Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID

Stevan Preradovic ●
Nemai Chandra Karmakar

Multiresonator-Based
Chipless RFID
Barcode of the Future
Stevan Preradovic Nemai Chandra Karmakar
Nitero Department of Electrical &
Endeavour Hills, Victoria 3802 Computer Systems Engineering
Australia Monash University
[email protected] Melbourne, Victoria 3800
Australia
[email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4614-2094-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-2095-8

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-2095-8
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011943083

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012

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“This book is dedicated to the memory of
Radivoj Preradovic, a loving and supportive
father, husband and son.”
“To my beloved parents, Haridhan Karmakar
and Rajubala Karmakar”
Foreword

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has been experiencing tremendous growth

for the last two decades. In recent years, adoption of RFID into the mainstream
identification and tagging systems has been accelerated due to the patronisation of
the largest retail chains such as Wal-Mart of USA, K-Mart and Myer in Australia
and the US Department of Defence. According to IDTechEx, the market volume of
RFID exceeded $5 billion in 2009, and it is estimated that it will surpass $25 billion
in 2018. RFID has numerous applications in tracking items, supply chain manage-
ment and logistics, and original part manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. RFID has
huge potential applications in many areas due to its flexibility, capability to operate
non-line of sight and high data carrying capacity. However, RFID could not be
exploited in its full potentials in low-cost item tagging. The reasons are: (a) the end
users are not adequately learned of the technology. They are too concerned about
their return on investment; and (b) the price of an RFID tag is too high compared to
that for an optical barcode. The application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip
in the conventional tags makes the tag expensive. This bottleneck has hindered
deployment of RFIDs in low-cost item tagging. In recent years, a few research
groups have been working on chipless RFID tags. The chipless RFID tags do not
contain any ASIC, hence can be printed on the items to be tagged. This book pres-
ents the chipless RFID tag and the tag reader that were developed at Monash
University. The absence of the chip enables the tag to be competitive in price with
the optical barcode. Therefore, the chipless RFID has the potential to replace
trillions of barcodes printed each year. The only commercially viable chipless RFID
tag is the radio frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) tag. SAW tags need special
materials hence are not printable. The book has presented the design and develop-
ment of a fully printable multi-resonator-based chipless tag and a dedicated RFID
reader unit to read the tag. In the introductory part, the book provides the reader
with the most recent technical background and technological breakthrough in
chipless RFID development. The book clearly shows the need for a fully printable
chipless RFID tag and a powerful and efficient RFID reader for reading the tag. The
reader needs to be smart and “agile” enough to read and process the data encoded
by the chipless tag which does not use conventional modulation techniques (such as

vii
viii Foreword

amplitude and phase modulation). In the second part of the book, the design details
of the basic building blocks of the chipless tag are presented. The building blocks of
the chipless tag are a planar disc loaded monopole antenna and an asymmetrical
coupled spiral multi-resonator. The integration of the tag is developed in both
microstrip lines and co-planar waveguides (CPWs). Tags up to 35 bits were designed
and developed. The chipless tag encodes data via the “spectral signature” technique.
Three generations of RFID readers were developed. Generation 1 is an amplitude-
only detection of the chipless tag at 2.45 GHz ISM band. Generation 2 is an ampli-
tude and phase detection of the tag at the same frequency. Generation 3 is an
ultra-wide band (UWB) reader operating from 5 to 10.7 GHz. This reader is capable
of reading a higher number of data bits from the chipless tag. System level design
and implementation of the reader are presented in the book. These chipless tag and
reader developments are unique in the sense that to the best of my knowledge no
other research group has reported such a complete development. Therefore, the
Multiresonator-Based Chipless RFID—Barcode of the Future is a timely publica-
tion. The book covers a broad spectrum of topics: the historical perspective and
comprehensive review of chipless RFID tags and modern RFID readers and their
architectures, development of a chipless RFID tag by integrating planar spiral reso-
nators and UWB monopole antennas in microstrip and CPW technology, develop-
ment of directional RFID reader antennas, microwave and UWB transceivers for the
RFID reader, chipless RFID tag field trials and also the integration of the chipless
tag and RFID reader into a fully operational system. This book includes a compre-
hensive coverage of the chipless RFID tag and reader design. The book will be a
fantastic resource for engineers and researchers working in the RFID industry
and postgraduate students who doing research in both active and passive RF and
microwave design.

