Practices For Prevention, Therapy of Primary Dysmenorrhoea: Research Article

Research Article J Gynecol Women’s Health
Volume 1 Issue 3 - August 2016 Copyright © All rights are reserved by S Chhabra
Practices for Prevention, Therapy of Primary

Dysmenorrhoea
S Chhabra* and S Gokhale
Obstetrics Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, India
Submission: July 23, 2016; Published: August 08, 2016
*Corresponding author: S Chhabra, Director Professor, Obstetrics Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram-
442102, Wardha, Maharashtra, India.
Abstract
Background: Dysmenorrhea is very common gynaecologic disorder which distresses girls, curbs their daily activities, causes social
withdrawal. Girls use all sorts of remedies, some on their own, due to practices in family, some after consultation.
Objectives: Present prospective study was carried out with aim of knowing remedies used, including change in life style for prevention,
treatment of dysmenorrhea.
Materials & Methods: Post menarcheal adolescent girls (282) from four schools, around institution, and 100 first year medical/nursing
students of study place, were randomly interviewed.
Results: Among school girls 197 (69.85%) had dysmenorrhoea, 74.5 % of 185 urban, 60.82% of 97 rural. Of medical/nursing students
65.75% of 73 urban, 51.85 % of 27 rural students, reported dysmenorrhoea. Overall 197 school girls had dysmenorrhoea, 60(30.45%) of
197 school girls said pain was aggravated with everyday work. Of 118 between 14-15 yrs, 81(68.64%) resorted to rest, 19 (16.10%) to hot
fomentation and 10(8.4%) analgesics. Other methods used were lying down prone, doing yogic exercises, putting asafetida in naval region
and drinking milk with turmeric. There was no difference in practices in different economic classes, 76% girls from upper, upper-middle class,
69.35% of lower class resorted to rest. Analgesics were used by 8.1% from upper, upper-middle class, 8.9% of lower class. However more of
lower economic class girls resolved to kitchen medicine, 8.9% against 2.7% upper class.
Among nursing/medical students, 48.38% with dysmenorrhoea reported that pain was aggravated by exercise like jogging, aerobics
which they abandoned during menstruation, 25.80% reported aggravation with walking, climbing stairs, 19.35% with any work. Overall most
girls reported that work, exercise aggravated and rest relieved pain. Of medical/nursing students, 79.03% resorted to analgesics and 19.35%
to rest for pain relief. Of 29 medical/nursing students of 21-22 years with dysmenorrhea, 16(55.17%) reported pain aggravated with exercise,
5(17%) daily work, 5(17%) while walking. No nursing /medical student reported having consulted doctor for dysmenorrhoea, although self
medication, analgesics were used by 79% (49 of 62). Of school girls 9.42% (13 of 138) urban, 3 of 59(5.08%) rural had sought help from
doctor. However 7(16.66%) out of 42 school girls with severe pain, (on a scale of 3), 12 (10%) out of 120 with moderate pain and 3 (8.5%) out
of 35 with mild pain had sought help from nurses, teachers, village health workers, traditional birth attendants (TBA) and quacks.
Overall of 282 school girls, 207 (73%) did not alter their food habits during menstruation, 168(81.15%) had dysmenorrhoea .Seventy
five (27%) girls changed their diet as per family practices, 29 (38.6%) of them reported dysmenorrhoea. Of 100 medical/nursing students,
53 (53%) did not change food habits, 47 (49%) had dysmenorrhoea and 47(47%) avoided certain food items to prevent pain and reduce
bleeding, 15 (32%) of them had dysmenorrhoea.
Conclusion: Dysmenorrhoea is highly prevalent in adolescents and lots of learning/working hrs are lost. Simple measures are taken
as family practices. Since dietary, life style changes during menstruation were reported to be beneficial in reducing pain ,even blood loss,
research is needed which will not only help in prevention, treatment of dysmenorrhoea but might provide information which may be useful
for other disorders . Also research with reverse pharmacology needs to be explored.
Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea; Practices; Prevention; Therapies
Background
the last decade, substantial progress has been made towards
Primary dysmenorrhea, pain during menstruation in the
understanding the nature and the potential management of
absence of any identifiable pelvic disorder is the most common
dysmenorrhea; however it still manages to confound clinicians
menstrual disorder and is reported to occur in 30 to 50% of young
[4]. Disappointed clinicians tend to adopt a nihilistic approach
women; though the real numbers are not known [1-3]. During
even when dysmenorrhoea is severe, dismiss the disorder as a
J Gynecol Women’s Health1(3): JGWH.MS.ID.555563 (2016) 001

