University Physics: Instructor Solutions Manual

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Instructor Solutions Manual

to accompany
University Physics
Second Edition
Wolfgang Bauer
Michigan State University
Gary D. Westfall
Michigan State University
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Instructor Solutions Manual to accompany

UNIVERSITY PHYSICS, Second Edition
Table of Contents
PART 1 MECHANICS OF POINT PARTICLES
1 Overview 1
2 Motion in a Straight Line 45
3 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions 108
4 Force 163
5 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power 223
6 Potential Energy and Energy Conservation 255
7 Momentum and Collisions 308
PART 2 EXTENDED OBJECTS, MATTER, AND CIRCULAR MOTION
8 Systems of Particles and Extended Objects 380
9 Circular Motion 430
10 Rotation 474
11 Static Equilibrium 521
12 Gravitation 574
13 Solids and Fluids 628
PART 3 OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES
14 Oscillations 673
15 Waves 713
16 Sound 747
PART 4 THERMAL PHYSICS
17 Temperature 783
18 Heat and the First Law of Thermodynamics 806
19 Ideal Gases 835
20 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 870
PART 5 ELECTRICITY
21 Electrostatics 898
22 Electric Fields and Gauss’s Law 934
23 Electric Potential 973
24 Capacitors 1007
25 Current and Resistance 1046
26 Direct Current Circuits 1075
PART 6 MAGNETISM
27 Magnetism 1113
28 Magnetic Fields of Moving Charges 1141
29 Electromagnetic Induction 1171
30 Alternating Current Circuits 1197
31 Electromagnetic Waves 1224
PART 7 OPTICS
32 Geometric Optics 1248
33 Lenses and Optical Instruments 1270
34 Wave Optics 1304
PART 8 RELATIVITY AND QUANTUM PHYSICS
35 Relativity 1324
36 Quantum Physics 1354
37 Quantum Mechanics 1382
38 Atomic Physics 1419
39 Elementary Particle Physics 1444
40 Nuclear Physics 1464

Chapter 1: Overview
Chapter 1: Overview
Concept Checks
1.1. a 1.2. a) 4 b) 3 c) 5 d) 6 e) 2 1.3. a, c and e 1.4. b 1.5. e 1.6. a) 4th b) 2nd c) 3rd d) 1st
Multiple-Choice Questions
1.1. c 1.2. c 1.3. d 1.4. b 1.5. a 1.6. b 1.7. b 1.8. c 1.9. c 1.10. b 1.11. d 1.12. b 1.13. c 1.14. a 1.15. e 1.16. a
Conceptual Questions
1.17. (a) In Europe, gas consumption is in L/100 km. In the US, fuel efficiency is in miles/gallon. Let’s relate
these two: 1 mile = 1.609 km, 1 gal = 3.785 L.
1 mile 1.609 km 1.609  1 
( 0.00425 )  =
km 1 1
= =   (=
100 )
gal 3.785 L 3.785  100  L  L/100 km  235.24 L/100 km
Therefore, 1 mile/gal is the reciprocal of 235.2 L/100 km.
12.2 L 1L 1
(b) Gas consumption is . Using = from part (a),
100 km 100 km 235.24 miles/gal
12.2 L  1L   1  1
= 12.2 =   12.2  235.24 miles/gal  = .
100 km  100 km    19.282 miles/gal
Therefore, a car that consumes 12.2 L/100 km of gasoline has a fuel efficiency of 19.3 miles/gal.
(c) If the fuel efficiency of the car is 27.4 miles per gallon, then
27.4 miles 27.4 1
= = .
gal 235.24 L/100 km 8.59 L/100 km
Therefore, 27.4 miles/gal is equivalent to 8.59 L/100 km.
(d)
1.18. A vector is described by a set of components in a given coordinate system, where the components are the
projections of the vector onto each coordinate axis. Therefore, on a two-dimensional sheet of paper there
are two coordinates and thus, the vector is described by two components. In the real three-dimensional
world, there are three coordinates and a vector is described by three components. A four-dimensional
world would be described by four coordinates, and a vector would be described by four components.
1.19. A vector contains information about the distance between two points (the magnitude of the vector). In
contrast to a scalar, it also contains information direction. In many cases knowing a direction can be as
important as knowing a magnitude.
1
Bauer/Westfall: University Physics, 2E
2.95. THINK: The distance to the destination is 199 miles or 320 km. To solve the problem it is easiest to draw
a velocity versus time graph. The distance is then given by the area under the curve.
SKETCH:
RESEARCH: For a constant speed, the distance is given by x = vt .