Palmerston North, New Zealand Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay

Preface

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a modern wireless data transmission and

reception technique for applications including automatic identification, asset track-
ing and security surveillance. As barcodes and other means of identification and
asset tracking are inadequate for recent demands, RFID technology has attracted
interest for applications such as logistics, supply chain management, asset tracking
and security access control. With the continuous development of RFID technology,
we can see that new applications of RFID have been emerging from all wakes of our
day-to-day lives. The vast majority of RFID transponders (or tags) are usually com-
posed of an antenna and integrated circuit (IC). The IC performs essential data
processing tasks. For passive RFID tags, ICs are powered by the energy emitted
from the interrogation signals of RFID readers. RFID transponders which use on-
board power supplies (such as batteries) are called active RFID tags. Passive RFID
tags are low in cost with the expense of short reading range (up to 3 m). Active
RFID tags need on-board batteries, have higher cost and can be read even over
100 m. The most expensive component of an RFID tag is its application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC). The cost of RFID limits their potential for the replace-
ment of trillions of barcodes each year. According to the market analysis of
IDTechEx, chipless RFID will occupy more than 60% of the total RFID market by
2018 (in 2009 total market value of RFID exceeded $5 billion). Therefore, research-
ers have been developing chipless RFID tags that can be made much cheaper and
comparable to the optical barcodes.
Scientific and technological development has a trade-off between the cost and
performance. Chipless RFID is going through the various development phases to
maximise the trade-off. Chipless tags offer a low-cost tagging solution at the expense
of significant technical challenges. The challenges are non-conventional data encod-
ing techniques, reading distances, collision of proximity tags and printing techniques.
All these factors may result in a reduced number of bits that can be encoded in a chip-
less RFID tag when compared to that for a chipped RFID tag. Since chipless RFID
tags have no ASIC chip, data encoding and decoding, frequency of operation and
reading methods are very different and unique. In this book, we present a compre-
hensive review of the latest reported chipless RFID circuits presented in peer-reviewed

ix
x Preface

journals and conferences and open resources such as the internet. The chipless
RFID tags are classified based on how they encode data. We distinguish between two
types of chipless tags: time domain reflectometry-based and spectral signature-based
tags. The chipless RFID tags are classified based on how they encode data. The
TDR-based tag encodes data in the time domain by creating a train of echo pulses
backscattered to the reader when interrogated. The spectral signature-based tag
encodes data in the frequency domain by filtering out certain frequencies using reso-
nant structures. As both types of tags have their pros and cons, it is important to
decide which tag is suitable for which application. In this book, we focus on the
design and optimisation of spectral signature-based chipless RFID.
A novel RFID system composed of a chipless RFID tag and an associated reader
is reported in the book. The chipless tag is a fully passive microwave circuit and uses
spectral signatures for data encoding. The tag consists of a multi-resonator coupled
to transmitting and receiving antennas. To accommodate multiple bits, the tag oper-
ates over the ultra wideband (UWB) frequency spectrum. UWB antennas are used to
receive the interrogation signal sent from the reader and transmit the signal back to
the reader after performing modulation of the frequency spectra with the multi-resonator.
Modulation is performed in both amplitude and phase of the spectrum. A chipless tag
up to 35 bits, which operate over 3–7 GHz band, has been designed.
After the successful design of the chipless tag, three prototype readers have been
developed. The Gen1 reader was designed to validate the chipless RFID concept
using 6-bit chipless tag reading based on amplitude-only detection in S-band; the
Gen2 reader is an upgraded version of Gen1 with both amplitude and phase detec-
tion capability; and the Gen3 reader is a UWB reader capable of reading up to
35-bits in the UWB band. The integrated reader is a complete system with analog
RF and digital control sections, RS232 interface and a PC loaded with graphical
user interface (GUI) and software protocol. Both the hardware and software design
of the RFID reader and field trials of the designed chipless RFID system have been
validated in the real-world environment. Investigation into reader antenna systems
in order to enhance reading range has also been performed. A read range up to
70 cm was achieved.
The unique features of the developed chipless RFID system are: (a) a low cost,
fully printable tag and (b) a dedicated chipless RFID tag reader. The importance of
this concept lies in the fact that chipless RFID tags become comparable to barcodes
in terms of the substrate material used and the cost of fabrication. The main applica-
tion of this chipless RFID system is in short-range tagging of extremely low-cost
items such as the Australian polymer banknote. The chipless tag can also be used in
other applications such as hand tags for appeals, library access cards, etc.
So why would this book be of interest to a reader? Well the vast majority of RFID
books describe the conventional types of RFID systems (active, semi-active and
passive) and they focus on the design of the rectifier circuit for the tag, antenna design
and improving reading range. This book, on the other hand, presents a completely
unique research finding on a chipless RFID tag technology—a multi-resonator-based
paradigm chipless RFID tag and its dedicated reader. The main hindrance of mass
deployment of the RFID technology is the cost of the tag. Various efforts are envisaged
Preface xi