Journal of Gynecology and Women’s Health
normal physiological event and even label the girls as neurotic. nursing students, 10 were from upper EC, 32 from upper-middle,
Although it is only temporarily disabling, its regularity, frequency 45 from middle and 13 from lower-middle class, no one was from
and effects make it worthy of renewed appraisal. lower EC. All medical and nursing students were of 18 to 25 years,
73 belonged to cities, 48(65.75%) of them and 14(51.85%) of
Objective 27 rural had dysmenorrhoea (P=0.203 insignificant difference).
Prospective study was carried out with the objective of Of total 62 medical /nursing students with dysmenorrhea,
knowing modalities used by young girls for prevention and 29(80.56%) of 36 of 21-22 years, 20(52.63%) of 38 of 19-20
treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. years, 9 (81.81%) of 11 of 23-24 years and 4 (26.66%) of 15 were
around 18 years.
Materials & Methods
Four schools, in and around Sevagram were chosen randomly Results
looking at the access and necessary approvals were taken. Post Of 282 school girls interviewed, 197 (69.86%) had
menarcheal girls, making a total of 282 coming from villages and dysmenorrhoea. Sixty (30.45%) of those with dysmenorrhea
townships of age between 12-19 years were interviewed with the reported that pain got aggravated with everyday work,
help of a predesigned, pretested tool for collecting information 19(31.08%) of 61 girls of the upper and middle EC, 18 (30.08%)
about treatment/advice sought, dietary habits for prevention and/ of 62 of lower EC. Overall 41 (20.81%) of 197 girls reported that
or treatment of dysmenorrhoea. For detail analysis the girls were they had pain with exercises like skipping, physical training, drills
divided according to the presence or absence of dysmenorrhoea. and 25(12.6%) said even with walking (Table 1). Of 118 school
Of 282 school girls, 197(69.86%) had dysmenorrhoea, of 185 girls of 14-15 yrs, 81(68.64%) resorted to rest, 19(16.10%) to
urban 138(74.5) and of 97 rural, 59 (60.82%) (P<0.016 significant hot fomentation and 10(8.4%) to analgesics for pain relief. Of
difference) Of 197 girls with dysmenorrhoea, 29(14.7) were of 12- 13 upper-middle EC, 10(76%), 43 of 62(69.35%) of lower EC
13 years, 118(59.89%) 14-15 years, 40 (20.30%) 16-17 years and reported pain relief with rest. Other methods used were lying
10(5.07%) 18-19 years. Three (1.06%) were from upper economic down prone, yogic exercises, putting asafetida in naval region and
class, 13(6.5%) upper-middle, 58(29.44%) middle, (30.96%) drinking milk with turmeric (Table 2).
lower-middle and 62(31.47%) lower EC. Out of 100 medical and
Table 1: Age, socio-economic status and factor.
Relieving factors
*SES DA*** Total
Age (yrs) Rest FM** Analgesics Others
12-13 0 0 1 0 0 1
14-15 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upper
16-17 2 0 0 0 0 2
18-19 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 1 1 0 0 3 5
14-15 8 1 0 0 0 9
Upper-middle
16-17 1 0 0 0 1 2
18-19 1 0 0 0 0 1
10-11 0 0 0 0 1 1
12-13 0 2 0 2 11 24
Middle 14-15 25 5 3 2 14 49
16-17 5 2 2 0 1 10
18-19 0 0 1 0 0 1
12-13 4 1 1 2 1 9
14-15 24 7 3 2 16 52
Lower-middle
16-17 9 3 2 0 2 16
18-19 2 1 0 0 0 3
12-13 3 1 0 1 7 12
14-15 24 6 4 4 23 61
Lower
16-17 13 0 1 0 4 18
18-19 3 2 0 0 1 6
Total 134 32 18 13 85 282
How to cite this article: S Chhabra, S Gokhale. Practices for Prevention, Therapy of Primary Dysmenorrhoea. J Gynecol Women’s Health. 2016; 1(3):
002
555563. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2016.01.555563
Releiving pain among school girls.

