The-Marathas-

Mysore-37

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 • The first great leader of the Marathas was Chhatrapati
Shivaji.
• The Marathas became prominent in the later half of the
17th century.
• Shivaji belonged to the Bhonsle clan of the Marathas.
• Shahaji Bhonsle and Jija Bai were the Parents of Shivaji.
• He was born in 1627 February 19 at the fort of Shivner
near Junnar.
• His father was a military commander under the Nizam
Shahi rulers of Ahmednagar and later of Bijapur.
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 • Shivaji’s tutor was Dadaji Kondadev.
• 1665, Shivaji signed the treaty of Purandar with Raja Jai
Singh of Amber, who was deputed by Aurangazeb.
• Shivaji Maharaj had two sons: Sambhaji and Rajaram.
• Sambhaji Maharaj was the eldest son of Shivaji Maharaj.
• Rajaram was a younger brother of Sambhaji Maharaj and
he was the successor of Sambhaji.
• Shivaji II was the son of Rajaram Maharaj and Rani
Tarabai. After the death of Rajaram Maharaj, Tarabai
crowned her son and took control of the Maratha Empire.
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 • Aurangzeb died on March 3, 1707, while Tarabai still in power.
• Nearly three months after Aurangazeb’s death, Sambhaji’s son
Sahu (born May 18, 1682) who had been in Mughal captivity
since November 3, 1689, was liberated on May 8, 1707, by
Aurangzeb’s second son Azam Shah who ascended the throne
as Bahadur Shah I.
• Sahu’s release was followed by a civil war between the forces
of Tarabai and Sahu.
• The support of the Maratha Senapati Dhanaji Jadhav and
Diwan Balaji Vishwanath helped Sahu triumph over odds.

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 • In the ensuing battle of Khed (October 12, 1707), between the
forces of Sahu and Tarabai, the latter’s forces were defeated
and in January 1708, Sahu occupied Satara.
• At his coronation in January 1708, Sahu conferred upon Balaji
Vishwanath, the title of Sena-Karte (maker of the army) and
eventually elevated him to the post of Peshwa in 1713.
• With Balaji’s appointment as the Peshwa, the office of the
Peshwa became hereditary and Balaji and his successors
became the de facto rulers of the Maratha kingdom. From now
onwards the Chhatrapati became just a figure-head.

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 Balaji Vishwanath (1713-20)
• Balaji Vishwanath is called the second founder of the
Maratha state.
• Balaji was credited with “a mastery of finance”.
• Bajali opened direct negotiations with the Saiyyad
brothers and in February 1719 all his demands were
accepted.

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 Peshwa Baji Rao I (1720-40)
• After the death of Balaji Vishwanath, his eldest son Baji
Rao, a young man of hardly 20, was appointed the Peshwa by
Sahu.
• He formulated the policy of northward expansion of the
Marathas, so that “the Maratha flag shall fly from the Krishna
to Attock”.
• Baji Rao, after setting his own house in order, finally
defeated the Nizam near Bhopal and, by the convention of
Durai Sarai (January 1738), compelled the Nizam to agree to
surrender to the Peshwa the whole of Palwa, together with
the complete sovereignty of the territory between the
Narmada and the Chambal rivers and to pay rates 50 lakh as
war indemnity.

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 • He conquered Malwa, Bundelkhand, Bassein and Gujarat
and reached up to Gujarat in 1737
• He made Poona the centre of his activities and it soon
came to be known as the seat of the Peshwas.
• Baji Rao founded the Maratha empire through his
conquest, but he didn’t consolidate it through the
administrative organisation.

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 Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao (1740-61)
• Peshwa Baji Rao died at the young age of 40 and was
succeeded by his son Balaji Baji Rao who, throughout his
Peshwaship, remained dependent on the advice and
guidance of his cousin Sada Shiva Rao Bhau.
• The Third battle of Panipat (1761) was fought between
Maratha Empire and Durrani Empire (Afghanistan). People
involved: Sadashivrao Bhau (Commander-in-chief of the
Maratha Army), Vishwasrao, Malharrao Holkar, Ahmad
Shah Durrani (also called Ahmad Shah Abdali). When: 14th
January 1761. Result: Victory for the Afghans. Durrani got
support from the Rohillas of the Doab and Shuja-Ud-
Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh. The Marathas failed to get
support from the Rajputs, Jats or the Sikhs.

