Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 121 views

    Aluminium-Air Battery

    Uploaded by

    popularsoda

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Aluminium-Air Battery

    Uploaded by

    popularsoda
    121 views6 pages

    Original Title

    Aluminium–air battery

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    121 views6 pages

    Aluminium-Air Battery

    Uploaded by

    popularsoda

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 6

    Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in

    Article Talk Read Edit View history Search Wikipedia

    Aluminium–air battery
    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Main page For the rechargeable battery, see aluminium-ion battery.


    Contents Aluminium–air batteries (Al–air batteries) produce electricity
    Current events Aluminium–air battery
    from the reaction of oxygen in the air with aluminium. They have
    Random article Specific 1300 (practical), 6000/8000
    About Wikipedia
    one of the highest energy densities of all batteries, but they are energy (theoretical) W·h/kg[1]
    Contact us not widely used because of problems with high anode cost and
    Energy N/A
    Donate byproduct removal when using traditional electrolytes. This has density
    restricted their use to mainly military applications. However, an Specific 200 W/kg
    Contribute
    electric vehicle with aluminium batteries has the potential for up to power
    Help eight times the range of a lithium-ion battery with a significantly Nominal cell 1.2 V
    Learn to edit
    lower total weight.[1] voltage
    Community portal
    Recent changes Aluminium–air batteries are primary cells, i.e., non-rechargeable.
    Upload file Once the aluminium anode is consumed by its reaction with atmospheric oxygen at a cathode immersed in a
    water-based electrolyte to form hydrated aluminium oxide, the battery will no longer produce electricity.
    Tools
    However, it is possible to mechanically recharge the battery with new aluminium anodes made from recycling the
    What links here
    Related changes
    hydrated aluminium oxide. Such recycling would be essential if aluminium–air batteries were to be widely
    Special pages adopted.
    Permanent link Aluminium-powered vehicles have been under discussion for some decades.[2] Hybridisation mitigates the costs,
    Page information
    and in 1989 road tests of a hybridised aluminium–air/lead–acid battery in an electric vehicle were reported.[3]
    Cite this page
    Wikidata item
    An aluminium-powered plug-in hybrid minivan was demonstrated in Ontario in 1990.[4]
    In March 2013, Phinergy[5] released a video demonstration of an electric car using aluminium–air cells driven
    Print/export
    330 km using a special cathode and potassium hydroxide.[6] On May 27, 2013, the Israeli channel 10 evening
    Download as PDF news broadcast showed a car with Phinergy battery in the back, claiming 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) range
    Languages before replacement of the aluminum anodes is necessary.[7]
    ‫اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬ Contents [hide]
    Català
    Deutsch 1 Electrochemistry
    Español 2 Commercialization
    ‫ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ‬ 2.1 Issues
    Français 3 See also
    日本語 4 References
    Türkçe 5 External links
    中文
    Edit links
    Electrochemistry [edit]

    The anode oxidation half-reaction is Al + 3OH− → Al(OH)3 + 3e− -2.31 V.


    The cathode reduction half-reaction is O2 + 2H2O + 4e− → 4OH− +0.40 V.
    The total reaction is 4Al + 3O2 + 6H2O → 4Al(OH)3 + 2.71 V.
    About 1.2 volts potential difference is created by these reactions and is achievable in practice when potassium
    hydroxide is used as the electrolyte. Saltwater electrolyte achieves approximately 0.7 volts per cell.
    The specific voltage of the cell can vary in dependence of the composition of the electrolyte as well as the
    structure and materials of the cathode.

    Commercialization [edit]

    Issues [edit]
    Aluminium as a "fuel" for vehicles has been studied by Yang and Knickle.[1] In 2002, they concluded:

    The Al/air battery system can generate enough energy and power for driving ranges and
    acceleration similar to gasoline powered cars...the cost of aluminium as an anode can be as low as
    US$ 1.1/kg as long as the reaction product is recycled. The total fuel efficiency during the cycle
    process in Al/air electric vehicles (EVs) can be 15% (present stage) or 20% (projected),
    comparable to that of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEs) (13%). The design battery energy
    density is 1300 Wh/kg (present) or 2000 Wh/kg (projected). The cost of battery system chosen to
    evaluate is US$ 30/kW (present) or US$ 29/kW (projected). Al/air EVs life-cycle analysis was
    conducted and compared to lead/acid and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) EVs. Only the Al/air EVs can
    be projected to have a travel range comparable to ICEs. From this analysis, Al/air EVs are the most
    promising candidates compared to ICEs in terms of travel range, purchase price, fuel cost, and life-
    cycle cost.

