By Authority Of

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Legally Binding Document
By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code § 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations § 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.

e
Document Name: ASTM E84: Standard Test Method for Surface Burning
Characteristics of Building Materials
CFR Section(s): 24 CFR 3280.203(a)

Standards Body: American Society for Testing and Materials

Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a nell" version or discontinued.

a
Contllet ASThI International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

An American National Standard

Designation: E 84 - 01
~~
INTERNATIONAL

Standard Test Method for

Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials 1
This s.tandar~ is issued under t:h~ fixed designalionE 84; theUluuber immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
ado?t1on or, ill the case of reVlSlOn, the year oflast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approvedfor lise by agencies of the Deparbmmt of Defense.

1. Scope assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under

1.1 This fire-test-response standard for the comparative actual fire conditions..
surface burning behavior of building materials is applicable to 1.8 This stamard does not purport to address all of the
exposed surfaces such as walls and ceilings. The test is sqfety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
conducted with the specimen in the ceiling position vvith the responsibility of the user of this stamard to establish appro-
surface to be evaluated exposed face down to the ignition priate safety am health practices and determine the applica-
source. The material, product, or assembly shall be capable of bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
being mounted in the test position during the test. Thus, the
2. Referenced Documents
specimen shall either be selfMsupporting by its own structural
quality, held in place by added supports along the test surface, 2.1 ASTM Stamards:
or secured from the back side. A 390 Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel
1.2 The purpose of this test metllOd is to detennine the Poultry Fence Fabric (Hexagonal and Straight Linef
relative burning behavior of the material by observing the C 36 Specification for Gypsum Wallboard3
flame spread along the specimen. Flame spread and smoke D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
developed index are reported. However, there is not necessarily ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials'
a relationship between these two measurements. D 4444 Test Methods for Use and Calibration of Hand-Held
1.3 The use of supporting materials on the underside of the Moisture Meters4
test specimen has the ability to lower the flame spread index E 69 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated
from those which might be obtained if the specimen could be Wood by the Fire-lUbe Apparatus'
tested without such support. These test results do not neces- E 160 Test Method for Combustible Properties of Treated
sarily relate to indices obtained by testing materials without Wood by the Crib Test'
such support. E 162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials
1.4 Testing of materials that melt, drip, or delaminate to Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source"
such a degree that the continuity of the flame front is destroyed, E 176 Tenninology of Fire Standards"
results in low flame spread indices that do not relate directly to E 286 Test Method for Surface Flammability of Building
indices obtained by testing materials that remain in place. Materials Using an 8-ft (2.44-m) Tunnel Furnace"
LS The values stated in inch-pound lmits are to be regarded 3. Terminology
as the standard.
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and fooinotes 3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms used in this test
that provide explanatory infonnation. These notes and foot- method refer to Tenninology E 176. The term ftame spread
notes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be index from Tenninology E 176 is of perticular interest to this
considered as requirements of the standard. standard and is defined in 3.1.1.
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the 3.1.1 flame spread index, n-a number or classification
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and indicating a comparative measure derived from observations
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself made during the progress of the boundary of a zone of flame
incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk under defined test conditions.

2 Annual Book ofASTM Blandmria, Vol 01.06.

tThis test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E5 on. Fire 3 Annual Book ofASTM Suuldards, Vol 04.01.
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee EOS.22 on Sud'ace 4 Annual Book ofAS1M SIGndmris, Vol 04.10.

Burning. S Discontinued; see 1993 Annual Book of ASrM Standards, Vol 04.09.
CUrrent edition approved July 10, 2001. Published July 2001. Originally Ii Annllal Book ofASTM Standards. Vol 04.07.
published as E 84 - 50 T. Last previous edition E 84 - OOa. 1 Discontinued; see 1991 Annual Book ofASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.

Copyrlght@ASTM InternatIonal, 100 Barr Harbor DrIve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19425-2959, United Statas.
 NOTIC~;: This standard has either been superceded and ..eplaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTJ.\tI International ("\\"''W .astm.org) for the latest information.