*SES: Socioeconomic Status; **FM: Fomentation; ***DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent
Table 2: Age, Socio-Economic Status and Factors.

Aggravating Factors
*SES Age (yrs) DA*** Total
Exercise Walk Food HB** Work Other
12-13 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
14-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upper
16-17 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2
18-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 5
14-15 2 4 1 0 2 0 0 9
Upper-middle
16-17 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2
18-19 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
12-13 1 9 0 1 1 1 11 24
Middle 14-15 12 7 2 1 12 0 14 49
16-17 1 2 0 1 5 0 1 10
18-19 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
12-13 0 5 0 0 2 0 1 0
Lower-middle 14-15 7 14 3 1 11 1 16 52
16-17 3 5 0 1 4 0 2 16
18-19 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 3
12-13 1 3 0 0 1 1 7 12
14-15 4 16 1 3 13 0 23 61
Lower
16-17 5 4 2 0 3 0 4 18
18-19 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 6
Total 41 25 9 8 60 5 85 282
Aggravating Pain among School Girls.
*SES: Socioeconomic Status; **HB: Hot Beverages; ***DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent
Table 3: Age, Socio-Economic Status and Factors Aggravating Pain among Medical and Nursing Students.
Aggravating Factors
SES Age (years) DA** Total
Exercise Walk HB* Work Other
<18-18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19-20 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Upper
21-22 0 1 0 0 0 1 2
23-24 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
<18-18 1 1 0 1 0 2 5
19-20 2 4 0 0 0 4 10
Upper-middle
21-22 1 1 0 1 0 1 4
23-24 0 1 0 1 0 2 4
<18-18 1 0 0 1 0 4 6
19-20 3 5 0 2 1 2 13
Middle
21-22 8 0 1 1 0 4 14
23-24 2 0 0 1 0 2 5
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555563. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2016.01.555563
<18-18 3 3 0 2 1 2 11
Lower- 19-20 6 0 0 1 0 4 11
middle 21-22 2 0 0 1 0 6 9
23-24 0 0 0 0 1 3 4
Total 30 16 1 12 3 38 100
*HB: Hot Beverages; **DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent

Table 4: Age, Socio-Economic Status and Factors.
Relieving Factors
SES Age (years) DA** Total
Rest HOTFM.* Analgesics
<18-18 0 0 0 0 0
19-20 0 0 1 1 2
Upper
21-22 0 0 2 0 2
23-24 0 0 1 0 1
<18-18 0 0 0 1 1
19-20 1 0 0 3 4
Upper-middle
21-22 0 0 2 1 3
23-24 0 0 0 2 2
<18-18 1 0 0 2 3
19-20 4 1 13 6 24
Middle
21-22 3 0 5 9 17
23-24 0 0 3 3 6
<18-18 1 0 1 2 4
19-20 2 0 6 4 12
Lower Middle
21-22 0 0 12 3 15
23-24 0 0 3 1 4
Total 12 1 49 38 100
Releiving Pain among Medical and Nursing Students.
*HOTFM: Hot Fomentation; **DA: Dysmenorrhoa Absent
Of 62 medical/nursing students with dysmenorrhea, 30 There was not much difference in modalities adopted for
(48.38%) reported pain aggravated with exercises, like jogging pain relief in various EC, 76% school girls from upper and upper-
and aerobics which they abandoned during menstruation, 16 middle EC resorted to rest and 69.35% of lower EC also resorted
(25.80%) reported aggravation of pain even with walking, to rest. Analgesics were used by 8.1% of upper and upper-middle
climbing stairs and 12 (19.35%) with any work. Of 29 medical/ EC and 8.9% lower EC girls. However, lower EC girls resorted
nursing students, of 21-22 yrs age, 16(55.17%) reported pain more often to kitchen medicine, 8.9% against, 2.7% from upper EC
aggravated with exercise, 5(17%) daily work and 5(17%) while girls (significant difference p<0.05). The type of self medication
walking. Other factors reported to be aggravating pain were varied from inserting asafetida in naval region, drinking milk
standing for long hours and also lying down in supine position. with turmeric, chewing aniseeds, king’s cumin with sugar. More
Twenty six of 21-22 yrs (90%) took analgesics for pain relief. of medical and nursing students resorted to analgesics (79.03%),
Out of 100 medical/nursing students, 62 had dysmenorrhoea, rest (19.35%).
and 49(79.03%) took analgesics, some in anticipation (Table 3 &
Only 13 (6.59%) of 197 urban school girls and 3(3.19%)
4). Overall most girls said that rest relieved their pain and work,
of 97 rural school girls had sought help from a doctor, however
exercise aggravated it. So quite often they missed school and
14(14.43%) rural and 6(3.2%) urban girls had consulted either
college during menstruation.
nurses or teachers or village health worker, traditional birth
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attendant and quacks of the village (Table 5).

