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    The Marathas

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    SANTOSHI
    1. The document summarizes the rise of the Maratha empire in medieval India under Shivaji and later the Peshwas. 2. It describes how Shivaji united the Maratha clans and established a powerful kingdom, defeating the Bijapur sultanate and resisting the Mughals. 3. Under the Peshwas, the Maratha empire reached its zenith, establishing control over large parts of India through a confederacy of Maratha chiefs. However, the Marathas declined after their defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.

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    The Marathas

    Uploaded by

    SANTOSHI
    32 views5 pages
    1. The document summarizes the rise of the Maratha empire in medieval India under Shivaji and later the Peshwas. 2. It describes how Shivaji united the Maratha clans and established a powerful kingdom, defeating the Bijapur sultanate and resisting the Mughals. 3. Under the Peshwas, the Maratha empire reached its zenith, establishing control over large parts of India through a confederacy of Maratha chiefs. However, the Marathas declined after their defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.

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    1. The document summarizes the rise of the Maratha empire in medieval India under Shivaji and later the Peshwas. 2. It describes how Shivaji united the Maratha clans and established a powerful kingdom, defeating the Bijapur sultanate and resisting the Mughals. 3. Under the Peshwas, the Maratha empire reached its zenith, establishing control over large parts of India through a confederacy of Maratha chiefs. However, the Marathas declined after their defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views5 pages

    The Marathas

    Uploaded by

    SANTOSHI
    1. The document summarizes the rise of the Maratha empire in medieval India under Shivaji and later the Peshwas. 2. It describes how Shivaji united the Maratha clans and established a powerful kingdom, defeating the Bijapur sultanate and resisting the Mughals. 3. Under the Peshwas, the Maratha empire reached its zenith, establishing control over large parts of India through a confederacy of Maratha chiefs. However, the Marathas declined after their defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat.

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    of 5

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    Medieval India part 9-THE MARATHAS

    THE MARATHAS
    The Rise of the Marathas
    Various factors contributed to the rise of Marathas in the sixteenth and seventeenth
    centuries
    The physical environment of the Maratha country shaped certain peculiar qualities
    among the Marathas.
    The mountainous region and dense forests made them brave soldiers and adopt
    guerilla tactics.
    They built a number of forts on the mountains
    The spread of the Bhakti movement in Maharashtra inculcated a spirit of religious
    unity among them
    The spiritual leaders like Tukkaram, Ramdas, Vaman Pandit and Eknath fostered
    social unity
    The political unity was conferred by Shivaji. The Marathas held important positions
    in the administrative and military systems of Deccan Sultanates of Bijapur and
    Ahmadnagar
    There were a number of influential Maratha families such as the Mores and
    Nimbalkers.
    Credit of establishing a powerful Maratha state goes to Shahji Bhonsle and his son
    Shivaji

    Shivaji (1627-1680)

    His Life and Conquest

    Shivaji was born at Shivner in 1627. His father was Shahji Bhonsle and mother Jija
    Bai.
    He inherited the jagir of Poona from his father in 1637.
    After the death of his guardian, Dadaji Kondadev in 1647, Shivaji assumed full
    charge of his jagir.
    He captured Javli from a Maratha chief, Chanda Rao More. This made him the

    This document is a part of Daily Current Affairs Video Series for Prelims 2017. For more visit : www.edwitty.in
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    master of Mavala region.


    In 1657, he attacked the Bijapur kingdom and captured a number of hill forts in the
    Konkan region
    The Sultan of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan against Shivaji. But Afzal Khan was murdered
    by Shivaji in 1659 in a daring manner.
    Shivaji suffered a defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces and lost Poona
    But Shivaji once again made a bold attack on Shaista Khan’s (Mughal governor of
    Deccan) military camp at Poona in 1663, killed his son and wounded Khan.
    This time Aurangazeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fight against Shivaji.
    He made elaborate preparations and succeeded in besieging the Purander fort where
    Shivaji lodgedhis family and treasure
    Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh and the Treaty of Purander was signed in
    1665.
    According to the treaty, Shivaji had to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35
    forts held by him.
    The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on condition of service and loyalty
    to Mughal Empire.
    As Shivaji asked to exempt him from personal service to the Mughals, his minor son
    Shambaji wasgranted a mansab of 5000
    Shivaji visited Agra in 1666 but he was imprisoned there. But, he managed to escape
    from prison andmade military preparations for another four years.
    Surat was plundered by him for the second time in 1670
    He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests
    In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the title Chatrapathi.
    Then he led an expedition into the Carnatic region and captured Ginjee and Vellore.
    After his return from this expedition, Shivaji died in 1680.