to reduce the cost of the conventional tag. They are designed with reduced number of
silicon transistors required in the RFID tag chipset and reduced cost of the IC design
process. However, these approaches will not bring the RFID technology near to the
optical barcodes with regard to cost. Our approach is to get rid of the silicon chip in
the tag completely and fully eliminate the above two items (ASIC and relevant pro-
cessing) that determine the cost and reading range of a RFID system. To the best of
the authors’ knowledge, no single book has been published on chipless RFID. The
book features the detailed design of a chipless RFID system with a comprehensive
overview of other chipless RFID systems as well. Therefore, the RFID community
will be tremendously benefited knowing the new technology in details.
Since this book presents novel RFID design pathways and encoding techniques
(such as chipless RFID) which provide solutions for low cost and robust tagging, we
hope that this book will be welcomed by the scientific community and create a signifi-
cant impact in future RFID development. Since the majority of RFID systems found
on the market are HF (13.56 MHz) and UHF (around 900 MHz) RFID systems, it is
possible that an illusion could be created among researchers that nothing else besides
system level design and performance characterisation of implemented RFID systems
is left for engineers/researchers in the RFID field. However, this is far from the truth
and this book is intended to present a comprehensive review of chipless RFID tech-
nology that is on the market but also prototyped by research institutions around the
world using unconventional data encoding techniques, circuits and operating frequen-
cies to tackle some of the issues that current chipped RFID tags have which prevent it
from completely replacing the optical barcode: cost below 1 cent, operating in high
temperatures, full printability and zero power requirements and power supply.
The findings, design and measurements presented in this book have been the
result of a 4-year PhD research project conducted by Dr. Stevan Preradovic under
the supervision of Dr. Nemai Karmakar at the Department of Electrical & Computer
Systems Engineering at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. The project
was financed by the Australian Research Council Discovery Grant “Chipless RFID
for barcode replacement.” The outcomes of the PhD research project have been also
presented at the ARC Major Grant Expo 2008 held in Canberra as one of the top ten
projects predicted to have a significant impact on society. The chipless RFID tag has
been patented as an international patent “RF Transponder.” The authors would also
like to acknowledge the support of Dr. Sushim Roy and Dr. Isaac Balbin to the
development of the chipless RFID technology presented to this book.
The book will be of primary interest to RF/microwave engineers specialised in
RFID design, transceiver design, antenna design and passive filter design. However,
engineers involved in mixed signal design and embedded system design will find
this book interesting as well since the book covers topics in passive and active
RF/microwave circuit design along with some digital circuit design.