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 Peshwa Madhava Rao I (1761-72)
• After the death of Balaji Baji Rao, his younger son Madhava Rao was
placed on the Peshwa’S throne.
• Since the new Peshwa was only 17 years old, his uncle Raghunatha
Rao, the eldest surviving member of the Peshwa's family, became his
regent and the de facto ruler of the state.
• During this period, serious differences broke out between the
Peshwa and his uncle, leading to war between two in 1762, in which
the Peshwa's army was defeated.
• In January 1771, Mahadaji Sindhia occupied Delhi and succeeded in
exacting money from the leading Rajput princes; but the premature
death of Madhava Rao in November 1772 placed the Maratha
dominion in a deep crisis. After Madhava Rao's death the fortunes of
Maratha kingdom and the prestige of Peshwas under Narayana Rao
(1772-74), Madhava Rao Narayan (1774-95), and Baji Rao II
(17961818) rapidly declined. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was
defeated by the British East India Company in the Battle of Khadki
which was a part of Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818).
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 Anglo Maratha Wars First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82):
• The immediate cause for first Anglo Maratha War was
English interference in the internal affairs of Marathas.
• The then Maratha Peshwa, Narayan Rao died without an
heir.
• The birth of a posthumous son to Narayan Rao then
drove Raghunath Rao to desperation and he eventually
signed the Treaty of Surat in 1775 with the Bombay
government with hopes to gain the throne with the help of
English troops
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 • By the treaty of Surat, Raghunatha Rao had promised to cede
Salsette and Bassein, and also refrain from forming an alliance with
the Company enemies.
• In the First Anglo Maratha war that followed, none of the two
parties was gaining ground and finally realized the futility of the
struggle.
• The treaty of Salbai in 1782 which ended the first Anglo Maratha
War.
• By the Treaty of Salbai, there was peace between with the
Marathas.
• In this treaty, the British began exerting pressure on Mysore with
help from Marathas for recovering their territories from Haider Ali.

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 The Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1806):
• In Poona, with the death of two shrewd statesmen, Mahadji
Sindhia and Nana Fadnavis there began a fierce rivalry for power
between the successor of Mahadji Sindhia, Daulat Rao Sindhia and
Jaswant Rao Holkar.
• Both of them tried to secure the throne at Poona.
• Thereafter, Baji Rao II fled to Bassein and then signed a
subsidiary alliance with the British. Under the treaty of Bassein, the
Peshwa surrendered the city of Surat and to give up claims for
Chauth on Nizam’s dominions.
• He also agreed to not take up arms against the Gaekwar.
• With the efforts of Sir George Barlow the Holkar signed the
Treaty of Rajpurghat in 1805 under which the Maratha chiefs gave
up their claims to areas to the north of river Chambal, over
Bundelkhand, and other allies of the Company.
• This treaty of Rajpurghat marked the end of the Second Anglo-
Maratha War.

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 The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818):
• The third and the final battle of the Anglo-Maratha struggle began after
coming of Lord Hastings as the Governor-General in the year 1813.
• The Peshwa had to sign the Treaty of Poona in 1817, under which he
gave up the headship of the Maratha Confederacy and he also had to
conduct relations with other states through British Resident.
• The Peshwa also ceded the Konkan along with his rights in Malwa and
Bundelkhand.
• The Treaty of Gwalior (1817) was concluded by Lord Hastings with
Daulat Rao Sindhia as part of preparations for the campaign against
Pindaris.
• Consequently, the Pindari war was merged in the Third Anglo- Maratha
War. All Maratha opposition to the British power ended after yet another
attempt by the Confederacy against British. A new settlement was made
with the Maratha Chiefs. The Peshwa surrendered his name and authority
forever in lieu of eight lakhs rupees as pension and retired to Bithur near
Kanpur. A small district Satara was reserved for the descendant of Shivaji
as the Raja of Satara. All the remaining Peshwa's territories were annexed
to the Presidency of Bombay.

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 Mysore
Hyder Ali
• The state of Mysore rose to prominence in the politics of South
India under the leadership of Hyder Ali.
• In 1761 he became the de facto ruler of Mysore.
• The war of successions in Karnataka and Haiderabad, the conflict
of the English and the French in the South and the defeat of the
Marathas in the Third battle of Panipat (1761) helped him in
attending and consolidating the territory of Mysore.
• Hyder Ali was defeated by Maratha Peshwa Madhav Rao in 1764
and forced to sign a treaty in 1765.
• He surrendered him a part of his territory and also agreed to pay
rupees twentyeight lakhs per annum.
• The Nizam of Hyderabad did not act alone but preferred to act in
league with the English which resulted in the first Anglo-Mysore
War.