    Shivaji’s Administration

    He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan


    Peshwa – Finance and general administration. Later he became the prime
    minister.
    Sar-i-Naubator Senapati – Military commander, an honorary post
    Amatya – Accountant General.
    Waqenavis – Intelligence, posts and household affairs
    Sachiv – Correspondence.

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    Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.


    Nyayadish – Justice
    Panditarao – Charities and religious administration
    Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on the practices of the
    Deccan sultanates.
    The revenue system of Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar.
    Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi.
    He reduced the powers of the existing deshmuks and kulkarni
    He appointed his own revenue officials called karkuns.
    Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in
    the neighbouring territories of the Mughal Empire or Deccan sultanates
    Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the
    Maratha raids
    Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the
    Marathas claimed hereditary rights
    Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized
    The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by
    havaildars.
    Shivaji also maintained a navy
    The forts played an important role in the military operations of the Marathas
    By the end of his reign, Shivaji had about 240 forts
    Shivaji was really a constructive genius and nation-builder
    His rise from jagirdar to Chatrapathi was spectacular.

    Successors of Shivaji

    1. There ensued a war of succession after the death of Shivaji between his sons,
    Shambaji and Rajaram.
    2. Shambaji emerged victorious but later he was captured and executed by the Mughals
    3. He died at Satara.
    4. He was succeeded by his minor son Shivaji II with his mother Tara Bai as regent
    5. The next ruler was Shahu in whose reign the Peshwas rose to power

    The Peshwas (1713-1818)


    Balaji Viswanath (1713-1720)

    This document is a part of Daily Current Affairs Video Series for Prelims 2017. For more visit : www.edwitty.in
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    1. Balaji Viswanath began his career as a small revenue official and became Peshwa in
    1713
    2. As Peshwa, he made his position the most important and powerful as well as
    hereditary.
    3. He played a crucial role in the civil war and finally made Shahu as the Maratha ruler.

    Baji Rao I (1720-1740)

    Baji Rao was the eldest son of Balaji Viswanath


    He succeeded his father as Peshwa at the age young age of twenty.
    The Maratha power reached its zenith under him.
    He initiated the system of confederacy among the Maratha chiefs
    Under this system, each Maratha chief was assigned a territory which could be
    administered autonomously.
    As a result, many Maratha families became prominent and established their authority
    in different parts of India.
    As a result, many Maratha families became prominent and established their authority
    in different parts of India.
    They were the Gaekwad at Baroda, the Bhonsle at Nagpur, the Holkars at Indore, the
    Scindias at Gwalior, and the Peshwas at Poona

    Balaji Baji Rao (1740-1761)

    Balaji Baji Rao succeeded his father as Peshwa at the young age of nineteen.
    The Maratha king Shahu died in 1749 without issue
    His nominated successor Ramraja was imprisoned by the Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao at
    Satara.
    Peshwa gave assurance to the Mughal Emperor that he would protect the Mughal
    Empire from internal and external enemies
    For which the Chauth of the northwest provinces and the total revenue of the Agra
    and Ajmer provinces would be collected by the Marathas.
    Thus when Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded India, it became the responsibility of the
    Marathas to protect India.
    The Marathas fought very bravely against Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of
    Panipat in 1761.
    Balaji Baji Rao also died on hearing the sad end of this battle.

    This document is a part of Daily Current Affairs Video Series for Prelims 2017. For more visit : www.edwitty.in
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    This battle gave a death blow to the Maratha power

    The Marathas emerged a great power in India but they could not succeed in preventing
    the establishment of British power in India.

    The important causes for the downfall were that there was lack of unity among the Maratha
    chiefs like Holkar, Scindia and Bhonsle.

    This document is a part of Daily Current Affairs Video Series for Prelims 2017. For more visit : www.edwitty.in

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