Endeavour Hills, VIC, Australia Stevan Preradovic

Melbourne, VIC, Australia Nemai Chandra Karmakar
Contents

1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Radio Frequency Identification Chapter ........................................... 1
1.2 RFID Applications ............................................................................ 2
1.3 Limitations of Barcodes and Emergence of RFID
as an Enabling Technology ............................................................... 3
1.4 Chipless RFID Systems .................................................................... 4
1.5 Proposed Chipless RFID System ...................................................... 5
1.6 Book Outline ..................................................................................... 7
1.6.1 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................... 7
1.6.2 Chapter 2: Low Cost Chipless RFID Systems ...................... 7
1.6.3 Chapter 3: Spiral Resonators................................................. 7
1.6.4 Chapter 4: Ultra Wideband Antennas ................................... 7
1.6.5 Chapter 5: Chipless RFID Tag .............................................. 8
1.6.6 Chapter 6: Transceiver Design for Chipless RFID Tag Reader... 8
1.6.7 Chapter 7: Chipless RFID Tag-Reader System ..................... 8
1.6.8 Chapter 8: Conclusions and Future Works............................ 8
2 Low Cost Chipless RFID Systems .......................................................... 9
2.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 9
2.2 Difficulties of Achieving Low Cost RFID ........................................ 10
2.3 Chipless RFID Transponders: The Low Cost RFID
Solution of the Future ....................................................................... 11
2.3.1 Review of Chipless RFID Transponders ............................... 11
2.4 Modern RFID Readers ...................................................................... 14
2.4.1 RFID Reader Architecture .................................................... 15
2.4.2 Review of RFID Readers ...................................................... 16
2.4.3 Towards Universal Reader Design ........................................ 19
2.5 Chipless RFID System Specifications .............................................. 20
2.6 Proposed Chipless RFID Tag ............................................................ 21
2.7 Proposed Chipless RFID Reader ...................................................... 22
2.8 Conclusions and Motivation ............................................................. 24

xiii
xiv Contents

3 Spiral Resonators ..................................................................................... 25

3.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 25
3.2 Theoretical Modelling of Spiral Resonator ...................................... 26
3.2.1 Spiral Resonator Modelling Using
Distributed Components........................................................ 28
3.2.2 Spiral Resonator Modelling Using Coupled Lines ............... 29
3.3 Parametric Study of Microstrip Spiral Resonator on PCB ............... 32
3.4 Problems of Migration to Thin Flexible Substrates .......................... 38
3.5 CPW Spiral Resonator for Chipless Tag on Flexible Substrate........ 41
3.6 The Multiresonator: Cascaded Spiral Resonators............................. 43
3.6.1 Multiresonator on PCB Using Microstrip Technology ......... 43
3.6.2 Multiresonator on Thin Flexible Laminate
Using CPW Technology ........................................................ 45
3.7 Encoding Data Using Novel “Spiral Shorting” Technique ............... 46
3.8 Interference and Frequency Shifts of Cascaded
Spiral Resonators .............................................................................. 48
3.9 Conclusions....................................................................................... 50
4 Ultra Wideband Antennas ...................................................................... 53
4.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 53
4.2 Theory ............................................................................................... 54
4.2.1 UWB Disc-Loaded Monopole Antennas
for Chipless Tag .................................................................... 54
4.2.2 Log Periodic Dipole Antennas for Chipless
Tag RFID Reader .................................................................. 55
4.3 Design ............................................................................................... 56
4.3.1 Design of Microstrip Fed UWB Monopole .......................... 56
4.3.2 Design of CPW Fed UWB Monopole................................... 57
4.3.3 Design of Log Periodic Dipole Antennas ............................. 60
4.4 Results............................................................................................... 64
4.4.1 Microstrip Fed UWB Monopole Antenna Results ................ 64
4.4.2 CPW Fed UWB Monopole Results....................................... 69
4.4.3 Log Periodic Dipole Antenna Results ................................... 73
4.5 Conclusions....................................................................................... 75
5 Chipless RFID Tag ................................................................................... 77
5.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 77
5.2 Chipless RFID Tag Operating Principle ........................................... 78
5.3 Chipless RFID Tag Development ..................................................... 80
5.4 Design ............................................................................................... 80
5.4.1 Six-Bit Chipless RFID Tag on PCB:
Proof-of-Concept Tag............................................................ 81
5.4.2 UWB 35-Bit Chipless RFID Tag on PCB ............................. 82
5.4.3 UWB 23-Bit Chipless RFID Tag
on Thin Flexible Laminate .................................................... 83
Contents xv