Table 5: Age, Socio-Economic Status, Rural, Urban Status and Consultation Sought among School Girls.
Consultation Sought
SES Age (Yrs) No Doctor Others Total
Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Upper 14-15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
16-17 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
18-19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 3 1 0 0 1 0 5
Upper-middle 14-15 1 7 1 1 0 0 10
16-17 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
18-19 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
10-11 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
12-13 6 15 1 0 2 1 25
Middle 14-15 10 33 0 1 2 2 48
16-17 3 6 0 1 0 0 10
18-19 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 0 8 0 0 0 1 9
Middle-lower 14-15 14 32 0 3 3 0 52
16-17 4 11 0 0 1 0 16
18-19 0 3 0 0 0 0 3
10-11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
12-13 0 11 0 0 0 1 12
Lower 14-15 26 26 1 4 4 1 62
16-17 10 4 0 2 1 0 17
18-19 0 06 0 0 0 0 6
Total 80 166 3 13 14 6 282
Of 282 girls, 207 (73%) did not alter their food habits during it created a sense of well being) and 4 consumed more spicy food
menstruation from their usual, 168 (81.15%) of them had (believed to improve their poor appetite during menstruation).
dysmenorrhoea compared to 29 (38.6% of 75) who changed their Amongst 46 girls who did not have dysmenorrhoea after change
diet according to the prevailing customs (p= 0.0001 significant of food, 42 (49.41%) used to eat fruits and vegetables during
difference). Of these 29 girls who changed diet and still had menstruation (believing them to be easier to digest and also
dysmenorrhoea, 8 used more of vegetables and fruits (believed to prevent pain and excessive blood loss) (Table 6).
decrease pain and blood loss), 10 reported eating more sweets (as
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Table 6: Socio-Economic Status, Presence or Absence of Dysmenorrhoea and Avoidance of Food Items among School Girls / Nursing / Medical
Students.
DP*** DA**** Total
SES * Avd.Fd.Items**
SG MS/NS SG MS/NS SG MS/NS
NONE 1 6 0 0 1 6
NONVEG 1 0 0 0 1 0
SPICES 0 0 0 0 0 0
OILY FOOD 0 0 0 0 0 0
Upper
SOUR FOOD 0 0 0 0 0 0
OTHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0
SPICES+OILY 1 0 0 3 1 3
DAIRY PRODUCTS 0 0 0 0 0 0
NONE 9 16 1 2 10 18
NONVEG 1 1 1 1 2 2
SPICES 1 0 0 0 1 0
OILY FOOD 1 0 0 0 1 0
Upper-middle
SOUR FOOD 0 0 1 0 1 0
OTHERS 0 0 0 0 0 0
NONE 50 18 6 3 56 21
NONVEG 0 5 3 1 3 6
SPICES 1 1 2 0 3 1
OILY FOOD 2 1 2 0 4 1
Middle
SOUR FOOD 1 0 1 0 2 0
OTHERS 2 0 1 0 3 0
SPICES+OILY 1 5 11 11 12 16
NONE 47 7 6 1 53 8
NONVEG 2 0 4 0 6 0
SPICES 0 0 0 0 0 0
OILY FOOD 8 0 2 0 10 0
Middle-lower
SOUR FOOD 0 0 1 1 1 1
OTHERS 2 0 1 0 3 0
NONE 44 0 17 0 61 0
NONVEG 2 0 5 0 7 0
SPICES 0 0 1 0 1 0
Lower OILY FOOD 6 0 1 0 7 0
SOUR FOOD 1 0 0 0 1 0