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 Tipu Sultan
• Tipu Sultan succeeded Hyder Ali in 1785 and fought
against British in III and IV Mysore wars.
• He brought great changes in the administrative system.
• He introduced modern industries by bringing foreign
experts and extending state support to many industries.
• He sent his ambassadors to many countries for
establishing foreign trade links. He introduced new system
of coinage, new scales of weight and new calendar.
• Tipu Sultan organized the infantry on the European lines
and tried to build the modern navy.
• Planted a ‘tree of liberty’ at Srirangapatnam and became
a member of the Jacobin Club

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 Mysore Wars
• The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69)-Treaty of Madras
• The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)-Treaty of
Mangalore
• The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)- Treaty of
Srirangapatnam
• The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)

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 The First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69):
• The main causes of this war were Haider's ambition to drive
the British away from the Carnatic and finally from India and the
British realization of the threat posed to them by
• A tripartite alliance was formed against Hyder by the British,
the Nizam and the Marathas.
• Haider's success in breaking the alliance and declaration of
war on the British. The war ended with the defeat of British.
• The panic-stricken Madras government concluded the
humiliating Treaty of Madras in 1769 on the basis of mutual
restitution of each other's territories and a defensive alliance
between the two parties committing the English to help Hyder
Ali in case he was attacked by another power.
• Treaty of Madras: It was signed by Hyder Ali and the allies
consisting of the Company, the Raja of Tanjore, and the
Malabar ruler.

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 The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780-1784)
• The treaty of 1769 between Hyder Ali and the English
company proved more in the nature of a truce and Hyder Ali
accused the company of not observing the terms of the
defensive treaty by refusing to help him when the Marathas
attacked Mysore in 1771.
• Hyder found the French more helpful than the English.
Further in 1778 English in India seized the French
settlements including Mahe a port which was very crucial for
Hyder Ali for the entry of supplies.
• Hyder Ali tried to take Mahe port but in vain.
• He arranged a joint front with the Nizam and the Marathas
against the common enemy -the English East India Company.
The war lasted from 1780-1784.
• But he died in 1782 and was succeeded by his son Tipu
Sultan.
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 • Tipu continued the war for another year but absolute
success eluded both the sides.
• Tired of war the two sides concluded peace Treaty of
Mangalore.
• By this Treaty it was decided that English would return
Srirangapatnam to Tipu and Tipu would handover Fort of
Badnur to English.
• Treaty of Mangalore: Both sides agreed to a mutual
restoration of possessions (barring the forts of Amboorgur
and Satgur) and Tipu undertook not to make any claims on
the Carnatic in future. Tipu agreed to release all prisoners
of war and he had to restore the factory and privileges
possessed by the Company at Calicut until 1779.

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 The Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789-1792)
• War between Tipu Sultan and British began in 1789 and
ended in Tipu's defeat in 1792.
• Even though Tipu fought with exemplary bravery, Lord
Cornwallis the Governor General had succeeded through
shrewd diplomacy in isolating him by wining over the
Marathas, the Nizam and the rulers of Travancore and Coorg.
• This war again revealed that the Indian powers were short-
sighted enough to aid the foreigner against another Indian
power for the sake of temporary advantages.
• The Third Mysore War came to an end by the Treaty of
Srirangapatnam in March 1792.
• Treaty of Srirangapatnam: This treaty resulted in the
surrender of nearly half of Mysore territory to the British. •
Tipu also had to pay a war indemnity of over three crores of
rupees.
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 The Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799)
• With his defeat in the third Anglo-Mysore war, Tipu was
burning with revenge.
• He wanted to get back his territory and to achieve that
objective he carried on negotiations with the French and
Zaman Shah of Kabul.
• Tipu wanted his allies to expel the English.
• Lord Wellesley after making Subsidiary Alliance with the
Nizam asked Tipu Sultan to accept the same but he
refused.
• Mysore was attacked from two sides.
• The main army under General Harris supported by
Nizam's subsidiary force under Arthur Wellesley attacked
Mysore from the east while another army advanced from
Bombay.
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 • Tipu was at first defeated by the Bombay army and was
later on defeated by General Harris at Mallavalli. Tipu died
fighting bravely.
• The members of his family were interned at Vellore.
• A boy of the earlier Mysore royal family was installed on
the Gaddi of Mysore and a Subsidiary Alliance was
imposed. Thus, the fourth Mysore War destroyed the state
of Mysore which was ruled by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan 33
years.

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