OIC751- TRANSDUCER ENGINEERING

UNIT-2
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSDUCERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Closeness of measured value to true value is _________________

Answer: a
Explanation: Accuracy of a measurement is defined by closeness of a measured value to true value.
2. _____________of a measuring system refers to its ability to follow instant by instant the measurand
with time.
a) Bandwidth
b) Fidelity
c) Measurement lag
d) Settling time

Answer: b
Explanation: Fidelity of a measuring system or transducer refers to its ability to follow instant by instant the
variations of measurand with time.
3. For a measuring system, dynamic sensitivity is required to be ________ of static sensitivity.
a) ±2%
b) ±5%
c) ±10%
d) ±20%

Answer: a
Explanation: For a measuring system, tolerated variation of dynamic sensitivity is only ±2% of static sensitivity.
That is dynamic sensitivity should be minimum.
4. What is the span of an instrument, operating under a bias which read a value from 230V to 450V only?
a) 450
b) 220
c) 230
d) 400

Answer: b
Explanation: Span of an instrument is the difference between upper and lower calibrated values. Hence, span in
this case is 450 – 230 = 220.
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5. Given input out characteristic of a typical system, name the region marked as ‘a’.

a) Dead zone
b) Range
c) Drift region
d) Threshold

Answer: a
Explanation: Dead zone is the region in which output starts responding to input. It is marked as region a, below
which there is no output for input.
6. What will be the ratio of amplitudes of largest (maximum) signal to smallest (minimum) signal to
which the system is subjected?
a) Time constant
b) Settling period
c) Dynamic range
d) Bandwidth

Answer: c
Explanation: Ratio of amplitude of a large signal to small signal is termed as a dynamic range of the system.
7. For a Measurement, indicated value is 225V while true value if 226V. What will be the static error of an
instrument?
a) 1V
b) -1V
c) 0.5V
d) -0.5V

Answer: b
Explanation: Static error is the difference between a measured value and true value of a measurement. Here
measured value is 225V while true value is 226V.

8. What is the relation between static error and static correction?

Answer: a
Explanation: From the definition of static correction and static error, it is clear they both are negative to each
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other.
Static correction = (true value – indicated value) = – (static error).
9. What is the term used to express the ability of a measuring system to maintain its standard
performance?
a) Zero stability
b) Stability
c) Sensitivity
d) Linearity

Answer: b
Explanation: Stability of a system is defined as the ability to maintain its standard performance over prolonged
time. Transducers and systems with high stability need not be calibrated.
10. What is ‘live zero’?
a) Output zero for zero input
b) Output non zero for zero input
c) Output null for all input
d) Output unpredictable

Answer: b
Explanation: Live zero is a term used to describe a system in which output has a nonzero value for zero input.
11. Which of the given statement is true for a zero-order system?
a) Varying transfer function with time
b) Constant transfer function
c) Transfer function = 1/S
d) Transfer function = 1/s2

Answer: b
Explanation: Order of a system is the maximum power of ‘S’ in the characteristic equation. For a zero-order
system, S will have a power zero and Transfer function will be a constant value.
12. Which of the given factor determines the order of a system?
a) Maximum power of ‘S’ in the characteristic equation
b) Minimum power of ‘S’ in the characteristic equation
c) Value of constant value
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Explanation: Maximum power of ‘S’ in the characteristic equation is known as an order of that system. For a
zero-order system, power of ‘S’ will be zero and for first-order system maximum power of ‘S’ will be one.

13. Transfer function of a system is given by G(S) = b0 ⁄ a1S+a0. What will be the static sensitivity of
system?
a) b0 ⁄ a0
b) b0 ⁄ a1
c) a0 ⁄ b0
d) a1 ⁄ b0
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Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function can be converted into G(S) = K ⁄ (τS+1), in which K is known as static
sesistivity of system. Thus K can be expressed as a ratio of b0 and a0.