OTHERS 3 0 0 0 3 0
Total 197 62 85 38 282 100
*SES: Socioeconomic Status; **AVD.FD.ITEMS: Avoidance of Food Item; ***DP: Dysmenorrhoea Present; ****DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent; SG:
School Girls; MS: Medical Students; NS: Nursing Students
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Of 100 medical/nursing students 53 (53%) reported no change change and 41(87.32%) of 47 who changed during menstruation
of food items, during menstruation, 47(47%) avoided certain food had dysmenorrhoea. Of the 41 girls who had food change and
items as per their family culture and customs. Of the 53 girls who dysmenorrhoea, 13(31.7%) consumed more of vegetables &/or
had no food change, 47 (89%) had dysmenorrhoea compared fruits so that the pain was less and 19 girls reported a craving for
to 15 of 47(32%) girls who avoided certain food items during sweets including chocolates. Among girls without dysmenorrhoea
menstruation (p=0.0001 significant difference). Out of these 15 it was noted that they preferred to consume more of vegetables
girls, 9(60%) avoided spicy &/or oily food (believed to cause more and fruits during menstruation (believing it protected them from
pain and blood loss), and 6(40%) avoided non vegetarian food having pain). This alteration of food habit was noted in all the
(believed to be difficult to digest during menstruation). Of medical socio-economic strata (Table 7).
/nursing students, 21 (39.62%) out of 53 girls without any food
Table 7: Socio-Economic Status, Presence or Absence of Dysmenorrhoea and Preference of Food Items among School Girls/ Medical and Nursing
Students.
SES* DP*** DA**** Total
PREF.FD.ITEMS** SG MS/NS SG MS/NS SG MS/NS
NONE 22 00 22
VEG 00 00 00
FRUITS 00 00 00
MILK 00 00 00
Upper SWEETS 03 00 03
OTHERS 00 00 00
VEG+FRUITS 01 03 04
NONVEG 00 00 00
SPICY FOOD 10 00 10
NONE 12 6 31 15 7
VEG 00 00 00
FRUITS 00 00 00
MILK 00 00 00
Upper-middle SWEETS 07 00 07
OTHERS 00 00 00
VEG+FRUITS 13 2 13 3 16
NONVEG 03 00 03
SPICY FOOD 00 00 00
NONE 52 11 11 1 63 12
VEG 01 10 11
FRUITS 01 10 11
MILK 12 00 12
Middle SWEETS 18 40 58
OTHERS 10 00 10
VEG+FRUITS 15 0 14 1 19
NONVEG 12 10 22
SPICY FOOD 10 00 10
NONE 52 2 90 61 2
VEG 30 20 50
FRUITS 10 20 30
MILK 00 00 00
Middle-lower SWEETS 41 00 41
OTHERS 00 00 00
VEG+FRUITS 02 66 68
NONVEG 12 00 12
SPICY FOOD 00 00 00
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NONE 50 0 16 0 66 0
VEG 20 60 80
FRUITS 00 30 30
MILK 00 10 10
Lower SWEETS 50 00 50
OTHERS 00 00 00
VEG+FRUITS 00 90 90
NONVEG 30 00 30
SPICY FOOD 20 00 20
Total 197 62 85 38 282 100
*SES: Socioeconomic Status; **PREF.FD.ITEMS: Preference of Food Item; ***DP: Dysmenorrhoea Present; ****DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent
Discussion in decades . Many girls accept dysmenorrhoea as a normal part of