• E84-01
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Vv1dth: 17 % ± %In. (451 ± 6,3 mm) measured between the top
3.2.1 smoke developed index, n-a number or classification ledges along the side walls, and 17 % ± o/sin. (448 ± 10,
mm) at all other points. .
indicating a comparative measure derived from smoke obscu- Depth: 12 ± % In. (305 ± 13 mm) measured from the boHom of
ration data collected during the test for surface burrdng the test chamber to the top of the ledges on \MIich the
characteristics. specimen is supported. This measurement includes the :l4c
3.2.2 surface flame spread, n-the propagation of a flame
in, (3.2 mm) thickness of the 1
fiberglass gasket tape.
*' In. (38 mm) wide woven

away from the source of ignition across the surface of the Length: 2S ft ± 3 in. (7,62 m ± 76 mm).
specimen. 5.1.2 The sides aud base of the chamber shall be lined with
4. Significance and Use au insulating firebrick with the dimensions of 4 y, in. by 9 in.
by 2 y, in. thick as illustrated in Fig. 2. The insulating firebrick
4.1 This test method is intended to provide only compara- shall have thc following properties:
tive measurements of surface flame spread and smoke density Maximum Recommended Temperature 2600'F (1424"C)
measurements with that of select grade red oak and inorganic Bulk Density 50 ± 31blft3 (0.17:t 0.046 glom3)
reinforced cement board surfaces under the specific :fire expo- Thermal Conductivity at Mean
W/m··C
Temperature of
sure conditions described herein. 400°F (205~C) 1.7 0.24
4.2 This test method exposes a nomiual24-ft (7.32-m) long 800°F (42S"C) 1.9 0.27
by 20-in. (508-mm) wide specimen to a controlled air flow aud 1200"F (6S0·C) 2.2 0.32
1600"F (870"G) 2.6 0.37
flaming fire exposure adjusted to spread the flame along the 2000"F (109S"C) 3.2 0.46
entire length of the select grade red oak specimen in 5'hmin. 2400"F (131S°C) 3.9 0.56
4.3 This test method does not provide for the following:
5.1.3 One side of the chamber shall be provided with double
4.3.1 Measurement of heat trausmission through the tested
observation windows s with the inside pane flush mounted (see
surface.
Fig. 2). Exposed inside glass shall be 2 % ± % by 11 + 1,-2
4.3.2 The effect of aggravated flame spread behavior of au
in. (70 ± 10 by 279 + 25 - 50 mm). 11,e centerline of the
assembly resulting from the proximity of combustible walls
exposed area of the inside glass shall be in the upper balf ofthe
aud ceilings.
furnace wall, with the upper edge not less than 2.5 in. (63 mm)
4.3.3 ClassifYing or defining a material as noncombustible,
below the furnace ledge. The window shall be located such that
by meaus of a flame spread index by itself
not less than 12 in. (305 mm) of the specimen width cau be
5. Apparatns
5.1 Fire Test Chamber-See Figs. 1-5. g Heat-resistant glass, high-silica, 100 % silica glass, nominal %-rn. thick has
5.1.1 The fire test chamber is a rectaugular horizontal duct been found suitable for theinteriOI pane. Borosilicate glass, nominal V4-in. thick has
with a removable lid. The inside dimensions are as follows: been found suitable for the exterior pane.

I 15- 1r DRAFT GAUGE CONNECTION rREMOVABLE TOP LID AIR VELOCITY PORT ~

"-_ _ _ _ _ _ _'~3UH~.~±ill~2~lnh._ _ _ _ _ _~1

AIR INTAKE SHUTIER .'3.11~/4.1Ht...±tlllr£2J!lnh._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--I
I--_____________-<;l
3 ± 1116 in. 23 ft. .:-:;t?in.
24 if.
2 .±3in.