14. What will be the time constant for a system represented by transfer function G(S) = 5/(3S+2)?
a) 3
b) 2.5
c) 1.5
d) 2

Answer: c
Explanation: Transfer function can be represented as G(S) = K/(τS+1), in which time τ represents time constant.
Time constant=3/2.
15. What will be the damping ratio of a system with transfer function G(S) = 5/(3S 2+2S+3)?
a) 1.5
b) 0.5
c) 0.33
d) 2

Answer: c
Explanation: Damping ratio of a system with transfer function G(S) = b0 ⁄ (a2S2+a1S+a0), can be found using
equation a1 ⁄ (2√ a0a2). Damping ratio of given system will obtain as 0.333.
16. Which of the following represent condition for an over-damped system?
a) Damping ratio<0
b) Damping ratio=0
c) Damping ratio=0.5
d) Damping ratio>1

Answer: d
Explanation: A system with damping ratio ξ greater than 1 is said to be over damped system.
17. Which of the following represents a system with transfer function G(S) = 5/(3S 2+8S+3) ?
a) Over damped system
b) Un-damped system
c) Under damped system
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Explanation: Damping ratio of a second order system can be found using equation a 1/(2√a0a2) which is equal to
1.33. For a damping ratio greater than 1, system will be over damped system.

18. For a ramp input in second order system, which of the following represents the correct relationship
between natural frequency and steady state error?
a) Both are directly proportional
b) Both are inversely proportional
c) Both are equal
d) None of the mentioned
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Answer: b
Explanation: Steady state error for second order system with ramp input can be represented as 2ξK/ω n, where
ωn represents natural frequency.

19. What will be the static sensitivity of a system with transfer function G(S) = 4/(5S2+8S+2)?
a) 0.5
b) 2
c) 4
d) 4/5

Answer: b
Explanation: Static sensitivity of a system with transfer function G(S) = b0/(a2S2+a1S+a0) can be represented as
b0/a0.
20. Transfer function of a system with input y(t) = t 2/2 is given by 1/S. What will be the obtained output?
a) 6t3
b) t3/6
c) t3
d) t4

Answer: b
Explanation: Transfer function of a system is the ratio of output and input of the system in S domain.
Output (in S domain) = Transfer function × Input (in S domain). Output in the time domain can be obtained by
finding inverse Laplace transform.

2-Marks
21. Electrical network made up of resistor and inductor is a ________________
a) Passive network
b) Active network
c) Low pass filter
d) High pass filter

Answer: a
Explanation: Resistor and Inductor are passive electrical components, and the network made up of passive
components can be termed as a passive network.
22. Resistor is a ________________ element.
a) Zero order
b) First order
c) Second order
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Explanation: For a zero order system transfer function will be constant and the resistor can be categorized as
zero order system.
R(S) = (V(S))/(I(S)).
23. What is the time constant for a resistor-capacitor network?
a) R
b) C
c) R/C
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d) RC

Answer: d
Explanation: For an R-C network, the time constant is the product of resistance and capacitance values.
24. Cascading two first-order system doesn’t result in under-damped second order system.
a) True
b) False

Answer: a
Explanation: When two first order systems are cascaded, it produces second order critically damped or over
damped system only.
25. Which of the following has transfer function G(S) = 1/(1+Sτ)?
a) First order low pass filter
b) First order high pass filter
c) Notch filter
d) None of the mentioned

Answer: a
Explanation: Transfer function of a low-pass RC filter can be found as G(S) = 1/(1+SRC). Where time constant
τ=RC.
26. In which of the following categories RLC network can be included?
a) Zero-order system
b) First-order system
c) Second-order system
d) Third-order system

Answer: c
Explanation: Transfer function of RLC circuit is 1/(s2 LC+sRC+1), in which the highest power of ‘S’ is two and
system is second-ordered system.
27. For an RC network with R=1KΩ and C=100µF. What will be the time constant of a system?
a) 0.1
b) 1
c) 10
d) 0.01

Answer: a
Explanation: Time constant of an RC network is the product of resistance and capacitance values.
28. What is the Laplace transform of the component inductor?
a) sL
b) L
c) L/s
d) s2L

Answer: a
Explanation: Relation between current flowing and voltage developed across an inductor is given by VL =
L(dI(t))/dt and converting into Laplace domain and applying initial conditions to zero, we get
V(s) = L I(s).
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29. How we can express Laplace transform of component capacitor?
a) Cs
b) C
c) 1/sC
d) 1/C

Answer: c
Explanation: Relation for a capacitor is given as 1/C ∫ 0τi(t)dt, converting it to Laplace domain and applying zero
initial conditions we get 1/sC.

