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    Lec2 PDF

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    Lec2 PDF

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    lava
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    Lec2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    lava

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    of 21

    • Recap: Lecture 1

    –Evaluation scheme
    –Applications of gas turbine engines
    –Types of gas turbine engines for aviation
    Typical multi-stage axial flow compressor

    Source: The Jet Engine, Roll Royce Plc, 1996


    Typical multi-stage axial flow compressor
    A twin turbine and shaft system

    3
    Source: The Jet Engine, Rolls Royce, 1996
    Compressor blade geometry
    4
    Turbine nozzle and rotor blade geometries
    5
    Comparison of compressor and turbine flow path
    6
    Centrifugal compressor
    7
    Commissioning of world’s first industrial gas
    turbine, Neuchatel, 1939 (Stodola at age 80)

    8
    Frank Whittle and Hans von Ohain

    9
    First turbojet-powered aircraft – Ohain’s engine on He 178 (1939)

    10
    Powered the Gloster E28/39
    Britain on 15 May 1941.
    11
    Lect-6

    Ideal Brayton cycle

    • Brayton cycle is the basic thermodynamic cycle of gas


    turbine engines
    • The Brayton cycle consists of four internally reversible
    processes:
    – 1-2 Isentropic compression (in a compressor)
    – 2-3 Constant-pressure heat addition
    – 3-4 Isentropic expansion (in a turbine)
    – 4-1 Constant-pressure heat rejection

    12
    Lect-6

    Ideal Brayton cycle


    qin Isobaric 3
    P Isentropic
    2 3 T qin

    2 4

    qout

    1 4 1
    qout

    v s

    Brayton cycle on P-v and T-s diagrams


    13
    Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
    Lect-6

    Actual/Real Brayton cycle

    Pressure drop
    T
    3
    qin

    2a 4a
    2s
    4s
    qout
    1
    s

    Actual Brayton cycle T-s diagram


    14
    Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
    Lect-7
    Ideal cycle for jet engines
    Combustion chamber/burner
    Diffuser Compressor Turbine Nozzle

    a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    Afterburner

    Schematic of a turbojet engine


    15
    Lect-7
    Ideal cycle for jet engines

    4
    T

    5
    3
    7

    2
    a

    Ideal turbojet cycle (without afterburning) on a T-s diagram

    16
    Real cycle for turbojetLect-10
    engines

    6a

    T 4

    7
    5, 6
    3

    2
    a
    s

    Real turbojet cycle (with afterburning) on a T-s diagram


    17
    Prof. Bhaskar Roy, Prof. A M Pradeep, Department of Aerospace, IIT Bombay
    Examples of gas turbine applications

    Military aircraft (Low bypass Turbofan)

    Civil aircraft (High bypass Turbofan)


    Turboprop

    Marine propulsion gas turbine


    Land based gas turbine powerplant
    Fan
    Turbine
    Compressor

    A modern high bypass turbofan engine


    UHBPR Engines, Distributed Propulsion

    Higher bypass ratios result in prohibitively


    low ground clearance

    Source: Hughes, 2014, AIAA Aero Sciences Meeting


    Innovative technology for dramatically
    reducing noise, emissions and fuel burn
    Distributed Propulsion Systems
    • Significant fuel burn reduction
    compared to current day
    aircraft
    • Amenable to Turbo-Electric
    Propulsion concepts
    https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/aeronautics/bli/
    20
    BLI Propulsion: distortion tolerant fans

    Source: Liou et al, 2017; Rosario, 2012

    • BLI propulsion calls for innovative fan designs


    • Distortion tolerant fans
    • Significant inflow non-uniformity
    • Effects on fan performance during off-design or
    high AoA operations
    • Aero-elastic effects (flutter)
    • Adaptive fan blades using smart materials
    21

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