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    Chapter 1 Jan2013

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    This document provides an introduction to an engineering thermodynamics course, including information about the lecturers, textbook references, and course outlines. It summarizes the key concepts that will be covered in each of the first 6 chapters, including the basic concepts of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy transfer, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and entropy. The document also provides definitions and explanations of important thermodynamic terms like system, surroundings, processes, state, and equilibrium.

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    Chapter 1 Jan2013

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    This document provides an introduction to an engineering thermodynamics course, including information about the lecturers, textbook references, and course outlines. It summarizes the key concepts that will be covered in each of the first 6 chapters, including the basic concepts of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy transfer, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and entropy. The document also provides definitions and explanations of important thermodynamic terms like system, surroundings, processes, state, and equilibrium.

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    This document provides an introduction to an engineering thermodynamics course, including information about the lecturers, textbook references, and course outlines. It summarizes the key concepts that will be covered in each of the first 6 chapters, including the basic concepts of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy transfer, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and entropy. The document also provides definitions and explanations of important thermodynamic terms like system, surroundings, processes, state, and equilibrium.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    71 views30 pages

    Chapter 1 Jan2013

    Uploaded by

    enteryourname5
    This document provides an introduction to an engineering thermodynamics course, including information about the lecturers, textbook references, and course outlines. It summarizes the key concepts that will be covered in each of the first 6 chapters, including the basic concepts of thermodynamics, properties of pure substances, energy transfer, the first and second laws of thermodynamics, and entropy. The document also provides definitions and explanations of important thermodynamic terms like system, surroundings, processes, state, and equilibrium.

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    of 30

    Introduction to Engineering

    Thermodynamics
    PCB 1043
    Lecturers
    Dr. Khalik M. Sabil
    Ext: 7684
    Email: [email protected]
    Room: 16-03-32

    References:
    Text book

    Thermodynamics: An Engineering
    Approach
    (4 th edition)
    Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles
    Supplements:
    1) Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
    by Moran & Shapiro
    2) Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
    by Sonntag, Borgnakke & Van Wylen
    3) Engineering Thermodynamics
    by J.B. Jones

    Course Outlines:

    Chapter 1: Basics Concepts of Thermodynamics


    Chapter 2: Properties of Pure Substances
    Chapter 3: Energy Transfer by Heat, Work and
    Mass
    Chapter 4: The First Law of Thermodynamics
    Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
    Chapter 6: Entropy
    Chapter 7: Thermodynamic Cycles
    Chapter 6: Introduction to phase equilibria

    CHAPTER 1
    BASIC
    CONCEPTS OF
    THERMODYNAMICS

    What is Thermodynamics?
    Greek Words

    Therme
    (heat)

    Dynamis
    (Power)

    Early description: Convert heat into power


    Current Definition: The study of energy and energy
    transformations, including power
    generation,
    refrigeration and relationship
    among the
    properties of matter

    1.1
    What is Energy?
    Ability to cause changes
    One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the Conservation of
    energy principle - during an interaction, energy can change from
    one form to another but the total amount of energy remains
    constant. E.g. a rock falling off a cliff & in the diet industry.
    Laws of Thermodynamics:
    Zeroth Law = dealing with thermal equilibrium
    First Law = deal with conservation of energy
    Second Law = energy has quality as well as quantity, and
    actual processes occur in the direction of
    decreasing quality of
    energy.
    Hot
    heat
    Cold body, spontaneous
    Coldheat
    Hot body, requires work

    Third Law
    =
    entropy of pure crystalline substance at absolute
    zero
    temperature is zero

    Application Areas of Thermodynamics

    House-hold utensils appliances:


    Air-cond, heater, refrigerator
    humidifier, pressure cooker, water heater
    computer & TV
    Engines:
    Automotive, aircraft, rocket

    Plant/ Factory
    Refinery, power plants, nuclear power plant

    1.2

    Dimension

    Dimensions and Units

    Primary
    Secondary
    Eg: Volume V
    velocity v
    energy E

    Units

    M - mass
    L - length
    T - temperature
    t - time
    n - mole
    A - Ampere