30. What is the natural frequency of RLC circuit?

Answer: d
Explanation: Transfer function of RLC circuit is 1/(s2 LC+sRC+1), while general equation of a second order
system is1/(s2+2δωn s+ωn2). From the relation, ωn2=1/LC and we obtain natural frequency.
31. Which of the following represents Laplace transform of ramp signal?
a) 1⁄S3
b) 1⁄S2
c) 1⁄S
d) 1

Answer: b
Explanation: Ramp function is given as r (t) = t for all t >0. Its Laplace transform gives 1⁄S2.
Laplace transform can be found by:
∫0∞r(t)e-stdt.
32. What does this function represents?

a) u (t)
b) u (t-2)
c) u (t+2)
d) u (-t)

Answer: b
Explanation: Given diagram represents a step function, which is shifted to right by two units and can write as
u(t-2).
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33. Laplace transform function f (t) is F(S), then how will you represent Laplace transform for differential
of f (t)?
a) S⁄F(S)
b) F(S)
c) S.F(S)
d) F’(S)

Answer: c
Explanation: This is obtained by time differential property of Laplace transform.

34. How will you obtain a given function from unit step signals?

f (t) = 1 for -1≤t≤1

0 otherwise

a) u (t) – u (t+2)
b) u (t+1) – u (t-1)
c) u (t+1) + u(t-1)
d) 2.u (t)

Answer: b
Explanation: Given expression cancels common region in two functions, and the remaining will be function of
our interest. u(t+1) is step signal with one unit left shifted, and u(t-1) is step signal with one unit right shifted.
35. How will you represent given function?

a) u (t)
b) eat.u(t)
c) e-at.u(t)
d) eat.r(t)

Answer: c
Explanation: Given function is a decreasing exponential with initial amplitude one, where u(t) represents step
function. u(t) gives initial amplitude and negative power of exponential gives a negative slop to function.
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36. Which of the following function is represented using a given condition?

f (t) = 1 for t=0

0 otherwise

Step function
b) Sine function
c) Ramp function
d) Impulse function

Answer: d
Explanation: Impulse signal has a value only at t=0 and has zero value otherwise. Unit impulse function will
have amplitude one at time t=0.

37. What is the result of the expression f(t)= u (t+2) – u (t-3)?

Answer: a
Explanation: u (t) is step function, and subtracting two shifted step functions will cancel their common region
and produces new function. u(t+2) is a step signal with two units shifted left side and u(t-3) is a step signal with
three units shifted right side.
38. Transfer function of a system is given by 1/S. If system has a step input, what will be the output in time
domain?(Function exist only for positive time value)
a) Step signal
b) Impulse signal
c) Sinusoidal signal
d) Ramp signal

Answer: d
Explanation: Transfer function is ratio of Output to Input and hence Output can be obtained as a product of
transfer function and input, which gives 1/S 2. For a positive sided signal using inverse Laplace transform,
output is obtained as ramp signal.
39. Function f (t) has Laplace transform F(S). How will you represent Laplace transform of integral of f(t)?
a) S.F(S)
b) F(S)
c) F(S2)
d) F(S)⁄S

Answer: d
Explanation: This is obtained by integration property of Laplace transform.
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40. Which of the following represents Laplace transform of sinh(at)?
a) a⁄(S2+a2)
b) a⁄(S2-a2)
c) S⁄(S2+a2)
d) S⁄(S2-a2)

Answer: b
Explanation: Given function represents hyperbolic sine function. Hyperbolic sine function can be represented as
sinhx= (ex-e-x)⁄2. Applying Laplace transform equation to this expression, we obtain Laplace transform of
hyperbolic sine function.