SIMPLIFY: To simplify, divide the distance into three parts.
Part 1: from t = 0 to t = t 0 / 4.
Part 2: from t = t 0 / 4 to t = t 0 / 2.
Part 3: from t = t 0 / 2 to t = t 0 .
CALCULATE:
(a) The distances are x1 = 3.0t 0 / 4 , x2 = 4.5t 0 / 4 and x3 = 6.0t 0 / 2. The total distance is given by
( 3.0 + 4.5 + 12 ) t 0 19.5t 0 4x
x = x1 + x2 + x3 = m= m ⇒ t 0 = s.
4 4 19.5
t=
(
4 320 ⋅ 103 ) =s s 65641 s ⇒ t 0 =
65.6410 ⋅ 103 = 18.2336 h
0
19.5
(b) The distances are:
 65641   65641   65641 
= =
x1 3.0  =
 m 49.23 =
km, x2 4.5  =
 m 73.85 =
km, x3 6.0   m 196.92 km.
 4   4   2 
ROUND: Since the speeds are given to two significant figures, the results should be rounded to
x1 = 49 km, x2 = 74 km and x=
3 2.0 ⋅ 102 km. x1 +=
x2 123 km ≈ 120 km, and then
x = x1 + x2 + x3 = 323 km ≈ 320 km.
DOUBLE-CHECK: The sum of the distances x1 , x2 and x3 must be equal to the total distance of 320 km:
x1 + x2 + x=
3 49.23 + 73.85 + 196.92= 320 km as expected. Also, note that x1 < x2 < x3 since v1 < v2 < v3 .
98
RESEARCH: The energy is given by the change in the height from the top of the swing, mgh . It can be
seen from the geometry that h =l − d =l − l cosθ =l (1 − cosθ ) . At the bottom of the swinging motion, there
is only kinetic energy, K = (1/ 2 ) mv 2 .
SIMPLIFY: Equate the energy at the release point to the energy at the bottom of the swinging motion and
solve for θ :
1 2 1  v2 
mgh=mv ⇒ gl (1 − cosθ )= v 2 ⇒ θ= cos −1  1 − 
2 2  2 gl 
 ( 3.00 m/s )
2

CALCULATE: θ = cos −1  1 − =35.263°
 2 ( 9.81 m/s ) ( 2.50 m ) 
2
 
ROUND: Rounding to three significant figures,=θ 35.3° .
DOUBLE-CHECK: This is a reasonable angle to attain such a speed on a swing.
5.72 THINK:
(a) Determine the work done against gravity by a 65 kg hiker in climbing from height h1 = 2200 m to a
height h2 = 3900 m .
=
(b) The =
trip takes t 5.0 h ( 3600 s/h ) 18,000 s. Determine the average power output.
(c) Determine the energy input rate assuming the body is 15% efficient.
SKETCH:
RESEARCH:
is W mg ( h2 − h1 ) .
(a) The work done against gravity=
Ef − Ei ∆E
=
(b) P =
t t
(c) The energy output is given by Ein × % conversion =
Eout .
SIMPLIFY:
(a) Not necessary.
(b) Not necessary.
Eout
(c) Ein =
% conversion
CALCULATE:
=(a) W 65 kg ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) ( 3900
= m − 2200 m ) 1,084,005 J
1,084,005 J
=
(b) P = 60.22 W
18,000 s
1,084,005 J
=
(c) Ein = 7,226,700 J
0.15
ROUND:
(a) Rounding to two significant figures, W = 1.1 ⋅ 106 J .
(b) Rounding to two significant figures, P = 60. W .
(c) Rounding to two significant figures, E= in 7.2 ⋅ 106 J .
DOUBLE-CHECK:
(a) This is a reasonable value for such a long distance traveled.
248
Chapter 5: Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power
(b) This value is reasonable for such a long period of time.

