Exp3 Single Stage Piston Compressor

Exp (3): Single-Stage Piston Compressor
Theory
To generate compressed air for industry and commerce, in which compressed air is
used as an energy source, equipment known as compressed air generating systems are used.
A central component of these systems is the compressor. It is responsible for increasing the
air pressure by means of mechanical energy. Compressed air generating systems are used to
drive machinery in mining or in the chemical industry.
• Mining: Driving machinery
• Chemical industry: Control and regulation technology
• Workshops, petrol stations: Tools, paint spraying, tyre air
• Assembly companies: Automation, pneumatic controls
Fig 1.
Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Apparatus:

Function of a compressor
Compressors are driven machines that pump
gaseous media – in our case air – from regions of
low pressure into regions of higher pressure. The
energy supplied by driving machines for this purpose
– such as by electric motors or internal combustion
engines – increases the pressure according
to the intended use, but also heats up the air.
Part of the heat is dissipated back into the environment
by cooling fins.
Fig.2 shows the basic design of a piston compressor.
The volume of air enclosed within the cylinder is
compressed by the rising compressor and
pumped through a pressure valve into the pressure
line.
In its downward movement, the piston sucks in
new air through the suction valve.
A crank mechanism, consisting of crankshaft and
connecting rod, generates the piston's necessary
upwards and downwards movement from a uniform
rotary motion.
The lubricating oil required to lubricate the moving
parts is collected in the oil sump.
The processes in the compressor can be most clearly represented in a p-v diagram.
The p-v diagram shows the pressure in the cylinder over the volume of the respective
cylinder.
The separate phases of compression are shown in the figures below.

– Compression
Starting from point 1, the bottom dead center
(BDC), the piston compresses the air in the cylinder.
As the volume decreases, the pressure increases.
– Discharge
In point 2 the pressure in the cylinder has
reached the pressure p2 in the pressure line.
The pressure valve opens and the compressed
air flows into the pressure line.
– Re-expansion
In point 3 the piston has reached the top dead
center (TDC) and reverses its direction of
movement. The pressure valve closes and the
air remaining in the cylinder re-expands. The
pressure drops.
– Intake
In point 4 the pressure has fallen to the ambient
pressure p1, so that the suction valve opens
and fresh air flows into the cylinder. The process
continues until the piston reaches the bottom
dead center (BDC). Here, at point 1, the
whole process is repeated.

The experiments measure the relevant pressures p2 and p1, the speed n1 and torque
M1 of the drive motor, the speed n2 of the compressor, the sucked-in air volumetric flow
rate and the relevant temperatures T1 and T2. This allows us to calculate the most important
key figures for the compressor.

Part 1: Operating the compressor at constant speed
Objective of the experiment

In this experiment, the delivery pressure of the compressor will be gradually changed
while the intake pressure and the speed remain constant. Various characteristics will be
measured and calculated.
Procedure
1. Prepare the compressor and its connections.
2. Open valves V02 (intake valve) and V03 (blow-off valve).
3. Turn the main switch to "ON". The sensors and displays are activated.
4. Turn motor switch to "I".
5. Slowly set the rated speed of the compressor to 820 min-1. Read the speed display on
the switch cabinet.
6. Measure and note down: Air pressure and ambient temperature.
7. Wait until a steady state has been reached.
8. Take the following measurements: Motor speed n1, motor torque M1, intake
pressure p1, delivery pressure p2, volumetric flow rate, intake temperature T1 and
delivery temperature T2.
9. Reduce the air volumetric flow rate using the blow-off valve V03 so that the delivery
pressure increases by approx. 1bar.
10. Repeat steps 7 to 9 until the delivery pressure reaches approx. 9bar.
11. Open the blow-off valve V03.
12. Set the speed controller to 0.
13. Turn motor switch to "0".
14. Turn the main switches to "OFF".

Results:
Measured values
Calculations:
 Find the isothermal efficiency, pressure ratio and pressure difference.
 Plot Isothermal efficiency (y-axis) vs pressure ratio (x-axis) at constant speed.

Part 2: Operating the compressor at constant pressure
Objective of the experiment

In this experiment, the speed of the compressor will be changed gradually, while the
delivery pressure p2 remains constant, by adjusting it with the blow-off valve V03.
Various characteristics will be measured and calculated. It will be Show How the
characteristics depend on the pressure ratio.
Procedure
1. Prepare the compressor and its connections.
2. Open valves V02 (intake valve) and V03 (blow-off valve).
3. Turn the main switch to "ON". The sensors and displays are activated.
4. Turn motor switch to "I".
5. Slowly set the rated speed of the compressor to 980 min-1. Read the speed display on
the switch cabinet.
6. Measure and note down: Air pressure and ambient temperature.
7. Wait until a steady state has been reached.
8. Take the following measurements: Motor speed n1, compressor speed n2, motor
torque M1, intake pressure p1, delivery pressure p2 and volumetric flow rate.
9. Reduce the speed by 90...100 min-1.
10. Set the blow-off valve V03 so that the delivery pressure corresponds to the delivery
pressure of the first measured value recording, such that this remains constant.
11. Repeat steps 7 to 10 until the delivery pressure of the first measured value recording
is no longer reached.
12. Open the blow-off valve V03.
13. Set the speed controller to 0.
14. Turn motor switch to "0".
15. Turn the main switches to "OFF".

Results:
Measured values
Calculations:
 Find the isothermal efficiency.
 Plot volumetric flow rate vs compressor speed n2.
 Plot Isothermal efficiency vs compressor speed at constant pressure.

Exp3 Single Stage Piston Compressor

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Exp (3): Single-Stage Piston Compressor

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Objective of the experiment

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Objective of the experiment

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

Eng. Raeda Tashtoush

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