour density
Concept Ladder

Calculation of the Empirical and Molecular

There can be certain
Formulae
substances where
y Conversion of mass percent to grams. stoichiometry is not
y Convert into number of moles of each element. followed.
y To calculate the simplest whole number. Example – Fe0.95O.
Mole Concept

y Writing empirical formula.

y Writing molecular formula.

25.
 Q15 A substance, on analysis, gave the following percentage composition: Na =
43.4%, C = 11.3% and O = 45.3%. Calculate the empirical formula.
(Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)

A15 Percentage
Element
composition
Atomic ratio Least ratio

43.4 1.89
Sodium 43.4 = 1.89 =2
23 0.94

11.3 0.94
Carbon 11.3 = 0.94 =1
12 0.94

45.3 2.84
Oxygen 45.3 = 2.83 =3
16 0.94

Hence, the empirical formula is Na2CO3.

Q16 Assuming the atomic weightof a metal M to be 56, find the empirical formula
of its oxide containing 70.00% of M.

A16 Percentage Whole

Element Atomic ratio Least ratio
composition number ratio

70 1.25
Metal 70.00 = 1.25 =1 2
56 1.25

30 1.875
Oxygen 30.00 = 1.875 = 1.5 3
16 1.25

Hence, the empirical formula is M2O3.

Mole Concept

26.
 STOICHIOMETRY AND STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULTIONS Concept Ladder
y The word stoichiometry is derived from two
Greek words — stoicheion (meaning element)
and metron (meaning measure).
Stoichiometry uses all the
y It deals with the calculation of moles, molecules
laws of chemical combination
masses and sometimes volumes of the reactants
during calculations.
and products involved in a balanced chemical
equation.
y The coefficients of the balanced chemical
equations are called stoichiometric coefficients.
y Stoichiometric coefficients represent the
number of moles and molecules of reactants and
products in a balanced chemical equations.

Q17 Find out the volume of CO2 produced by the thermal decomposition
of 5 mole of calcium carbonate at STP?
(1) 22.4 litre (2) 2 × 22.4 litre
(3) 5 × 22.4 litre (4) 3 × 22.4 litre

A17 (3)
CaCO3(s) 
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)

1 mole 1 mole 1 mole

1 mol CaCO3 : 1 mol CO2
5 mol CaCO3 : 5 mol CO2
At STP 5 mole CO2 will have a volume of 5 × 22.4 litre

Q18 Find out the mass of CaO, obtained from the thermal decomposition of 5 gm
of CaCO3?
(1) 5.6 gm (2) 2.8 gm
(3) 3.6 gm (4) 8.6 gm

A18 (2)
CaCO3(s) 
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)

1 mol CaCO3 : 1 mol CaO

100 g CaCO3 : 56 g CaO
Mole Concept

56
1 g CaCO3 : g CaO
100
56
5 g CaCO3 : × 5 g CaO
100
= 2.8 gm 27.
 Q19 Find out the volume of CO2 obtained at NTP by the thermal decomposition
5gm of CaCO3?
(1) 22.4 litre (2) 2.245 litre
(3) 33.6 litre (4) 1.12 litre

A19 (4)
CaCO3(s) 
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)

5
nCaCO =
3 100
5 1
n=
CO
nCaCO
= =
2 3 100 20
1 22.4
VCO = × Vm = =1.12 Ltr
2 20 20

Q20 Find out the volume of O2 obtained from the thermal decomposition of 0.1
mole of Potassium chlorate (KClO3) at NTP ?
(1) 1.12 Litre (2) 2.24 Litre
(3) 3.36 Litre (4) 4.48 Litre

A20 (3)
2KClO 
 2KCl + 3O2
3

2 moles of KClO3 produces 3 moles of O2 according to the above chemical reaction.

So, 1 mol KClO3 forms 3/2 mol O2.
\ 0.1 mole KClO3 will give = 0.3/2 × 22.4 litre of O2 = 3.36 litre

Q21 Find out the mass of O2 obtained from 90 kg of water?