5.5 Field Trials ........................................................................................ 85

5.5.1 Six-Bit Chipless RFID Tag on PCB ...................................... 88
5.5.2 UWB 35-Bit Chipless RFID Tag on PCB ............................. 90
5.5.3 UWB 23-Bit Chipless RFID Tag
on Thin Flexible Laminate .................................................... 92
5.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 93
6 Transceiver Design for Chipless RFID Tag Reader .............................. 95
6.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 95
6.2 Differences Between Chipped and Chipless Tag Readers ................ 96
6.3 Transceiver Specifications for Chipless Tag Reader......................... 98
6.4 Design ............................................................................................... 100
6.4.1 Gen-1 Transceiver ................................................................. 100
6.4.2 Gen-2 Transceiver ................................................................. 102
6.4.3 UWB Transceiver .................................................................. 105
6.5 Results............................................................................................... 107
6.5.1 Gen-1 Transceiver ................................................................. 108
6.5.2 Gen-2 Transceiver ................................................................. 115
6.5.3 UWB Transceiver .................................................................. 122
6.6 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 125
7 Chipless RFID Tag-Reader System ........................................................ 127
7.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 127
7.2 Application and Implementation Constraints ................................... 128
7.3 Chipless RFID Tag-Reader System Components ............................. 130
7.3.1 Chipless RFID Tags .............................................................. 131
7.3.2 RFID Reader Digital Control Section ................................... 131
7.3.3 Chipless Tag RFID Reader Devices ...................................... 134
7.3.4 Chipless RFID Reader Tag Interrogation/
Detection Algorithm.............................................................. 135
7.3.5 Application Software for Chipless RFID System ................. 136
7.4 Field Trials ........................................................................................ 138
7.4.1 Six-Bit Proof-of-Concept RFID Chipless Tag:
Reader System Field Trials ................................................... 139
7.4.2 UWB RFID Chipless Tag: Reader System Field Trials ........ 148
7.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 154
8 Conclusions and Future Works .............................................................. 157
8.1 Accomplished Designs and Outcomes ............................................. 158
8.2 Future Works and Open Issues ......................................................... 161
References ....................................................................................................... 163
Abbreviations

1D One dimensional
2D Two dimensional
3D Three dimensional
A Ampere
AC Alternating current
ADC Analog to digital converter
ADS Advanced design system
ARC Australian Research Council
ASIC Application-specific integrated circuit
ASK Amplitude shift keying
AUD Australian dollar
BP Battery powered
BPF Band pass filter
BPSK Binary phase shift keying
BW Bandwidth
CAD Computer-aided design
cm Centimetre
CPU Central processing unit
CPW Co-planar waveguide
CS Chip select
CST Computer simulation technology
CW Continuous wave
DAC Digital to analog converter
dB Decibel
dBi Gain expressed in dB with respect to an isotropic radiator
DC Direct current
DGS Defected ground structure
DSP Digital signal processing/processor

xvii
xviii Abbreviations

EAS Electronic article surveillance

ECSE Electrical and computer systems engineering
EIRP Equivalent isotropic radiated power
EM Electromagnetic
FCC Federal communications commission
FPAA Field programmable analog array
FPGA Field programmable gate array
FSS Frequency selective surface
Gen1 Generation 1
Gen2 Generation 2
GHz Gigahertz
GS Gigasample
GUI Graphical user interface
H Henry
HF High frequency
IC Integrated circuit
IDT Interdigital transducer
IF Intermediate frequency
IL Insertion loss
ISM Industrial scientific and medical
kg Kilogram
KHz Kilohertz
LED Light emitting diode
LNA Low noise amplifier
LO Local oscillator
LOS Line-of-sight
LPDA Log periodic dipole antenna
mA Milliampere
MAG Magnitude
MHz Megahertz
MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology
mm Millimetre
MoM Method of moments
mV Millivolts
NLIS National Livestock Information System
nH Nanohenry
PA Power amplifier
PC Personal computer
PCB Printed circuit board
pF Picofarad
Abbreviations xix

PSK Phase shift keying

PNA Performance network analyser
QF Quality factor
RCS Radar cross section
RF Radio frequency
RFID Radio frequency identification
RISC Reduced instruction set computer
RL Return loss
RLC Resistance–inductor–capacitor
RTB RF-to-baseband
Rx Receiver
SAW Surface acoustic wave
SDMA Space division multiple access
s Second
sin Sine
SMA Sub-miniature type A
TDMA Time division multiple access
TDR Time domain reflectometry
TFTC Thin film transistor circuits
Tx Transmitter
UHF Ultra-high frequency
USA United States of America
UWB Ultra-wide band
V Volt
VCO Voltage controlled oscillator
VNA Vector network analyser
W Watts
WORM Write once read many
YIG Yttrium iron garnet