Inch Pound Units SIUni\s

3 ± 1/16 in. 76.2 ± 1.6mm
12 In. 304,8mm
151n. 381 mm
54±51n. 1.37m±127mm
4 ft, 61n. 1.37 m
19 ft. 61n. 5.94m
13 ft. ± 1/2 in. 3.96 m ± 12.7 mm
23 1/4 ft. ± 112 in. 7.1 rn±12.7mm
23 ft ± 1/2 In. 7.0 m± 12.7 mm
24 ft. 7.32m
25ft.±31n. 7.62 m ± 76.2 mm
FIG. 1 Test Furnace, Showing Some Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)

, 2

I
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.a.lm.org) for the latest information •

• E84-01

REMOVABLE LID ASSEMBLY,\

0
----------,, 1 ,
f-L-LL
, 'r ,
,
.~

, CASTABLE INSULATION
, __________ .J

CASTABLE INSULATION '---EXPANDED METAL

t 7--TT---- ------- -
-""
UQUIDSEAL./ rp 17.75 ± 0.25 in. ID~I
=
.~

FURNACE LEDGES V l/B in. FIBERGLASS TAPE

1/4 in. MINERAL FIBER CEMENT BOARD
on
ci
•
on
,..: c
~-I"-
DOUBLE PANE
OBSERVATION
WINDOWS

~
IE 4.0 + 0.5 in 1 I .;

~i .-7-rtf
oi

c,L,
17.625 ,0.375 in.
,
9" x 4.50" x 2.50"
FIRE BRICK LINING.
2600° F OPTIONAL: CASTABlE
REFRACTORY OR FIRE
BRICKUNING

Inch Pound Units .s.t..!.!ni§ Inch-Pound UOil§ ~ Inch-Pound Uni!§ ~

4.0 ± 0.5 in. 101.6 ± 13 mm 17.625 ± 0.375 in. 447.7 ± 9.5 mm 91n. 228.6mm
7.S±O.Sln. 190.5 ± 13 mm 2600"F 1427°C 4.5 in. 114.3 mm
12.0 ± 0.5 in. 317.S± 13 mm liB in. 3.2mm 2.5 in. 63.5 mm
17.75 ± 0.25 in. 450.9 ± 6.4 mm 114 in. 6.4mm
FIG. 2 Test Furnace Showing Critical Dimensions (Not a Construction Drawing)

observed. Multiple windows shall be located along the tunnel 5.1.5.2 The lid shall be insulated with a minimal thickness
so that the entire length of the test sample is observable from of 2 in. (51 mm) castable insulation or mineral composite
outside the fire chamber. The windows shall be pressure tight material having physical characteristics comparable to the
in accordance with 7.2 and 7.2.1. following:
5.1.4 The ledges shall be fabricated of structural materials9 Maximum effective use temperature of
capable of withstanding the abuse of continuous testiog. The at least 1200°F (650°C)
Bulk density 21 Ibfft3 (336 kg/m3 )
ledges shall be level with respect to the length and width of the Thermal conductivity at 300 to 70Q"F 0.50 to 0.71 Btu-in.JMt2.oF (0.072 to
chamber and each other. The ledges shall be maintained in a (149 to 371"C) 0.102 Wlm'K)
state of repair commensurate with the frequency, volume, and
severity of testing occurring at any time. 5.1.5.3 The entire lid assembly shall be protected with fiat
sections of high-density (nominal 110 ± 10 Ib/tt" or 1761 ±
5.1.5 Lid:
160 kg/m3 ) 1.4-in. (6.3-mm) inorganic reinforced cement board.
5.1.5.1 The lid shall consist of a removable noncombustible
metal and mineral composite structure as shown in Fig. 2 and This protective board shall be maintained in an unwarped and
of a size necessary to cover completely the fire test chamber uncracked condition tinough continued replacement. The pro-
and the test samples. The lid shall be maintained in an tective board is to be secured to the furnace lid or placed on the
unwarped and flat condition. When in place, the lid shall be back side of the test specimen.
completely sealed to prevent air leakage into the fire test 5.1.6 Gas Burners:
chamber during the test. 5.1.6.1 One end of the test chamber shall be designated as
the "fire end". This fire end shall be provided with two gas
burners delivering flames upward against the surface of the test
9 High-temperature furnace refractruy. Zirconimn silicate. or water-cooled steel sample (see Fig. 2). The bumers shall be spaced 12 in. (305
tubing have beec. fotmd suitable for this puxpose. mm) from the fire end of the test chamber, and 7 V2± 1h in.