(1) 70 kg (2) 80 kg
(3) 100 kg (4) 50 kg

A21 (2)
2H2O → 2H2 + O2
2 mole H2O forms 1 mole of O2
2 × 18 g of H2O forms 32 g of O2 from above reaction.
32
Mole Concept

1 kg of H2O will form kg of O2

2 × 18
32 × 90
So, from 90 kg of H2O = kg of O2 = 80 kg of O2
2 × 18
28.
Q22 Calculate the weight of CaO obtained by heating of 200 kg of 95 % pure lime
stone
(1) 212.8 kg (2) 106.4 kg
(3) 318.4 kg (4) 418.4 kg

A22 (2) Lime stone sample 95 % purity 200 kg

95
of sample = Pure CaCO3 = 200 × 190kg
=
100
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
1 mole of CaCO3 produces 1 mole of CaO
100 gm of CaCO3 will produces 56 gm of CaO
56
So, from 190 kg CaCO3 = × 190 kg CaO =
106.4 kg
100

Q23 Find out the weight of iron which will be converted into its oxide (Fe O ) by the
3 4
action of 18 g of steam?
(1) 21 gm (2) 42 gm
(3) 63 gm (4) 84 gm

A23 (2) From the compound given the following can be deduced
Molar ratio 3 mol Fe : 4 mol H2O
Mass ratio 3 × 56 g Fe : 4 × 18 g H2O
3 × 56 × 18
Using stoichiometry mFe = = 42 gram
4 × 18

Q24 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16g of
methane.

A24 CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

(i)16 g of CH4 corresponds to one mole.

(ii) From the above equation, 1 mol of CH4(g) gives 2 mole of H2O(g).
Mole Concept

So, mass of H2O = 2 × 18 = 36g

29.
 Ideal gas equation :
y PV = nRT
P = Pressure of the gas
V = Volume of the gas
n = mol of gas
R = universal gas constant
T = temperature in K
y Vgas = Vvesel
Vgas = Free available space for motion
PV
R = universal gas constant R=
nT

0.0821 atm L 1.99 Cal

R= or R=
mol K mol K

8.314 Joule
  or R=
mol K
y PV = nRT at constant P, T

V1 n
↑ V∝n ↑ =1
V2 n2

y STP / NTP {Standard temp. & Pressure}

y P 1=
= atm T 273 K {Normal temp. & Pressure}

Q25 Find out the molar volume of an ideal gas at STP/ NTP?

A25 PV = nRT V=
nRT
P
At STP: P = 1 Bar, T = 273.15 K

0.0821 atm L
For n = 1 mole and the value of R =
mol K
Using ideal gas equation
nRT 1 × 0.0821 × 273.51
=V = = 22.7 L
P 0.987
Mole Concept

Volume of 1 mol of an ideal gas at 1 atm = 22.4 L

30.
 Limiting Reagent
y If the reactants are not taken in the stoichiometric Definition
ratios then the reactant which is less than the
During a chemical reaction
required amount determines how much product
a substance gets consumed
will be formed.
completely. This substance is
Excess Reagent known as limiting reagent.
y The substance which does not get consumed
completely is known as excess reagent.
y The reactant present in excess is called the
Excess Reagent.
Ex: If we burn carbon in air (which has an infinite
supply of oxygen) then the amount of CO2 being
produced will be governed by the amount of
carbon taken. In this case, Carbon is the LR and
O2 is the ER.

Q26 The number of litres of air required to burn 8 litres of C H 2 2

is approximately?
(1) 40 (2) 60
(3) 80 (4) 100

A26 For a chemical reaction of the type given below :

Given mole at t = 0
1A + 2 B  → C + 2D
5 mole 12 mole 0 0
At the completion of reaction the following can be seen, when 12 moles of B
reacts with 5 moles of A.
A + 2 B  → C + 2D
[5-5] mole [12-10] 5 mole 10 mole
0 2 mol excess max max
In this case, A gets consumed completely so it behaves as limiting reagent for
the reaction
5
C2H2 + O → 2CO2 + H2O
2 2
5
1 ml : ml
2
8×5
Mole Concept

8 ml : ml
2
8 ml : 20 ml of O2
20 × 5  Vair
Vair = 100 ml 31.
 PERCENT YIELD
y The amount of product formed by a chemical Rack your Brain
reaction is less than the amount predicted by
theoretical calculations. Why experimental yield is always
less than theoretical or calculated
y The ratio of the amount of product formed to the
yield?
amount predicted when multiplied by 100 gives
the percentage yield.

Actual Yield
Percentage Yield   100
Theoretical Yield

Q27 For the reaction, CaO + 2HCl  → CaCl2 + H2O.

1.12 gram of CaO si reacted with excess of hydrochloric acid and 1.85 gm CaCl2
is formed. What is the % yield of the reaction?