(c) The daily caloric requirements for a 65 kg man is 2432 calories, which is about 1.0 ⋅ 107 J . This is on the
same order of magnitude as the result.
x2
5.73. For work done by a force that varies with location, W = ∫ Fx dx . In order to oppose the force, equal work
x1
must be done opposite the direction of Fx.

x x
2 2
c x2 c 4
∫x Fx dx =
W= ∫x (−cx )dx =
−  x 4  =−  x1 x24 
3
1 1
4 x1 4
This evaluates to:
19.1 N/m 3
W = ( 0.810 m ) − (1.39 m )  =
4 4
−15.77 J
4  
Therefore the work required to oppose Fx is the opposite: W = 15.77 J or 15.8 J when rounded to three
significant figures.
5.74. Apply Hooke’s law to find the spring constant k:
F
F= −kx0 → k =
x0
The work done to compress the spring further is equal to the change in spring energy.
1 1 F 2
W =∆E = k  x 2f − x02  =  x f − x02 
2 2 x0 
1  63.5 N  
 ( 0.0815 m ) − ( 0.0435 m )  3.47 J
2 2
=W  =
2  0.0435 m   
The amount of power required to overcome the force of air resistance is given by P= F ⋅ v. And the force
5.75.
of air resistance is given by the Ch. 4 formula
1 
Fd =  cd Aρ  v 2
2 
1  1
= ⇒ P  cd A= ρv 2  ⋅ v cd A ρ v 3
 2  2
This evaluates as:
1  1 hp 
( 0.333 ) ( 3.25 m2 )(1.15 kg/m3 ) ( 26.8 m/s ) 11,978.4 W (11,978.4 W ) =
3
= P = =  16.06 hp
2  745.7 W 
To three significant figures, the power is 16.1 hp.
Multi-Version Exercises
5.76. THINK: This problem involves a variable force. Since we want to find the change in kinetic energy, we
can find the work done as the object moves and then use the work-energy theorem to find the total work
done.
SKETCH:
249
RESEARCH: Since the object started at rest, it had zero kinetic energy to start. Use the work-energy
theorem W = ∆K to find the change in kinetic energy. Since the object started with zero kinetic energy, the
total kinetic energy will equal the change in kinetic energy: ∆K =K . The work done by a variable force in
x
the x-direction is given by W = ∫ Fx ( x ' ) dx ' and the equation for our force is Fx ( x ' ) = A ( x ′ ) . Since the
6
x0
object starts at rest at 1.093 m and moves to 4.429 m, we start at x0 = 1.093 m and end at x = 4.429 m.
SIMPLIFY: First, find the expression for work by substituting the correct expression for the force:
x
A A 7
( )
x
W = ∫ A ( x ′ ) dx ' . Taking the definite integral gives= ( x=
′)
6 7
W x − x07 . Combining this with
x0 7 x0 7
A 7
the work-energy theorem gives
7
x − x07 =W =K . ( )
CALCULATE: The problem states that A = 11.45 N/m6, that the object starts at x0 = 1.093 m and that it
ends at x = 4.429 m. Plugging these into the equation and calculating gives:
A 7
= K
7
x − x07 ( )
=
11.45 N/m 6
7
( 4.429 m ) − (1.093 m )
7 7
( )
= 5.467930659 ⋅ 10 4 J
ROUND: The measured values in this problem are the constant A in the equation for the force and the
two distances on the x-axis. All three of these are given to four significant figures, so the final answer
should have four significant figures: 5.468·104 J or 54.68 kJ.
DOUBLE-CHECK: Working backwards, if a variable force in the +x-direction changes the kinetic energy
from zero to 5.468·104 J, then the object will have moved
=x 7
(
7 5.468 ⋅ 10 4 J ) + 1.093
7
6
11.45 N/m
= 4.429008023 m.
This is, within rounding error, the 4.429 m given in the problem, so it seems that the calculations were
correct.
A 7
5.77. =K
7
x − x07 ( )
7K
= x 7 − x07
A
7K (
7 5.662 ⋅ 103 J ) + 1.105 m
( )=
7
x= + x07=
7 7
6
3.121 m
A 13.75 N/m
A 7
5.78. =K
7
x − x07 ( )
7K
= x 7 − x07
A
7K (
7 1.00396 ⋅ 10 4 J ) = 1.114 m
( 3.313 )
7
x0 = 7 x7 − = 7
− 6
A 16.05 N/m
5.79. THINK: In this problem, the reindeer must pull the sleigh to overcome the friction between the runners
of the sleigh and the snow. Express the friction force in terms of the speed and weight of the sleigh, and the
coefficient of friction between the sleigh and the ground. It is then possible to find the power from the
force and velocity.
250
Chapter 5: Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power
SKETCH: Draw a free-body diagram for the sleigh:
RESEARCH: Since the sleigh is moving with a constant velocity, the net forces on the sleigh are zero. This
 