    SI - International System
    - Commonly applied
    English System - also known as United States Customary
    System (USCS)

    1.3

    Closed and Open Systems

    Thermodynamic system (system) - quantity of matter or a


    region in
    space chosen for study.
    Surroundings - the mass or region outside the system
    Boundary - the real or imaginary surface that separates the system
    from
    its surrounding
    - is the contact surface shared by both the system &
    surroundings
    - has zero thickness & can either contain any mass nor occupy
    volume in space.
    - can be fixed or movable

    fixed
    Boundary
    movable

    Types of system:
    (a) isolated - no heat/ mass transfer across boundary
    (b) closed(control mass) - only heat transferred
    (c) open system(control volume) - heat & mass
    transferred
    (b)
    (c)

    1.4

    Energy

    Forms of energy - thermal, mechanical, chemical, kinetic, potential,


    electric, magnetic & nuclear
    E = total energy i.e sum of all energy in a system
    e = total energy = E (kJ/kg)
    mass
    m
    Forms of energy that make up the total energy of a system :

    Energy form
    macroscopic
    microscopic

    energy of a system as a whole


    with respect to some outside
    reference frames, e.g. KE, PE
    - related to molecular structure of a
    system and the degree of molecular
    activity
    - independent of outside reference
    frames

    Sum of all microscopic forms of energy = Internal Energy (U)


    Macroscopic forms of energy

    Kinetic energy (KE)


    - result of motion relative to
    some
    reference frame
    KE = mv2/2 (kJ)

    Potential energy (PE)


    - due to elevation in a gravitational
    field
    PE = mgh (kJ)

    where v = velocity of the system


    relative to some fixed
    reference frame (m/s)
    m = mass of an object (kg)
    Therefore, E

    where g = gravitational acceleration,


    9.81 m/s2
    h = elevation of center of gravity of
    a system relative to some
    arbitrarily plane (m)

    U + KE + PE

    (kJ)

    1.5

    Internal Energy

    Internal energy - sum of all microscopic forms of energy of a


    system
    related to - 1) molecular structure
    2) degree of molecular activity
    I. E

    KE
    PE

    molecular translation
    molecular rotation
    electron translation
    molecular vibration
    electron spin
    nuclear spin

    a.k.a
    sensible energy
    depend on the
    temperature

    Latent heat - Internal energy associated to with the phase of a


    system
    - phase -change process can occur without a change in
    the chemical composition of a system

    1.6

    Properties of a System

    Property - any characteristic of a system or any quantity that


    describe a system
    Some familiar properties are P, T, V and m. But can be extended to
    include less familiar ones such as viscosity, thermal conductivity,
    thermal expansion coefficient and etc
    Density (mass per unit volume), m
    (kg/m3) depends on T & P

    Specific gravity or relative density (ratio of the density of a


    substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified
    temperature) e.g. for water, s

    V
    Specific volume,
    m

    H 2O

    (m3/kg)

    Intensive

    independent of the
    size/extent of the system

    T, P,
    age,
    colour

    Properties
    Extensive
    dependent on the
    size/extent of the system

    m
    V
    total E

    Specific properties - extensive properties per unit mass


    E.g. specific volume (v = V/m) and specific total energy (e = E/m)

    1.7

    State & Equilibrium

    State
    a set of properties that describe the condition of a
    system at certain time
    At a given state, all the properties of a system have fixed values.
    If the value of one property changes, the state will change to a
    different one.
    Equilibrium state steady state/ state of balance
    & no change in time
    Thermal equilibrium

    T is the same throughout the system

    Mechanical equilibrium

    P is the same throughout

    Phase equilibrium

    m of each phase unchanged

    Chemical equilibrium

    chemical composition unchanged

    Thermal equilibrium
    (uniform temperature)

    1.8

    Processes & Cycle

    Process

    any change that a system undergoes from one


    equilibrium state to another

    Path

    Series of states through which a system


    passes during a process

    need to specify the initial & final states of the process, as well as
    the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings.