A27 CaO + 2HCl  → CaCl2 + H2O

56 gm CaO will produce 111 gm CaCl2
111
1.12 gram of CaO will produce   1.12  2.22 gm
56
Thus Theoretical yield = 2.22 gm
Actual yield = 1.85 gm
1.85
% yield   100  83.33%
2.22

PERCENTAGE PURITY
y Depending upon the mass of the product, the
Rack your Brain
equivalent amount of reactant present can be
determined with the help of given chemical
Percentage purity is so important
equation. Knowing the actual amount of the
in our daily life. How?
reactant taken and the amount calculated with
the help of a chemical equation, the purity can
be determined

 Amount of reactant calculated form the chemical equation 
Percentage purity     100%
%
 Actual amount of reactant taken 
Mole Concept

32.
 Q28 Calcualte the amount of (CaO) in kg that can be produced by heating 200 kg
lime stone taht is 90% pure caCO3.

A28 Mass of Pure CaCO3 

200  90
 180 kg
100
CaCO3   CaO  CO2
100 kg 56 kg
180 x
100 56
  x  100.8 kg
180 x

Eudiometry
y It is the special part of stoichiometry. Definition
y In this, we deal with absorption of gases during a
chemical process. The process of determining the
constituents of a gaseous mixture
by means of the eudiometer, or
Some Absorbents of Gases
for ascertainnig the purity of the
The absorbent which is used for specific gas is air or the amount of oxygen in it.
listed below:

Absorbent Gas or gases absorbed

Turpentine oil O3

Alkaline pyrogallol O2

Ferrous sulphate solution NO

Heated magnesium N2

Heated palladium H2

Ammonical coprous chloride O2, CO, C2H2

Copper sulphate solution H2S, PH3, AsH3

Conc. H2SO4 H2O i.e., moisture, NH3

Mole Concept

NaOH or KOH solution CO2, NO2, SO2, X2, all acidic oxides

33.
 Q29 90 ml of pure dry O2 is subjected to electric discharge, if only 10 % of it is
converted into O3, volume of the mixture of gases (O2 & O3) after the reaction
will be ______and after passing through turpentine oil will be ________.
(1) 84 ml, 78 ml (2) 81 ml, 87 ml
(3) 78 ml, 84 ml (4) 87 ml, 81 ml

A29 3O2  → 2O

3
Initially 90 ml 0
After reaction 90 – 9 ml 6 ml
Vmix = 81 ml O2 + 6 ml O3 = 87 ml
Turpentine oil (It absorbes O3 gas)
Vremaining = 81 ml of O2

CONCENTRATION TERMS
y A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substance, the composition of which may Rack your Brain
vary within limits.
y A solution is a special kind of mixture in which How does strength of solution
substances are intermixed so intimately that they change by increase in temperature?
cannot be observed as separated components.
y The substance which is to be dissolved is called
solute while the medium in which the solute is
dissovled to get a homogeneous mixture is called
the solvent.
y A solution is termed as binary and ternary
if it consists of two and three components
respectively.
Mole Concept

34.
 Percentage
y It refers tot he amount of the solute per 100 parts Concept Ladder
of the solution. It can also be called as parts per
hundred (pph). It can be expressed be any of % by mass  dsolution  10
following four methods: M
Mw
(i) Weight by weight percentage (%w/w) 2

Wt. of solute(g) Where,

  100 M = Molarity of solution
Wt. of solution(g)
dsolution = density of solution
Mw = Molar mass of solute
e.g., 10% Na2CO3 solution w/w means 10g of
2

Na2CO3 is dissolved in 100 g of the solution.

(ii) Weight by volume percent (%w/v)

Wt. of solute(g)
  100
Volume of solution(cm3 )
Rack your Brain
e.g., 10% Na2CO3 (w/v) means 10 g Na2CO3 is
dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution. Is there any effect of change in
temperrature on %v/v?
(iii) Volume by bolume percent (%v/v)

Volume of solute(cm3 )
  100
Volume of solution(cm3 )

e.g., 10% ethanol (v/v) means 10 cm3 of ethanol

dissolved in 100 cm3 of solution.

Concept Ladder
(iv) Volume by weight percent (%v/w)

Volume of solute(cm3 )
  100
Wt. of solution(g) %v/v is used for solution
which contains both solute
e.g, 10% ethanol (v/w) means 10cm3 of ethanol and solvent in liquid state.
dissolved in 100g of solution.
Mole Concept

35.
 Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion
Rack your Brain
(ppb)
y When a solute is present in very small quantity,
What is the application of ppm,
it is convenient to express the concentration in
ppb or ppt in daily life?
parts per million and parts per billion.
y It is the number of parts of solute per million
(106) or per billion (109) parts of solution.
y It is independent of the temperature.

