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    978 1 349 09490 5 - 2 PDF

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    Abdullah Al Noman

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    978 1 349 09490 5 - 2 PDF

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    Abdullah Al Noman
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    46 views2 pages

    978 1 349 09490 5 - 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Abdullah Al Noman

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Chapter2 Nursing patients with problems

    of oxygenation

    Normal maintenance of respiration

    (a) The respiratory system Oxygen ( 0 2 ) is required continuously by all body tissues for normal
    metabolism, during which carbon dioxide (C02) is produced and, as a waste
    product, must be excreted. Before birth, this gas exchange is performed by the
    placenta, and exchange is between the blood of the mother and that of the

    respiratory control position of


    centre in the brain Eustachian tube
    stem

    false palate
    nasal cavities

    hard palate

    tongue

    thyroid cartilage

    cartilage

    trachea
    alveoli

    bronchus

    pleural membranes
    intercostal muscle

    pleural fluid
    left lung

    bronchioles

    rib

    diaphragm heart

    Figure 2.1 Respiratory system

    44
    P. Hunt et al., Nursing the Adult with a Specific Physiological Disturbance
    © Patricia Hunt and Bernice Sendell 1987
    foetus. After birth, this function becomes a gaseous exchange between blood
    and air and is taken over by the lungs, whose alveoli are so constructed that
    there is only a very thin barrier between blood and air, which facilitates the
    movement of 0 2 and C02 between them.
    The human respiratory system is shown in Figure 2.1 and consists of the
    following parts.
    1. The upper respiratory tract This comprises all the airways from the
    nostrils as far as the alveoli.
    2. The alveoli These form the gas exchange areas in each lung.
    3. The ribs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm Together these provide the
    mechanical apparatus for ventilation of the lungs.
    4. The respiratory centre This is the control centre in the brain stem which
    provides the nervous impulses required to regulate respiratory activity.

    1 The upper respiratory tract


    This series of branching airways is ventilated with each breath. Inspired air
    passes through the upper part of the tree, which is described in more detail in
    Figure 2.2.
    The trachea branches to form the left and right bronchi, which supply each of
    the two lungs. Each bronchus divides to form lobar bronchi, which supply the
    two or three lobes of each lung. These divide further to form the segmental
    bronchi, which supply the broncho-pulmonary segments of each lung. These
    segments are self-contained and functionally independent units of lung tissue,
    each surrounded by a septum of connective tissue.
    The highly vascular mucous membrane, which
    warms and humidifies the entering air, is
    increased in area by covering the
    conchae

    adenoid (defence)

    ha1rs, sticky with mucus, trap particles in the


    inspired air. This filtering effect and warming
    are lost during mouth breathing
    Atthe point where the paths for air and food
    cross, the epiglottis guards the entrance to the
    larynx which acts as a sphincter to close the
    airway during swallowing

    oesophagus
    hyoid bone-often fractured by strangulation
    and some lethal karate blows
    The male voice is deeper after puberty
    because of the increase in size of the larynx.
    Further variation in pitch is achieved by the
    vocal cords. Also, by coming together and
    parting suddenly in a cough, they help to keep
    the airway clear

    oesophagus
    The tracheal cartilages are horseshoe-shaped
    musculo-fibro-elastic
    and keep the trachea patent in all positions of
    the neck tissue

    The bifurcation of the trachea is pushed over


    slightly to the right by the arch of the aorta; and,
    because the heart takes up more room in the
    left side of the che: :t, the
    '"~-----; left main bronchus is longer, less vertical and
    narrower than the >ther. This means that
    r - - - inhaled foreign bO< lies (teeth, peanuts, etc) are
    more likely to lodg lin the wider, more vertical
    right main bronchus

    Figure 2.2 Upperrespiratorytract

    45

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