    1.9

    Quasi-equilibrium/ Quasi-static

    When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system


    remains infinitesimally close to equilibrium state at all times.
    Sufficiently slow process that allows the system to adjust to
    itself internally so that properties in one part of the system do
    not change any faster than those at other parts.
    Slow compression
    (quasi-equilibrium)

    very fast compression


    (non-quasi equilibrium)

    The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a


    particular property remains constant.
    Isothermal Process a process when T remains constant
    Isobaric

    P constant

    Isochoric/ Isometric specific volume v remains constant


    P

    Process
    B

    Process

    A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial


    state at the end of the process.
    For a cycle, the initial & final states are identical

    1.10

    Pressure
    F
    Force
    Area
    A

    P ==
    Unit = N/m2 or Pa
    Gas or liquidPressure
    Solids
    Stress
    Common units
    1 bar = 105 Pa
    1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 1.01325 bars
    1 kgf/ cm2 = 0.9807 bar = 0.96788 atm
    English unit Ibf/in2 or psi

    Absolute pressure
    Actual pressure at at given position & measured relative to absolute
    vacuum
    Gage pressure Difference between absolute pressure & local
    atmospheric pressure
    Vacuum pressure
    Difference between atmospheric pressure & absolute pressure

    Absolute, gage & vacuum pressures are all +ve quantities & related to
    each other by:
    Pgage = Pabs - Patm
    (for pressure above Patm)
    Pvac = Patm - Pabs

    (for pressure below Patm)

    In thermo, absolute pressure is always used unless stated.

    Example 1-1
    A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 psi at a location
    where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi. Determine the absolute
    pressure in the chamber.
    Using Pvac = Patm - Pabs = 14.5 - 5.8 = 8.7 psi
    Manometer
    Small to moderate pressure difference are measured by a manometer
    and a differential fluid column of height h corresponds to a pressure
    difference between the system and the surrounding of the
    manometer.

    P g h

    ( kPa )

    Other Pressure Measurement Device


    Bourdon Tube

    Modern pressure sensors:


    1) Pressure transducers
    2) Piezoelectric material

    Example 1-2
    A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location where
    the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in
    the tank?
    Solution:
    Pabs = Patm - Pgage
    = 98 kPa - 30 kPa
    = 68 kPa
    Example 1-3
    A pressure gage connected to a valve stern of a truck tire reads 240
    kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. What is
    the absolute pressure in the tire, in kPa and in psia?
    Solution:
    Pabs = Patm - Pgage
    = 100 kPa + 240 kPa
    = 340 kPa

    The pressure in psia is


    Pabs = 340 kPa 14.7 psia = 49.3 psia
    101.3kPa
    What is the gage pressure of the air in the tire, in psig?
    Pgage = Pabs - Patm
    = 49.3 psia - 14.7 psia
    = 34.6 psig
    Example 1-4
    Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure
    its pressure. If the pressure gage reads 80 kPa, determine the
    distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluids
    is mercury whose density is 13,600 kg/m3.

    P
    h
    g

    103 N / m3
    80 kPa
    kPa
    h
    kg
    m
    1N
    13600 3 9.807 2
    m
    s kg m / s2
    0.6 m

    Temperature
    Measure of hotness and coldness
    Transfer of heat from higher to lower temp. until both bodies attain
    the same temp. At that point, heat transfer stops and the two bodies
    have reached
    thermal equilibrium
    requirement: equality of temperature
    Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:
    Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when they have reached the
    same temperature. If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a
    third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
    Temperature scales:

    Celcius (C)
    Fahrenheit (F)
    Kelvin (K)
    Rankine (R)

    Conversion:
    T(K) = T(C) + 273.15
    T(R) = T(F) + 459.67
    T K = (T2C +273.15) - (T1C + 273.15)
    = T2C - T1C
    = TC
    T R = TC

    Temperature Scale Comparison

    Example 1:
    Consider a system whose temperature is 18C. Express this
    temperature in R, K and F.

    Example 2:
    The temperature of a system drops by 27 F during a cooling process.
    Express this drop in temperature in K, R & C

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