Mass of solute component

ppm   106
Total mass of solution
Mass of solute component
ppb   109
Total mass of solution

Q30 Calculate the parts per million of SO

g of SO gas.
2
gas in 250 mL water containing 5 × 1004
2

A30 Mass of SO gas = 5 × 10 g; –4

2
Mass of H O = Volume × Density = 250 cm 3
× 1 g cm–3 = 250 g
2
\ Parts per million of SO2 gas 
5  10 4
 106  2
250 g

Molarity (M)
y molarity of a solution is the number of moles of
the solution per liter of solution. Unit of molarity
is mol/liter or mol/dm3. Rack your Brain
y For example, a molar (1 M) solution of sugar
means a solution containing 1 mole of sugar per Can molarity be used to express
concentration for ionic solution?
litre of the solution. Solution in terms of molarity
is generally expreesd as,
y Mathematically, molarity can be calculated by
following formulas:

No. of moles of solute(n) Wt. of solute(gm) 1000

(i) M   
Vol. of solution in litres gm mol.wt. of solute wt. of solution(ml)
Mole Concept

36.
(ii) If molarity and volume of the solution are
changed from M1, V1 to M2, V2.
Then, M1, V1 = M2, V2
(iii) In balanced chemical equation, if n1 moles of
reactant-1 react with n2 moles of reactant-2.
Then,
n1A  n2B  Product
M1V1 M2 V2

n1 n2

(iv) If two solutions of the same solute are mixed

then molarity (M) of resulting solution
M1V1  M2 V2
M
V 1
 V2 

Q31 A bottle of commercial sulphuric acid (density 1.787 g ml–1) is labelled as 86%
by weight. What is the molarity of acid?

A31 Molarity of H2SO4 

Wt. of H2SO4 in 1L solution
mol. wt. of H2SO4
86
But wt. of given H2SO4 per litre   1.787  1000  1536.82 g
100
1536.82
Hence molarity of H2SO4   15.68 mol L1
98

Q32 Amolarity
sample contains I and
of solution if
2
benzene. The mole fraction of I2 = 0.2. Calculate

(i) density of solution is d gm/ml

(ii) density of I2 & benzene are dI2 & dbenzene

A32 (i)
(ii)
M = 1.77 d

0.2
M  1000
 50.8 62.4 
Mole Concept

  
 dI dbenzene 
 2 

37.
 Formality (F)
y Formality of solution may be defined as the
number of gram formula unis of the ionic solute
dissolved per litre of the solution.
Number of gram formula units of solute
Formality (F) =
Volume of solution in litres
Mass of ionic solute (g)
=
gram formula unit mass of solute × Volume of solution (l)

Q33 What
litre?
will be the formality of KNO 3
solution having strength equal to 2.02 g per

A33 Sterngth of KNO 3

= 2.02 gL–1
strength in gL1 2..02
 Formality of KNO3    0.02 F
g-formula wt. of KNO3 101

Molality (m)
y It is the number of moles of the solute per 1000
g of the solvent.
y Unit of molarity is mol/kg.
y Mathematically molality can be calculated by
following formulas,
Number of moles of solute Numbe er of moles of solute
(i) m   1000
Weight of solvent in kg Weight of solvent in gm
Wt. of solute 1000
(ii) m  
Mol. wt. of solute Weight of solvent in gm

M  1000
Molality (m) 
1000d  MMo

Q34 Calculate the Molarity and molality of a 98% by mass of H SO

a density of 1.25 g/cc.
2 4
solution having
Mole Concept

38.
 A34 H100g
SO taken = 98%
2 4
of solution contains 98g H SO2 4.
mass of solution = 100g
mass of solute, H2SO4 = 98g
mass of volvent = 100 – 98 = 2g = 0.002 kg
moles of solute, H SO 98
= = 1
2 4
98
mass of solution 100
Volume of solution = = = 80 mL = 0.08 L
density 1.25
moles of solute 1
Molarity, M = = = 12.5 M
volume of solution (L) 0.08
moles of solute 1
Molarity, M = = = 500 m
mass of solution (kg) 0.02

Mole fraction (X)

y Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of
number of moles of one component to the total Concept Ladder
number of moles of all the components (solvent
Relationship between
and solute) present in the solution.
molality, moles and
y It is denoted by the letter X.
WA molefraction.
Number of moles of A is given by, nA =
MA
n2  1000 x2  1000
W m 
Number of moles of B is given by, nB = B n1  Mw x 1  Mw
MB 1 1

Total number of moles of A and B = nA + nB n2 = no. of moles of solute

nA n1 = no. of moles of solvent
Mole fraction of A, XA 
nA  nB Mw = molar mass of solvent
2

x2 = molefraction of solute
Mole fraction of B, X  nB
B
nA  nB x1 = molefraction of solvent

