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    EEE 132 / ETE 132 Introduction To Materials and Chemistry

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    MD. SHAEKH ZAHAB CHOWDHURY
    This document discusses the organization and trends of the periodic table. It explains that the periodic table is organized into vertical columns called groups that contain elements with similar properties. The horizontal rows are called periods that contain elements with the same number of outer shell electrons. Across periods, atomic size decreases and ionization energy increases as the core charge increases. Down groups, atomic size increases and ionization energy decreases as the attraction between electrons and nucleus weakens. Electronegativity also decreases down groups as electrons are farther from the nucleus. Metals are on the left side and are reactive, while nonmetals are on the right side and gain electrons. Noble gases do not react as they have a full outer shell.

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    EEE 132 / ETE 132 Introduction To Materials and Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    MD. SHAEKH ZAHAB CHOWDHURY
    44 views29 pages
    This document discusses the organization and trends of the periodic table. It explains that the periodic table is organized into vertical columns called groups that contain elements with similar properties. The horizontal rows are called periods that contain elements with the same number of outer shell electrons. Across periods, atomic size decreases and ionization energy increases as the core charge increases. Down groups, atomic size increases and ionization energy decreases as the attraction between electrons and nucleus weakens. Electronegativity also decreases down groups as electrons are farther from the nucleus. Metals are on the left side and are reactive, while nonmetals are on the right side and gain electrons. Noble gases do not react as they have a full outer shell.

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    EEE13201- Lecture 3

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    This document discusses the organization and trends of the periodic table. It explains that the periodic table is organized into vertical columns called groups that contain elements with similar properties. The horizontal rows are called periods that contain elements with the same number of outer shell electrons. Across periods, atomic size decreases and ionization energy increases as the core charge increases. Down groups, atomic size increases and ionization energy decreases as the attraction between electrons and nucleus weakens. Electronegativity also decreases down groups as electrons are farther from the nucleus. Metals are on the left side and are reactive, while nonmetals are on the right side and gain electrons. Noble gases do not react as they have a full outer shell.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    44 views29 pages

    EEE 132 / ETE 132 Introduction To Materials and Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    MD. SHAEKH ZAHAB CHOWDHURY
    This document discusses the organization and trends of the periodic table. It explains that the periodic table is organized into vertical columns called groups that contain elements with similar properties. The horizontal rows are called periods that contain elements with the same number of outer shell electrons. Across periods, atomic size decreases and ionization energy increases as the core charge increases. Down groups, atomic size increases and ionization energy decreases as the attraction between electrons and nucleus weakens. Electronegativity also decreases down groups as electrons are farther from the nucleus. Metals are on the left side and are reactive, while nonmetals are on the right side and gain electrons. Noble gases do not react as they have a full outer shell.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    EEE 132 / ETE 132 Introduction to

    Materials and Chemistry

    Kazi Naziba Tahsin


    Lecturer
    School of Engineering and Computer Science
    Independent University, Bangladesh
    • c
    Organisation of the periodic table
    • The vertical columns of the table are called groups or families.
    Element in the same group have similar but not identical
    characteristics
    • Numbered from 1 to 18.
    • Elements in the same group have the same number of outer shell
    electrons, and hence similar chemical properties.
    Organisation of the periodic table
    • The horizontal rows of the table are called periods.
    • Numbered from 1 to 7.
    • Each contains elements with electrons in the same outer shell.
    The trends of the periodic table
    • All elements in the same Group of the Periodic
    Table have the same outer shell electron
    configuration.

    • All elements in the same Period of the Periodic


    Table have outer shell electrons filling the same
    shell.
    Types of elements
    • There are three main types of elements: metals, non metals and metalloids
    • 1. Metals appear on the left hand side of the zig zag line that separates the periodic
    table
    • 2. Non metals appear on the right hand side of the zig zag line that separates the
    periodic table
    • 3. Elements on either side of the zigzag line have properties of both
    • metals and non-metals. These elements are called metalloids.
    • x
    Metals
    • Most elements are metals. 88 elements to the left of the stairstep line
    are metals or metal like elements.
    • Left side of the periodic table
    • Positive valencies

    Physical Properties of Metals:


    • Luster (shininess)
    • Good conductors of heat and electricity
    • High density (heavy for their size)
    • High melting point
    • Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)
    • Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)

    Chemical Properties of Metals:


    • Easily lose electrons
    • Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual wearing away.
    (Example: silver tarnishing and iron rusting)
    Non-metals
     Nonmetals are found to the right of the stairstep line. Their
    characteristics are opposite those of metals.
    Physical Properties of Nonmetals:
     No luster (dull appearance)
     Poor conductor of heat and electricity
     Brittle (breaks easily)
     Not ductile
     Not malleable
     Low density
     Low melting point
    Chemical Properties of Nonmetals:
     Tend to gain electrons
     Since metals tend to lose electrons and nonmetals tend to gain
    electrons, metals and nonmetals like to form compounds with each
    other. These compounds are called ionic compounds. When two or
    more nonmetals bond with each other, they form a covalent
    compound.
    Block Part of Similarities in Elements
    Periodic Table
    Groups 1 and 2 Outer shell electrons are in the s subshell (s1
    s and s2)