means that the normal force and the gravitational force are equal and opposite ( N = −Fg ), as are the
 
friction force and the force from the reindeer ( Freindeer = − f k ). From the data given in the problem, it is
possible to calculate the friction force f k = µ k mg . The power required to keep the sleigh moving at a
constant speed is given by P = Freindeer v . Eventually, it will be necessary to convert from SI units (Watts) to
non-standard units (horsepower or hp). This can be cone using the conversion factor 1 hp = 746 W.
SIMPLIFY: To find the power required for the sleigh to move, it is necessary to express the force from the
reindeer in terms of known quantities. Since the force of the reindeer is equal in magnitude with the
friction force, use the equation for frictional force to find:
 
Freindeer = − f k
= fk
= µk mg
=
Use this and the speed of the sleigh to find that P F=reindeer v µk mgv .
CALCULATE: With the exception of the gravitational acceleration, all of the needed values are given in
the question. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the sleigh and the snow is 0.1337, the mass of the
system (sleigh, Santa, and presents) is 537.3 kg, and the speed of the sleigh is 3.333 m/s. Using a
gravitational acceleration of 9.81 m/s gives:
P = µk mgv
= 0.1337 ⋅ 537.3 kg ⋅ 9.81 m/s 2 ⋅ 3.333 m/s
= 2348.83532 W
1 hp
This can be converted to horsepower: 2348.83532 W ⋅ =3.148572815 hp .
746 W
ROUND: The measured quantities in this problem are all given to four significant figures. Though the
conversion from watts to horsepower and the gravitational acceleration have three significant figures, they
do not count for the final answer. The power required to keep the sleigh moving is 3.149 hp.
DOUBLE-CHECK: Generally, it is thought that Santa has 8 or 9 reindeer (depending on how foggy it is
on a given Christmas Eve). This gives an average of between 0.3499 and 0.3936 horsepower per reindeer,
which seems reasonable. Work backwards to find that, if the reindeer are pulling the sled with 3.149 hp,
then the speed they are moving must be (rounding to four significant figures):
251
SKETCH:
RESEARCH:
(a) Since the chain is raised at a constant rate, v, the net force is the thrust force, Fthrust = v c dm / dt . Since
the chain’s mass in the air is increasing, Fnet = v dm / dt .
(b) The applied force can be determined by considering the forces acting on the chain and the net force
determined in part (a): Fnet = ∑ Fi .
SIMPLIFY:
dm dh
(a) F=
net v = vλ = v= λv v 2 λ
dt dt
Fnet Fapplied − mg ⇒ Fapplied = Fnet + mg = v 2 λ + mg = v 2 λ + λhg
(b) =
CALCULATE:
(=0.470 m/s ) (1.32 kg/m ) 0.2916 N
2
=(a) Fnet
(b) Fapplied = 0.2916 N + (1.32 kg/m )( 0.150 m ) ( 9.81 m/s 2 ) = 0.2916 N + 1.942 N = 2.234 N
ROUND: v and h each have three significant figures, so the results should be rounded to Fnet = 0.292 N
and Fapplied = 2.23 N.
DOUBLE-CHECK: These forces are reasonable to determine for this system. Also, Fnet < Fapplied .

8.45. = 53.2 ⋅ 106 N and the propellant velocity is =
THINK: The thrust force is Fthrust v 4.78 ⋅ 103 m/s.
Determine (a) dm/dt, (b) the final speed of the spacecraft, v s , given v i = 0 , =
mi 2.12 ⋅ 106 kg and
=
m f 7.04 ⋅ 10 4 kg and (c) the average acceleration, aav until burnout.
SKETCH:
RESEARCH:

(a) To determine dm/dt, use Fthrust = −v c dm / dt .
v c ln ( mi / m f ) .
(b) To determine v f , use v f − v i =
(c) ∆v is known from part (b). ∆t can be determined from the equivalent ratios,
dm ∆m
= , where ∆m = mi − m f .
dt ∆t
SIMPLIFY:
 
