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    Diodes: 1 Junction Diode (P-N Junction)

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    tiling_biling123
    1. A diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that allows current to flow easily in only one direction. It has low resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. 2. Diodes are used for rectification by allowing current to flow during one half of the input AC cycle and blocking it during the other half, converting AC to pulsing DC. Additional filtering with a capacitor is needed to produce smoother DC output. 3. A bridge rectifier circuit uses four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the input AC, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.

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    Diodes: 1 Junction Diode (P-N Junction)

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    tiling_biling123
    40 views13 pages
    1. A diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that allows current to flow easily in only one direction. It has low resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. 2. Diodes are used for rectification by allowing current to flow during one half of the input AC cycle and blocking it during the other half, converting AC to pulsing DC. Additional filtering with a capacitor is needed to produce smoother DC output. 3. A bridge rectifier circuit uses four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the input AC, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.

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    3-diode1

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    1. A diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that allows current to flow easily in only one direction. It has low resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. 2. Diodes are used for rectification by allowing current to flow during one half of the input AC cycle and blocking it during the other half, converting AC to pulsing DC. Additional filtering with a capacitor is needed to produce smoother DC output. 3. A bridge rectifier circuit uses four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the input AC, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views13 pages

    Diodes: 1 Junction Diode (P-N Junction)

    Uploaded by

    tiling_biling123
    1. A diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device that allows current to flow easily in only one direction. It has low resistance when forward biased and high resistance when reverse biased. 2. Diodes are used for rectification by allowing current to flow during one half of the input AC cycle and blocking it during the other half, converting AC to pulsing DC. Additional filtering with a capacitor is needed to produce smoother DC output. 3. A bridge rectifier circuit uses four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration to rectify both half cycles of the input AC, doubling the output voltage compared to a half-wave rectifier.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Diodes

    1 Junction diode (p-n junction)

    Fabrication

    By making a region of a semiconductor


    p-type and an adjacent region of n-type

    p n

    Circuit symbol

    Anode Cathode
    I-V Characteristics
    Depends on how the diode is biased

    Forward Bias If (mA) Si

    • • I
    If
    R

    0 V (V)
    ~ 0.5 ~ 0.7
    Knee voltage
    Knee Voltage: Voltage drop across a conducting diode
    Forward resistance ~ 1 – 10 Ω
    Reverse Bias

    PIV 0
    V V (V)
    IS
    • • I
    Ir
    R

    Ir (µA)

    PIV – peak inverse voltage

    Reverse voltage cannot exceed PIV (= Breakdown voltage VB)

    Reverse resistance ~ MΩ
    Ebers – Moll Equation
      qV  
    I = IS exp  − 1
      kT  

    Valid for both forward and reverse currents

    IS – Saturation current

    Depends on

    Geometrical characteristics (size, cross section etc.)

    Physical characteristics (doping, temperature etc.)

    If >> Ir for the same V (magnitude)

    Diode conducts only in the forward direction (p → n)


    A non-linear device
    Diode Applications
    1. Rectification
    Vin
    Half-wave rectifier
    VP
    D +
    +
    • ° Vout 0
    - -
    t
    I R
    Vin ~ L Vout

    VP'
    Vin = VP sin ωt 0 t

    Vout = Voltage across RL = IRL VP’ = VP – 0.7 V

    During (+) half cycle, diode forward biased; current flows


    During (–) half cycle, diode reverse biased; no current flows
    Mean Vout = VP’ / π
    Full-wave rectifier
    D1
    • When Vin (+), D1 conducts;
    D2 reverse biased
    RL Vout
    Vin ~ • When Vin (-), D2 conducts;
    D1 reverse biased

    D2

    Both cases, current through RL in the same direction

    Vout = IRL always (+)

    Only half of the secondary is used at any given time


    Vin Input/Output waveforms
    VP
    + +
    0 t
    - -
    Vout
    D1 D2 D1 D2
    VP’
    + VP’ = VP – 0.7 V
    + + +
    0 t

    Vout Observed waveform

    VP' Mean Vout = 2VP’ / π


    + + + +
    0 t
    How do you explain this?
    What is the maximum reverse voltage at diodes?
    Bridge Rectifier
    •
    D1
    D4

    Vin ~ •
    •

    D3 D2 RL
    •

    When Vin (+), D1 & D3 conduct; D2 & D4 reverse biased

    When Vin (-), D2 & D4 conduct; D1 & D3 reverse biased

    Current through RL always in the same direction


    Input/Output waveforms
    Vin

    VP
    + +
    0 t
    - -
    Vout D1,D3 D2,D4 D1D3 D2D4

    VP”
    + + + +
    0 t

    What is the value of VP” ?

    What is the maximum reverse voltage at diodes?


    Rectifier Outputs
    Vin Input
    VP
    + +
    t
    - -
    Vout
    Half-wave Outputs always (+)
    VP’
    + +
    But not constant
    t
    Full-wave Varies from 0 to VP’/VP”
    Vout
    Not good as dc sources
    VP”
    + + + + Smoothing is required
    t
    Smoothing
    Done by connecting a capacitor across the load

    Half-wave rectifier
    During the first half of the
    • • ° Vout
    (+) half cycle, capacitor gets
    Vin ~ RL C charged to VP’ = VP – 0.7 V

    During the next half cycle,


    it discharges through RL
    Vin
    VP During the next (+) half
    + + cycle it charges again
    0 t
    - - Charging/discharging
    cycle repeats
    Vin Smoothed waveform
    T Discharging
    VP
    + + V capacitor
    0 t V0
    Vout - -

    VP’ Vrip
    0 t 0 t
    t − t / RC
    V = V0e
    Vout ≈ VP’ (1 – t/RLC)
    ≈ V0(1 – t/RC)
    Vrip = VP’ – Vout = VPt/RLC

    ≈ VP’T/RLC (t = discharge time ~ T = 1/f)


    = VP’/fCRL
    Ripple can be reduced by using a larger capacitor
    Full-wave rectifier

    Vout

    VP” Vrip

    0 t
    t

    Vrip = VP” – Vout = VP”t/RLC

    ≈ VP” T/2RLC (t = discharge time ~ T/2 = 1/2f)

    = VP”/2fCRL ≈ VP/2fCRL

    = ½ Vrep of half-wave rectifier

    Mean dc voltage = VP” - ½Vrep = VP - ½Vrep

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