2.

Dozers

Prepared by: Adem siraj

DOZER
 2.1 Definition
• A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked
tractor ) or large tyre equipped with a substantial
metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large
quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material during construction or conversion work
and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like
device (known as a ripper ) to loosen densely
compacted materials.
• The term "bulldozer" is often used wrongly to mean
any heavy equipment (sometimes a loader and
sometimes an excavator), but precisely, the term
refers only to a tractor (usually tracked) fitted with
a dozer blade.
 Dozers
Dozers are machines designed primarily for
cutting and pushing the material over relatively
short distance.
They consist of a tractor equipped with a
front–mounted earthmoving blade controlled
by hydraulic cylinders to vary the depth of cut.
 A dozer moves earth by lowering the blade
and cutting until a full blade load of materials
is obtained.
It then pushes the material across
the ground surface to the required
location.
 Contd.
• Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of sites,
mines and quarries , military bases, heavy industry
factories, engineering projects and farms.
 2.2 TYPE OF DOZERS
1. The arrangement of track chain:
a) low and
b) high track dozers
2. Position of blades
a) Bull dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction
of movement
b) Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the
direction of movement.
2. Based on running gear
a) Crawler (track laying) dozer.
b) Wheel type dozer.
 Single axle drive.
 Two-axle drive.
3. Based on the control
a) Cable controlled
b) Hydraulically controlled
Types of dozers by the arrangement of track
chain: low and high track dozers
Low track dozers : commonly used for grading
• High track dozers: has an elevated drive
sprocket usually used for pushing in muddy
conditions.
 CONTD.
Advantages of delta drive
• due to elevated engine and drive risk of
getting dust (mud) in is less
• longer operation (life) time
• increased bulk clearance
Disadvantages of delta drive:
• higher costs of manufacturing
• more components, longer crawler belt
Types of dozers based on running gear
CRAWLER DOZERS
• It is equipped with special clearing blades
which are excellent machine for clearing.
• Heavy ripping of rock is accomplished by
crawler dozers with use of rippers which are
mounted rear of dozers.
 Crawler-type dozer