(a) Since Fthrust and v c are in the same direction, the equation can be rewritten as:
dm dm Fthrust
Fthrust= v c ⇒ = .
dt dt vc
398
contribute to the torque, because it is parallel to the moment arm.) Let’s call the horizontal force
component Fx and the vertical component Fy .
SKETCH:
RESEARCH: The equations for equilibrium are for the

• x-component of the forces: −Fx + f =
0 , where f is the friction force between box and ground
• y-component of the forces: Fy + N − mg =
0
• torques: τ net =
Fxα − mg 12 w =
0
Here we assume that the force is directed to the right and upward. We do not know if the force has a
positive or negative y-component. We assumed a positive value, but if it turns out to be negative, then our
assumption was incorrect, and the y-component is negative.
For the case of the maximum friction force without slipping, we have f = µs N .
SIMPLIFY: From the equation for zero net torque we obtain
mgw
τ net =Fxα − mg 12 w =0 ⇒ Fx = .
2α
From Fy + N − mg = 0 we can solve for the y-component of the force:
Fy = mg − N = mg − f / µ = mg − Fx / µ .
Then the magnitude of the force is=
F Fx2 + Fy2 .
With Fx and Fy known, the direction of F is given by θ = tan−1 ( Fy / Fx ) .
CALCULATE:
( 20.0 kg ) ( 9.81 m/s2 ) ( 0.300 m )
=(a) Fx = 58.86 N,
2 ( 0.500 m )
58.86 N
and Fy = (
( 20.0 kg ) 9.81 m/s2 − )
0.280
=−14.01 N.
Thus the y-component of the force is in the negative y-direction.
( 58.86 N ) + (14.01 N )
2 2
Then, F = = 60.50 N.
 −14.01 N 
(b) θ = tan−1  = −13.39° , so below the horizontal.
 58.86 N 
ROUND: The least precise value given in the question has two significant figures. The answers should be
rounded so they also have two significant figures. Therefore, the minimum force is 60.5 N and is directed
at an angle of 13.4° below the horizontal.
DOUBLE-CHECK: Since the y-component of the force turned out to have a negative value, this indeed
implies that we had to apply some downward force to prevent the box from slipping. Just to make sure that
our solution is consistent, we can calculate the product of the box’s weight and the coefficient of friction
and make sure that this product is really smaller than our result for the horizontal component of the force,
= µs mg ( =
0.280 ) (20.0 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) 54.94 N. This is indeed smaller than our result for Fx , which shows
that some downward force component was indeed needed.
11.80. THINK: The torque exerted by a torsional spring is proportional to the angle over which it is displaced.
The initial angular displacement gives the spring constant. The additional torque added by the hanging
mass will create further angular displacement.The arm’s mass is m = 0.0450 kg and is l = 0.120 m long. The
568
The change in volume of the is given by:

 3.785 L 
∆V= β AlV ∆T= (66.0 ⋅ 10 −6 / °C)(5.00 gal)(12.0 °C)  = 0.01499 L.
 1 gal 
Thus, 0.189 L of turpentine spills out of the container.
17.60. The building has initial height of L = 600. m. The change in temperature is ∆T= 45.0 °C. The linear
expansion coefficient of steel is α S =1.30 ⋅ 10 −5 / °C.
∆L= α S L∆T = (1.30 ⋅ 10 −5 / °C)(600. m)(45.0 °C)= 0.351 m
Thus, the building grows by 0.351 m.
17.61. The initial diameter of the rod at 20. °C is D1 , and after being cooled by a change in temperature of
∆T =77.0 K − (20. °C + 273.15 K) =−216.15 K, it will have a diameter of D2 = 10.000 mm. The linear
expansion coefficient of aluminum is α Al= 22 ⋅ 10 −6 K −1 .
∆D = α Al D1 ∆T , D2 = D1 + ∆D = D1 (1 + α Al ∆T )
D2 10.000 mm
D2 =(1 + α Al ∆T )D1 ⇒ D1 = ⇒ D1 = =10.0478 mm
1 + α Al ∆T 1 + (22 ⋅ 10 −6 K −1 )( − 216.15 K)
Thus, the maximum diameter the aluminum rod can have at 20. °C is D1 = 10. mm.
17.62. After the gas is heated up, its final volume is Vf = 213 L. The change in temperature is ∆T = 63 °F. The
volume expansion coefficient of gas is 950 ⋅ 10 −6 K −1 . Convert the change in temperature to Kelvin:
5 5
∆TC = ∆Tf and ∆TC =∆TK ⇒ ∆T = (63 °F) =35 K.
9 9
Vf 213 L
∆V = β gasVi ∆T , Vf = Vi + ∆V = Vi (1 + β gas ∆T ) ⇒ Vi = = = 206.15 L
1 + β gas ∆T 1 + (950 ⋅ 10 −6 K −1 )(35 K)
Thus, the maximum amount of gasoline that should be put into the tank at 57 °F is 206.15 L. Rounding
this value is dangerous, since the tank would overflow or possibly explode if 210 L is added.
17.63. The initial volume of the mercury is V = 8.00 mL, the cross-sectional area of the tube is A = 1.00 mm 2
and the volume expansion coefficient of mercury is β Hg =
181 ⋅ 10 −6 / °C. Consider a change in
temperature of ∆T= 1.00 °C. Since the cross-sectional area remains closely the same, ∆V = A∆L.
β HgV ∆T (181 ⋅ 10−6 / °C)(8.00 mL)(1.00 °C)  1000. mm 3 
∆V = β HgV ∆T = A∆L ⇒ ∆L = =   = 1.448 mm
A 1.00 mm 2  mL 
Thus, the 1.00 °C tick marks should be spaced about 1.45 mm apart.
17.64. The initial volume of gasoline is 14 gallons and the change in temperature is ∆T = 27 °F. The volume
expansion coefficient of gas is 9.6 ⋅ 10 −4 / °C. Convert the temperature change from Fahrenheit to Celsius:
5 5
∆TC = ∆TF . Thus ∆T = (27 °F) = 15 °C.
9 9
Thus, ∆V= β gasV ∆T= (9.6 ⋅ 10 −4 / °C)(14 gal)(15 °C)= 0.2016 gal. So, 0.20 gallons of gasoline are lost.
17.65. The change in temperature is ∆T= 37.8 °C . The initial length of the slabs is L = 12.0 m. The linear
expansion coefficient of concrete is α con =
15 ⋅ 10−6 / °C.
∆L = α con L∆T = (15 ⋅ 10−6 / °C )(12.0 m)(37.8 °C)= 0.006804 m
Since the slabs expand uniformly, each side will grow by ∆L / 2 . However, the slabs expand towards each
other, so each can grow by ∆L / 2. Thus, the gap must be 2(∆L / 2) =∆L =6.8 mm.
798
Chapter 21: Electrostatics
Concept Checks
21.1. d 21.2. a 21.3. e 21.4. e 21.5. c 21.6. b 21.7. a 21.8. a 21.9. c 21.10. b 21.11. a
Multiple-Choice Questions
21.1. b 21.2. b 21.3. b 21.4. d 21.5. b 21.6. b 21.7. a 21.8. a 21.9. c 21.10. b 21.11. a 21.12. b 21.13. a 21.14. e
Conceptual Questions
21.15. The given quantities are the charge of the two particles, Q1 = Q and Q2 = Q. They are separated by a
Q1Q2 Q2
=
distance d. The Coulomb force between the changed particles is F k= k . If the charge on each
d2 d2
particle is doubled so that Q=
1
′ 2=
Q Q2′ and the separation distance is d ′ = 2d the then the Coulomb
4Q 2 Q2
=
Force is given by: F ′ k= k so the force is the same as it was in the initial situation.
4d 2 d2
MS M E
21.16. The gravitational force between the Sun and the Earth is Fg = G where G is the gravitational
r2
constant and is equal to 6.67 ⋅ 10 −11 N m 2 / kg 2 , M S is the mass of the Sun ( 1.989 ⋅ 1030 kg ) and M E is the
Q1Q2
mass of the Earth ( 5.974 ⋅ 1024 kg ). The Coulomb force is given by the equation FC = k where k is
r2
Coulomb’s constant (k = 8.99 ⋅ 109 N m 2 / C 2 ). In this question Q=
1 Q=
2 Q and is the charge given to the
Earth and Sun to cancel out the gravitational force.
kQ 2 GM S M E GM S M E
FC = Fg ⇒ = ⇒ Q=
r2 r2 k
Therefore,
=
Q
( 6.67 ⋅10 −11
N m 2 / kg 2 ) (1.989 ⋅ 10 kg)(5.974 ⋅ 10 kg)
30 24
= 2.97 ⋅ 1017 C.
8.99 ⋅ 109 N m 2 / C 2
I can get the number of elementary charges, n, by dividing Q by 1.602 ⋅ 10 −19 C (the charge of one
electron):
2.97 ⋅ 1017 C
=
n = 1.85 ⋅ 1036.
1.602 ⋅ 10 −19 C
To estimate the number of elementary change of either sign for the Earth I can assume the mass of the
Earth is due to the mass of the protons, neutrons and electrons of which it is primarily composed. If I
assume that the Earth’s mass is due to the proton and neutron masses primarily (became an electrons mass
is much smaller than a protons) and I assume that there are an equal number of protons and neutrons
than I can get the number of protons by dividing the Earth’s mass by two times the mass of a proton. The
mass of a proton is mP ≈ 1.6726 ⋅ 10 −27 kg, so you can estimate the number of elementary charges on the
mE 5.97 ⋅ 1024 kg
Earth, nE by: =
nE = = 3.57 ⋅ 1051. So the percentage of the Earth’s changes that would be
mP 1.67 ⋅ 10 −27 kg
required to cancel out the gravitational force is ( n / nE ) ⋅ 100% =5.18 ⋅ 10 −14 %, a very small percentage.
898