their growing up, may be inhibited by social constraints, shyness,
Primary dysmenorrhea is by far the most common
in coming forward with their problem or maybe they are told by
gynaecological problem in menstruating women. It is so common
mother, sisters to bear the pain as “normal”.
that many women fail to report it in medical interviews, even
when their daily activities are restricted. It is usually defined as Sadiq et al. [10] reported that 38% of girls neither make
cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring at the onset of change in quality nor quantity of food during menstruation, while
menstruation in the absence of any identifiable pelvic disease [5]. 21% of them consume more fruits & vegetables as they believe
that such food will replenish the lost blood during menstrual flow
The pain is difficult to measure partly because it is an
and 12% of the girls reported hot drinks helpful in alleviating pain
individual issue, affected by the mental makeup of the person
during menstrual cycle and 3% reported that sour & spicy food
experiencing pain, and also because it is accompanied by other
should be avoided during menstruation because they believed
unpleasant symptoms and many other visible/invisible issues.
that such food will disturb or stop the menstrual flow. Such beliefs
In the present study attempts were made to assess the dietary were also reported from Singur, West Bengal in which 50% of
influences by asking the girls which food items they preferred the 160 adolescent girls who did not consume sour food during
to eat or avoided during menstruation. Seventy three percent menstruation [11], Nair et al. [12] reported that 56% of girls did
school girls reported no alteration/preference of food items from not consume spicy food. In another study from West Bengal more
their routine and 27% reported change in food pattern. Among than half girls made restriction of certain types of food during
medical/nursing students, 53% reported no change of food habits menstruation [13], Of the adolescent girls 84.2% restricted their
during menstruation and 47% avoided certain types of food. physical activities during menstruation to alleviate pain, such
Dysmenorrhoea was in 89% girls who showed no change in food practice completely lacks the information in that exercise seems
habits as against 31.9% among those who made dietary changes. to reduce menstrual symptoms, including pain [14], much higher
Sixty percent of girls with dysmenorrhoea had avoided spicy &/ than the study done in West Bengal in which 42.65% of the 160
or oily food and 40% avoided non vegetarian food, 90.6% of girls girls did not play, 33.82% girls did not perform any household
who did not have dysmenorrhoea had avoided oily &/or spicy work, during menstruation [11]. The study from Delhi percentage
food, believing it protected them from pain. Barnard et al. [6] approximates the present study (68%), while only 8% of the
also reported that a low fat vegetarian diet was associated with Brazilian girls restrict their activity [12,15].
increased serum sex binding globulin concentration and reduction
In a study done in Tehran with 250 adolescent girls, about 33%
in dysmenorrhoea duration and intensity. In the present study
avoided any physical activity during menstrual period [16]. Sadiq
27% of school girls who had dysmenorrhoea had no food change
et al. [10] reported that 22.6% of the girls do not take bath during
and 49.41% of school girls who did not have dysmenorrhoea had
menstruation. Bharthi et al. [17] found a decrease in sickness
changed food items with more vegetables and fruits, believed to
absenteeism and pain during the first day of menstruation in
decrease blood loss and pain. Likewise Balbi et al. [7] reported
girls who sit in hot water tub. Nair et al. [12] reported that 1.6%
that in Naples, girls between 14 to 21 years consumed more of fish
avoided bathing during menstruation. While for the study done in
and fruits to have protection from dysmenorrhoea.
West Bengal, 85.7% of the girls had daily bath and the rest felt that
Years back Klein et al. [8] had reported that only 14.5% of bathing should be restricted in the first two days of menstruation
adolescents with dysmenorrhea sought help from a physician as bathing increases the menstrual flow [13]. Poureslami et al. [14]
for their problem and 30% of parents were not even aware of reported that 32% of the adolescent girls practiced the personal
their daughters dysmenorrhoea and Andersch [9] reported 22% health behaviour, such as taking bath. Singh [18] reported that
consulted a doctor for their dysmenorrhoea. Not much has changed 22.4% adolescent girls of Haryana, India, used analgesics. Harlow
008
555563. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2016.01.555563
[15] reported 21% adolescent girls used analgesics. Over 67% of Influence of menstrual factors and dietary habits on menstrual pain
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555563. DOI: 10.19080/JGWH.2016.01.555563

Practices For Prevention, Therapy of Primary Dysmenorrhoea: Research Article

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Research Article J Gynecol Women’s Health

Practices for Prevention, Therapy of Primary

Keywords: Dysmenorrhoea; Practices; Prevention; Therapies

J Gynecol Women’s Health1(3): JGWH.MS.ID.555563 (2016) 001

Releiving pain among school girls.

Table 2: Age, Socio-Economic Status and Factors.

*HB: Hot Beverages; **DA: Dysmenorrhoea Absent

Releiving Pain among Medical and Nursing Students.

*HOTFM: Hot Fomentation; **DA: Dysmenorrhoa Absent

attendant and quacks of the village (Table 5).

Total 80 166 3 13 14 6 282

Discussion in decades . Many girls accept dysmenorrhoea as a normal part of

References 15. Harlow SD, Campbell OM (2000) Menstrual dysfunction: a missed

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