Wheel-type dozer
 ADVANTAGES OF CRAWLER MOUNTED DOZER
• It delivers greater a tractive effort especially
when operating soft grounds as loose or muddy
soil.
• Capacity to travel over muddy surface.
• Work on different type of soil.
• Ability to travel on rough surface, which may
reduce the cost of maintaining the hauling roads.
• Greater flotation due to the lower pressure under
the track.
• Good for short distance jobs.
• Greater use in different type of jobs.
• Can push large blade loads.
• Speed is slow about 8 to 16 kmph.
WHEEL TRACTOR MOUNTED
BULLDOZERS
ADVANTAGES OF WHEEL MOUNTED DOZER
• Provide higher travel speed from 13 to 42
km/h on the job or from one job to another
job.
• Eliminates the necessity of hauling equipment
• Greater output, especially when considerable
travel is necessary.
• Less fatigue to operator.
 CONTD.
• It is good for long distance.
• It can travel on paved highways
without damaging the surface.
• It is best for handling loose soil.
• It can push moderate blade load.
Comparison between crawler and
wheeled tractors
 2.3 Purpose of dozers
• Typical project applications are:
– Land clearing.
– Dozing (pushing material)
– Ripping.
– Towing other pieces of construction equipment's
– Assisting scrapers in loading.
– Excavate the material and haul in between 100 meters
distance.
– Prepare roads on hilly areas as well as hard ground
– Backfilling trenches
– Maintaining haul roads
– For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and
rocky terrains
PUSHING MATERIALS
 2.4 DESCRIPTION
• Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked
heavy equipment. The tracks give them excellent ground
hold and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide
tracks help distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large
area (decreasing pressure), thus preventing it from
sinking in sandy or muddy ground.
• Extra wide tracks are known as 'swamp tracks' or "LGP
(low ground pressure) tracks". Bulldozers have excellent
ground hold and a torque divider designed to convert the
engine's power into improved dragging ability.
• Some dozers can easily tow tanks that weigh more than
70 tons. Because of these attributes, bulldozers are used
to clear areas of obstacles, shrubbery, burnt vehicles,
and remains of structures
 SIZE & OUTPUT OF BULLDOZER
• Size of bulldozer indicated by the dimensions
of blade & its output depends upon its
operating condition.
• Each blade has a capacity of hauling a
particular type of earth & knowing the
number of turns a bulldozer can be estimated.
• Output of all the earth moving machinery
depends on given factors.
 FACTORS AFFECT OUTPUT OF
MACHINERY
a) Efficiency of operator
b) Nature of soil
c) Topography of area
d) Type of equipment
e) Weather
THE MAIN COMPONENTS BULLDOZER
Major components
 A. BLADES
• The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on
the front of the tractor, used to push objects,
and shoving sand, soil and debris.
• A dozer blade consists of a moldboard with
replaceable cutting edges and side bits.
• Push arms and tilt cylinders or a C-frame
connect the blade to the dozer
• Blades can be fitted straight across the
frame, or at an angle,
• sometimes using additional 'tilt cylinders' to
vary the angle while moving
 DOZER BLADES USUALLY COME IN
FOUR VARIETIES
• A straight blade ("S blade") which is short and
has no lateral curve and no side wings and can
be used for fine grading.
 Contd.
• A universal blade ("U blade") which is tall and
very curved, and has large side wings to carry
more material.
 CONTD.
• An "S-U" combination blade which is shorter,
has less curvature, and smaller side wings.
This blade is typically used for pushing piles of
large rocks, such as at a quarry.
 CUSHION DOZER BLADES
• Cushion Dozers are used to push load scrapers or track
-type tractors .
• The heavy duty design includes a wear-resistant center
liner plate and a reinforced cutting edge section.
• Narrow width increases maneuverability when lining
up for the next pass.
 CONTD.
• Blades can be fitted straight across the
frame, or at an angle, sometimes using
additional 'tilt cylinders' to vary the
angle while moving. The bottom edge
of the blade can be sharpened, e.g. to
cut tree stumps
 Dozer pushing performance
• A bull dozer pushing performance is
measured by two standard ratios.
Horse power per length of cutting edge which
provides the ability of the blade to penetrate and
obtain a load. The higher this ratio the more
aggressive the blade.
Horse power per cubic meter of material retained
in front of the blade which measure the ability to
push a load. A higher ratio means that the bull
dozer can push a load at a greater speed.
 Blade adjustment
• Tilt: The vertical movement of the blade ends
is known as tilt. This movement is with in the
vertical plane of the blade. Tilting permits
concentration of tractor driving power on
limited length of blade.
 Blade Adjustments
• TILTING
 Blade Adjustments
• Pitch: the control which allows the operators
to vary the angle of attacks of the blade
cutting edge with the ground is a pitch.
• It is the movement of the top of the blade
toward or away from the tractor.
Blade Adjustments
 Blade Adjustments
• Angling: turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the tractor’s
travel is an angling.
• This causes the pushed material to roll of the
trailing end of the blade. Rolling material off
one end of the blade is called side casting.
 Blade Adjustments
• Angle
 B. RIPPER
• The ripper is the long claw -like device on the
back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come as a
single shank/giant ripper) or in groups of two
or more (multi shank rippers).
• Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy
ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a
replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip.
• Ripping rock breaks the ground surface rock or
pavement into small rubble easy to handle and
transport, which can then be removed so
grading can take place.
RIPPER (CONTD.)
 C. OPERATORS CAB
• Mounted behind the engine, which is the
central location of most instruments and
controls.
• Provides the operators, instruments, controls
protection against harsh weather.
 D. Undercarriage unit
• Undercarriage units consist of two crawler units
mounted on the frames
• The driving sprockets is fitted at the rear end
while the idler wheel is fitted at the front end of
the frame
• An endless chain passes over the driving
sprockets and the idler wheel and is supported in
between by carriers rollers and track rollers
• Shoes are fitted on the endless chain through out
the length
• The tensioning arrangements is fitted between
the crawler frame and the idler wheel to adjust
the chain sag
 E. Track assembly
• The track assembly consists of a continuous chain
surrounding the track frame and drive sprockets.
• The link of the chain provide a flat surface for the track
rollers to pass over, as the roller support the
equipment.
• Track shoes are bolted to the outside of the chain links
and distribute the weight of equipment over a large
surface.
• A track assembly provides all type terrain versatility
due to the low ground pressure at the track.
• This lower ground pressure has a distinct flotation
advantage over the ground pressure of rubber tired
equipment.
 a) Track chain
• As the dozer operates, the drive sprocket
teeth contacts the track pin and propel
the dozer along the track assembly.
• The pin and bushings wear much faster
than other parts of the track because of
their constant pivoting as the track
rotates around the track frame.
 b) Track shoes
• The track shoes are available in two configurations: the
grouser shoe and extreme service shoe.
• The grouser shoe is the most common type of track
shoe. It is standard on crawler mounted dozers.
• The extreme service track shoe, on dozers operate
primarily on rocky locations