CALCULATE: The image distance for the lens is di,1 =

( 30. cm )( 50. cm ) = −75 cm. The object distance
( 30. cm ) − ( 50. cm )
for the plane mirror is=
do,2 40. cm + −75=
cm 115 cm. Therefore, the position of the final image is
xi,2 =70. cm + 115 cm =185 cm. The size of the final image is hi,2 =
−
( −75 cm )( 2.0 cm ) =
5.0 cm.
( 30. cm )
ROUND: To two significant figures, the final image is xi,2 = 190 cm to the right of the object and the size
of the final image is hi,2 = 5.0 cm.
DOUBLE-CHECK: Since do < f for the converging lens, the image of the lens must be virtual, enlarged
and upright. The plane mirror cannot change these attributes, so the calculated results agree with these
expectations ( hi,2 > ho,1 > 0 ) .
33.92. The distance from the lens to the retina at the back of the eye is 2.0 cm. The focal length can be found with
−1
 1 1
the thin lens equation:=f  +  . (a) The focal length of the lens when viewing a distant object
 d o di 
−1
1 1 
( do = ∞ ) is f =
 +  =
2.0 cm. (b) The focal length of the lens when viewing an object
 ∞ 2.0 cm 
−1
 1 1 
do = 25 cm from the front of the eye is f =
 +  =
1.9 cm.
 25 cm 2.0 cm 
33.93. You require lenses of power P = −8.4 diopter. A negative power infers that the focal length is negative, so
diverging lenses are being used. In a nearsighted eye, light comes to a focus before it reaches the retina
and diverging lenses are required to correct this. Therefore, you are nearsighted. For nearsighted eyes,
corrective lenses focus distant objects ( do = ∞ ) at the near point, so di = −dnear . Solving the thin lens
equation for dnear gives:
( )
D = 1/ f = 1/ do + 1/ di = 1/ ∞ − 1/ dnear ⇒ − dnear = 1/ D = − 1/ −8.4 m −1 = 0.12 m.
1 1 1 1 1 1  1 
P= = + = − ⇒ − dnear = =−  −1 
=0.12 m.
f do di ∞ dnear  
P  −8.4 m 
Without glasses the book must be held 12 cm from your eye in order to read clearly.
33.94. Jack has a near point of = =
dnear 32 cm 0.32 m and the power of the magnifier is P = 25 diopter.
(a) The focal length is given by f = 1 / P and the angular magnification of a magnifier for an image
dnear
formed at infinity is m =
f
=
. Therefore, m d=
near P ( 0.32 m ) ( 25 m
−1
= ) 8.0.
−di  −d  dnear
(b) If the final image is at the near point then m = =
−  near  = . Using the thin lens equation:
do  do  do
−1 −1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  fdnear
= + ⇒ do =  −  =  +  = . Therefore the magnification is:
f di d o  f d i   f d near  f + dnear
d 1 d
m = near =( f + dnear ) = 1 + near = 1 + ( 25 m )( 0.32 m ) =
1 + Pdnear = 9.0.
fdnear f f
f + dnear
1296

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CALCULATE: The image distance for the lens is di,1 =

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