    Groups 13 to 18 Outer shell electrons are in the p subshell


    p (s2p1 to s2p2)

    Transition metals – The d subshell is being progressively filled


    d Groups 3 to 12 (d1s2 to d10s2)

    Lanthanides and The f subshell is being progressively filled


    f Actinides
    Atomic properties
    • Many properties of atoms depend on the strength of
    attraction between the outer shell electrons and the
    nucleus
    • This attraction will depend on
    1. The positive charge that attracts the other shell
    electrons
    2. The distance of electrons from the nucleus
    In groups determine what will happen to each of these properties
    across a period and down a group

    • Core Charge: The attraction that an outer shell


    electron feels towards the nucleus
    • Atomic Size: Diameter of an atom
    • Ionisation Energy: Minimum amount of energy
    required to remove the highest energy electron from
    an atom (energy to steal an electron).
    • Electronegativity: Measure of the ability of an atom
    to attract an electron towards itself. (love of electrons)
    Core Charge
    What is it?
    The attraction that an outer shell
    electron feels towards the nucleus.
    What happens down a group?
    Constant
    In the Alkaline metals there is always one electron in the outer shell.
    What happens across a period?
    Increases; there are more electrons in the outer shell which are greatly attracted
    to the nucleus.
    Lithium has one electron in its outer shell and this is attracted to the protons in the
    nucleus. The outer shell electron does not feel the full attraction of the nucleus
    and therefore has a core charge of +1
    Chlorine has 7 electrons in its outer shell
    What would its core charge be?
    Across a period the core charge changes from +1 ,+ 2, +3, +4 etc.
    Atomic Size or Radius
    What is it?
    Diameter of atom
    What happens down a group?
    Increases
    since there is an increase in the number of shells.
    What happens across a period?
    Decreases
    since there is an increase in core charge, the outer shell
    electrons are attracted closer to the nucleus (it’s the same
    shell but there are more electrons in the shell as you move
    across the period)
    Atomic radius decreases across a period

    x
    Trends in Ionisation energy
    The ionization energy is the amount of energy it takes to
    detach one electron from a neutral atom
    Or How much energy it takes to steal an electron!!
    If its easy to steal a electron it has low ionisation energy
    If its hard to steal an electron it has a high ionisation energy
    The smaller the atom the harder to steal an electron
    The larger the atom the easier it is to steal an electron
    e
    ee e e e e
    Ionisation Energy e
    What is it?
    Amount of energy required to
    remove the highest energy electron
    from an atom. (or steal one electron)
    What happens down a group?
    Decreases; since the size of the atom is increasing, the
    attraction is weaker between the outer shell electrons
    and the nucleus. Therefore electrons are easier to
    remove.
    What happens across a period?
    Increases; since there is an increase in core charge, the
    attraction is greater between the outer shell electrons
    and the nucleus. Therefore electrons are harder to
    remove.
    As the period begins it does not take a lot of energy to remove an electron
    from Li but as you go across the period it takes more and more energy to take
    an electron away
    b
    Electronegativity
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93G_FqpGFGY
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-hEkyYUXSo
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4WEqWlp29U
    Electronegativity
    What is it?
    Measure of the ability of an atom to attract an electron
    towards itself or love of electrons!
    What happens down a group?
    Decreases; since the electrons are further from the
    nucleus, there is a weaker attraction
    What happens across a period?
    Increases; since there is an increase in core charge, there
    is a greater attraction of the outer shell electrons to the
    nucleus.
    c
    Reactivity of Metals
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVoJZkmAAfA (Group 1 in water)
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V2TimLxskZw (Magnesium in water)
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nSgIr1Wba_g&feature=related (Calcium in water)

    Group One (Alkaline Metals) are more reactive than Group 2 (Alkaline Earths)
    As you go down a group metals become more reactive
    This happens because as you go down a group atoms get larger and metals tend
    to donate electrons in reactions.
    Reactivity of Non metals
    Look at table 3.3 to see which Halogen is most reactive
    Reactivity decreases down the group
    Why? Think about atomic properties
    Non metals tend to form negative ions (they gain electrons from other atoms)
    Electronegativity or love of electrons is strongest with Fluorine and decreases
    down the group.
    Noble Gases
    • Found in group 18 (the last
    column of the periodic table.)
    • Do not react easily with other
    elements, as they have a full
    outer shell.
    Thank You

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