Types of track shoe

 c) Track frame
• The track frame serves as a frame work and
support for track assembly, rollers, front idlers,
recoil spring, and adjusting mechanisms.
 d) Truck frame rollers
• Two types of track frame rollers are used on
tracked equipment. Carrier and track rollers
• The carrier rollers are mounted on brackets
that extend above the track frame. They
support the track as it passes over the track
frame assembly.
• The track rollers are mounted on the lower
portion of track frame. They support the weight
of the dozers and ensure the track chain
alignment with the track frame as the track
passes under the rollers.
 e) Front idlers
• The front idlers serves as a guiding
support for the track chain. The idler is
spring loaded and mounted on slides or
guides that allow it to move forth and
back inside the track frame , as the dozer
passes over uneven roads.
• The spring loading effect causes the idler
to maintain the desired tension regardless
of operating conditions.
 f) Recoil spring
• The recoil spring is a large coil spring placed on
track frame in a way that enables to the spring
to absorb shock from the front idlers.
• The spring is compressed before installation
and held in place by stopper or spacers.
• The track adjusting mechanism, by pressing the
spring stop, maintains the desired tension on
the track assembly by holding the idler and
yoke in the forward direction.
• The operation of the coil spring depends on the
amount of tension on the track.
 g) Track adjusting mechanisms
• The adjusting mechanisms must be extended enough
to remove the slack between the front idler and spring.
• The adjustment is made either manually or
hydraulically.
• Older models have manual adjustment.
• Newer model dozers are adjusted hydraulically by
grease gun.
• Grease is pumped into yoke cylinder and extend it
until enough tension is placed on the coil spring to
remove the slack from the track.
• Tension is relieved by loosening the vent screw located
next to the adjustment fitting.
 F. Controls
• Control configurations depending on the dozer
model and make. Some dozers have a set of
levers to control the vehicle movement and
blade and attachment operations.
• The engine speed is controlled by the governors,
decelerators and brake pedals.
• The movement of tracked dozer is controlled by a
transmission control, a right and left steering
clutch, and a brake control.
• Other controls include blade lift and tilt control
and a ripper height control.
 G. Power transmission
• Power delivered from the engine is distributed for
the travelling of the machine and for the engine is
delivered to the main gear box through the main
clutch and a an usually mounted on the outside
track frame. there are some designs' where the
frames are fixed on the inside of the track frame
intermediate brake
• The gear box has two output shafts one is power
take off shaft to drive the cable control unit and
other drives a bevel gear shaft , which in turn drives
two sprockets through steering clutch and
reduction gear box
 Contd.
• For running auxiliary components like steering
pump , main clutch pump , power control unit and
drive shaft , power is taken through a suitable
gearing arrangements
• The machine is steered by controlling the steering
clutches individually . During the forward motion of
the machine both the steering clutches are fully
engaged, while the steering clutches at the left and
the right are engaged or disengaged accordingly to
turn left or right.
 H. Hydraulic system
A dozer blade controlled hydraulically
• The oil is sent to control valve from the gear
pump installed in the hydraulic tank.
• Here the oil pressure is developed for operation
the blade in four position
1. Raise
2. Hold
3. Lower
4. float
• The safety valve is designed to control an
abnormal pressure rise beyond limit and to
release the oil into the tank
 Contd.
• The hydraulic tank is located in front of the
radiator, with in the tank are the gear pump and
control valves
• The oil filter is fitted at the top and the oil drain
plug is fitted at the lower part for draining
purposes.
• The oil strainer is installed with in the oil filter to
prevent entry of dust and dirt into the tank when
the tank is replenished with oil
• The oil level in tank can be checked by the oil
level gauge installed in the oil filter
 Specification
To prepare the bulldozer specification
• Engine rated power and torque
• Operating weight (Including Semi-U tilt dozer, giant
ripper, steel cab, ROPS, operator, standard equipment,
rated capacity of lubricant, coolant, and full fuel tank)
• Drawbar pull
• Ground pressure
• Ground clearance
• Transmission type
• Control system
• Forward and reverse speed
• Blade type and capacity
Thank you!