The sum of mole fractions of all the components

in the solution is always one.
nA nB
XA  XB   1
nA  nB nA  nB
Mole Concept

39.
 Q35 Find out the masses of acid and water requried to prepare 1 mle of CH COOH
solution of 0.3 mole fraction of CH COOH.
3

A35 XCH COOH  0.3

3

XH O  1  0.3  0.7
2

Wt. of CH3COOH  XCH COOH  mol. wt.  CH3COOH  0.3  60  18 g

3

Wt. of water  XH O  mol. wt. H2O   0.7  18  12.6 g

2

Q36 From 160 g of SO (g) sample, 1.2046 x 10 molecules of SO are removed then
24
2 2
find out the volume of left over SO (g) at STP.
2

A36 Given moles = 160

= 2.5
64
24
Removed moles = 1.2046  10  2
6.023  1023

so left moles = 0.5.

volume left at STP = 0.5 × 22.4 = 11.2 lit.

Q37 When x gram of a certain metal brunt in 1.5 g oxygen to give 3.0 g of its oxide.
1.20 g of the same metal heated in a steam gave 2.40 g of its oxide. shows the
these result illustrate the law of constant or definite proportion

A37 Wt. of metal = 3.0 – 1.5 = 1.5 g

so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.5 : 1.5 = 1 : 1
similarly in second case,
wt. of oxygen = 2.4 – 1.2 = 1.2 g
so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.2 : 1.2 = 1 : 1
Mole Concept

so these results illustrate the law of constant proportion.

40.
Q38 Aasfresh H O solution is labelled 11.2 V. This solution has the same concentration
2 2
a solution which is:
(1) 3.4% (w/w) (2) 3.4% (v/v)
(3) 3.4% (w/v) (4) None of these

A38 Wt. of metal = 3.0 – 1.5 = 1.5 g

so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.5 : 1.5 = 1 : 1
similarly in second case,
wt. of oxygen = 2.4 – 1.2 = 1.2 g
so wt. of metal : wt of oxygen = 1.2 : 1.2 = 1 : 1
so these results illustrate the law of constant proportion.

Q39 Density for 2 M CH3COOH solution is (1.2 g/mL)

Calculate
(1) Molality
(2) mole fraction of CH3COOH acid
(3) % (w/w) after the solution
(4) % (w/v) for the solution

A39 Let volume & solution = 1 Litre

Molarity =
n solute
=2
v solution

mass of solute
n solute = 2 (CH3COOH) =2
molar mass of solute

mass of solute = 2 × 60 = 120 g.

mass of solution = volume of solution × density of solution = 1200 g
\ mass of solvent = 1200 – 120 = 1080 g = 1.08 kg
moles of solvent = 1080 = 60 mole
18
(1) Molality = 1.85 M
(2) XCH3COOH = 0.0322

(3) % w/w = 10%

(4) % w/v = 12%
Mole Concept

41.
 Chapter Summary

Š Atom is the fundamental unit of matter which is further indivisible i.e. atom can
neither be created nor be destroyed.
Š Actual mass of the mass of one atom or one molecule of a substance is called
as actual mass.
1
Š 1 amu = × mass of one C-12 atom = 1.66 × 10–24 g or 1.66 × 10–27 kg
12
Š 1 mole of atoms is also termed as 1 gm-atom, 1 mole of ions is termed as 1 gm-
ion and 1 mole of molecule termed as 1 gm - molecule
Š Relation between the molecular formula and Empirical formula
Š n= Molecular mass
Empirical Formula mass
molecular mass
Š Vapour density =
2
Š Limiting reagent : Calculating amount of anyone product obtained taking each
reactant one by one irrespective of other reactants. The one giving least product
is limiting reagent.
Š For reversible reaction, the actual amount of any limiting reagent consumed in
such incomplete reaction is given by [% yield × given mole of limit reagent]
Š Measuring the volume is equivalent to counting the number of molecules of the
gas
General Concentration term :
(a) Density = mass , Unit : gm/cc
volume
Density of any substan ce
(b) Relative density =
Density of reference substan ce

Density of any substan ce

(c) Specific gravity =
Density of water at 4°C

Density of vapour at some temperature and pressure

(d) Vapour density =
Density of H2 gas at same temperature and pressure

Š Concentration Terms

 v  volume of solute
%   100
V volume solution
Mole Concept

Moles of solute
Mole %   100
Total moles

42.
 moles of solute
Mole fraction  Xa  
Total moles
Mole of soulte
Molality M 
volume of solution in litre
moles of solute
Molality m 
Mass of solvent(inkg)
mass of solute
Parts
 per million ppm   106
mass of solution

Mole Concept

43.