    Technical problems remain to be solved to make Al–air batteries suitable for electric vehicles. Anodes made of
    pure aluminium are corroded by the electrolyte, so the aluminium is usually alloyed with tin or other elements.
    The hydrated alumina that is created by the cell reaction forms a gel-like substance at the anode and reduces
    the electricity output. This is an issue being addressed in the development work on Al–air cells. For example,
    additives that form the alumina as a powder rather than a gel have been developed.
    Modern air cathodes consist of a reactive layer of carbon with a nickel-grid current collector, a catalyst (e.g.,
    cobalt), and a porous hydrophobic PTFE film that prevents electrolyte leakage. The oxygen in the air passes
    through the PTFE then reacts with the water to create hydroxide ions. These cathodes work well but they can
    be expensive.
    Traditional Al–air batteries had a limited shelf life[8] because the aluminium reacted with the electrolyte and
    produced hydrogen when the battery was not in use–although this is no longer the case with modern designs.
    The problem can be avoided by storing the electrolyte in a tank outside the battery and transferring it to the
    battery when it is required for use.
    These batteries can be used, for example, as reserve batteries in telephone exchanges and as backup power
    sources.
    Aluminium–air batteries may become an effective solution for marine applications for their high energy density,
    low cost and the abundance of Aluminum, with no emissions at the point of use (boats and ships). Phinergy
    Marine,[9] RiAlAiR[10] and several other commercial companies are working on commercial and military
    application in the marine environment.

    See also [edit]


    List of battery types
    Zinc–air battery
    Potassium-ion battery
    Metal–air electrochemical cell
    Aluminum-ion battery
    Aluminum battery

    References [edit]
    1. ^a b c Yang, S. (2002). "Design and analysis of aluminum/air battery system for electric vehicles". Journal of
    Power Sources. 112: 162–201. Bibcode:2002JPS...112..162Y . doi:10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00370-1 .
    2. ^ "The Aluminum-Air Battery" . Papers.sae.org. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
    3. ^ "Demonstration of Aluminum-Air Fuel Cells in a Road Vehicle" . Papers.sae.org. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
    4. ^ Plug-in highway Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
    5. ^ "Phinergy, Home" . Phinergy.com. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
    6. ^ Phinergy corporate video on YouTube
    7. ^ Edelstein, Stephen. "Aluminum-Air Battery Developer Phinergy Partners With Alcoa" . Greencarreports.com.
    Retrieved 2014-04-28.
    8. ^ Aluminium/air batteries Archived January 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
    9. ^ "Phinergy Marine, Home" . Phinergy.com. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
    10. ^ "RiAlAiR, Home" . rialair.com. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
    External links [edit]
    Aluminum battery from Stanford offers safe alternative to conventional batteries
    Aluminium battery can charge phone in one minute, scientists say
    Simple homemade aluminum-air battery

    v· t· e Galvanic cells
    Voltaic pile · Battery (Flow battery · Trough battery) · Concentration cell ·
    Types
    Fuel cell · Thermogalvanic cell
    Alkaline · Aluminium–air · Bunsen · Chromic acid · Clark · Daniell · Dry ·
    Primary cell Edison–Lalande · Grove · Leclanché · Lithium · Lithium–air · Mercury ·
    (non-rechargeable) Metal-air battery · Nickel oxyhydroxide · Silicon–air · Silver oxide · Weston ·
    Zamboni · Zinc–air · Zinc–carbon
    Automotive · Lead–acid (gel / VRLA) · Lithium–air · Lithium ion
    (Lithium polymer · Lithium iron phosphate · Lithium titanate · Lithium–sulfur ·
    Dual carbon) · Metal-air battery · Molten salt · Nanopore · Nanowire ·
    Secondary cell Nickel–cadmium · Nickel–hydrogen · Nickel–iron · Nickel–lithium ·
    (rechargeable)
    Nickel–metal hydride · Nickel–zinc · Polysulfide bromide · Potassium ion ·
    Rechargeable alkaline · Silver zinc · Sodium ion · Sodium–sulfur ·
    Vanadium redox · Zinc–bromine · Zinc–cerium
    Other cell Solar cell · Fuel cell · Atomic battery
    Anode · Binder · Catalyst · Cathode · Electrode · Electrolyte · Half-cell · Ions ·
    Cell parts
    Salt bridge · Semipermeable membrane

    Categories: Electrochemical cells Aluminium Metal–air batteries Disposable batteries

    This page was last edited on 6 December 2020, at 00:25 (UTC).


    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you
    agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
    organization.

    Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement

    You might also like