3
 NOTJ:CE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for thel.test information•

• ES4-01

Inch Pound Units lill.h:!i!§. ~

17-3/4 ± 1/4 in. 450.8 ± 6.4 mm ~ ~
@
a:
15
a in. 203.2 mm UJ ~ 5
@
~
Cl
12 ± 1/2 in. 304.8 ± 12.7 mm
24 in.
3 in.
609.6 mm
76.2 mm
in

-
~
<0 - a:
~

AS REQUIRED
141. 18"
24"
.141"'-'
..
•
17-3/4 ± 1/4"
I~ ~I

"
a:
UJ @

=8" +
tJ
~Cl -'"
~
tl
a:
5
@
a:
UJ
Cl ~
iii
~
.0-........ /0. <0

FIG. 3 Typical Exhaust End Transition (Not a Construction DraVlling)

(190 ± 13 rum) below the under surface of the test sample. Gas shutter shall be positioned so as to provide an air inlet port 3 ±
to the burners shall be provided through a single inlet pipe, 1/.. in. (76 ± 2 rum) high measured from the fioor level of the
distributed to each port burner through a tee-section. The outlet test chamber at the air intake point.
shall be a % in. NPT elbow. The plane of the port shall be 5.1.7.2 To provide air turbulance for proper combustion,
paralIel to the furnace fioor, such that the gas is directed turbulance baffling shall be provided by positiouing six reftae-
upward toward the specimen. Each port shall be positioned tory firebricks (as defined in 5.1.2) along the side walls of the
with its centerline 4 ± V2 in. (102 ± 13 rum) on each side of chamber. With the long dimension vertical, 4 "'in. (114-rum)
the centerline of the finnace so that the :flame is distributed dimension along the Wall, place the bricks as follows from the
evenly over the width of the exposed specimen surface (see centerline of the burner ports:
Fig. 2). On the window side at 7, 12, and 20 :!: ~ ft (2.1, 3.7. and 6.1 :!: 0.2 m)
5.1.6.2 The controls used to assure constant flow of gas to On the opposite side at 4 *', 9 1h, and 16 * tt (1.3, 2.9, and 4.9
:!: :!: 0.2 m)
the blU11ers during period of use shall consist of a pressure
regulator, a gas meter calibrated to read in increments of not 5.1.7.3 The movement of air shall be by an induced draft
more than 0.1 ft:3 (2.8 L), a manometer to indicate gas pressure system having a total draft capacity of at least 0.15 in. (3.8
in inches of water, a quickRacting gas shutMoffvalve, and a gas rum) water colWllll with the sample in place, the shutter at the
metering valve. fire end open the nonna! 3 ± VI, in. (76 ± 2 rum), and the
5.1.7 Air Intake: damper in the wide open position. A draft gage tap to indicate
5.1.7.1 An air intake shutter shall be located 54 ± 5 in. static pressure shalI be inselied through the top at the midwidth
(1372 ± 127 rum) upstream of the burner, as measured from of the tunnel, 1 ± 0.5 in. (25 ± 12 rum) below the ceiling, 15
the burner centerline to the outside swface of the shutter (see ± 0.5 in. (381 ± 12 rum) downstream from the inlet shutter
Fig. 1). The air intake is to be fitted with a vertically sliding (see Fig. 1).
shutter extending the entire width of the test chamber. The 5.1.8 Exhau}!t End:

4
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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• E84-01
I I rum) in length, with a cross-sectional area of not less than 200
I I in. 2 (1290 em2 ) at any point (see Fig. 3).
I
5.1.8.2 The transition piece shall in tnrn be fitted to a 16 in.
I I I
(406 rum) diameter duct pipe. A typical duct system shown in
I I
I
I
I
I DAMPER
rt
Ie
Fig. 4 contains two 90' elbows (see Fig. 5) with the exhaust
duct running beside the fire test chamber. In order to comply
with this typical design, the vertical centerline of the exhaust
duct system is identical to that of the fire test chamber.
I I I
5.1.8.3 The exhaust duct is to be insulated with at least 2 in.
I I I
(51 mm) of bigh temperature mineral composition material
I I I
from the exhaust end of the fire chamber to the photometer
I I location.
I I I 5.1.8.4 An exhaust fan shall be installed at the end of the
PHOTOCEL -€I- exhaust duct. The air flow shall be controlled as specified in
I I 5.1.11.
I I I 5.1.8.5 An alternative exhaust duct layout design shall
I
I I I
demonstrate equivalency by meeting the requirements speci~
fied in Section 7.
I I 5.1.9 Photometer System:
I I I 5.1.9.1 A photometer system consisting of a lamplO aod
I I I photocell" shall be mowrted on a horizontal section of the
I I I 16-in. (406-rum) diameter vent pipe at a point where it will be
preceded by a straight run of pipe (at least 12 diameters or 16
I I it (4.88 m) and not more than 30 diameters or 40 it (12.19 m)
I
I
I I from the vent end of the chamber, and with the light beam
I
I I directed upward along the vertical axis of the vent pipe. The
I I I I vent pipe shall be insulated with at least 2 in. (51 rum) of
high~temperature mineral composition material, from the vent
I I 6'-0" J end of the chamber to the photometer location. The photoelec-
"I
I I tric cell of which the output is directly proportional to the
['" - I
amollOt of light received shall be mollOted over the light source
TRANSITION I
and connected to a recording device having a minimum
F= ~ operating chart width of 5 in. (127 rum) with an accuracy
R "' R=1\1 within ± 1 % of full scale, for indicating changes in the

I\' 111;:rJ
III
attenuation of incident light by the passing smoke, particulate,
and other eflluent. The distance between the light source lens
and the photoceillens shall be 36 ± 4 in. (914 ± 102 rum). The
cylindrical light beam shall pass through 3-in. (76-mm) diam-
eter openings at the top and bottom of the 16-in. diameter duct,
6'-Od with the resultant light beam centered on the photocell.
5.1.9.2 Lineatity of the photometer system shall be verified
2" periodically by interrupting the light beam with callbrated
, neutral density filters. The filters shall cover the full range of
the recording instrument. Transmittance values measured by
the photometer, using neutral density filters, shall be within
± 3 % of the calibrated value for each filter.
INCH-POUND UNITS SIUNITS 5.1.10 Draft Regulating Device:
16 in. 406.4 mm 5.1.10.1 An automatically controlled damper to regulate the
2 in. 50.8mm draft pressure shall be installed in the vent pipe down-stream of
5 ft. 1.52 m
6 ft. 1.83 m
lO The sole source of supply of the apparatus ]rnO\vn to the committee at this time
16-40ft. 4.88 -12.2 m
is 12N sealed beam., clear lens, auto spot lamp, No. 4405, from General Electric,
FIG. 4 Plan View-Typical Duct System (Not a Construction
Nela Park, OR. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
Drawing) infonnation to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-
ation at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, I which you may attend.
II The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
is No. 856BB from Weston Instruments, Wauconda, IL. If you are a'WllIe of
5.1.8.1 The other end of the test chamber is designated as alternative ffilPpliers, please provide this infonnatiOll to ASTM Headquarters. Your
the exhaust end. The exhaust end shall be fitted with a gradnal comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
rectangular-to-rollOd transition piece, not less than 20 in. (508 technical committee,! which you may attend.

5
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• E84-01

"'I

R=8 1l

6>"0 "'I a

~--~--~I~ ~
o

16" INSIDE DIAMETER I

1

Inch Pound Units SI Units

16 in. 406.4 mm
Bin. 203.2 mm
19 in. 482.6 mm
FIG. 5 Typical Duct Elbow (Not a Construction Drawing)

the smoke-indicating attachment. The damper shall be pro- identification of the materials or ingredients, or bo~ of which
vided with a manual override. the test specimen is made shall be recorded.
5.1.10.2 Other manual or automatic draft regulation de- 6.2 The upstream end of the fire test chamber shall be filled
vices, or both, are allowed to be incorporated to help maintain with a 14 :': Y8-in. (356 :': 3 rum) length of uncoated 16-gauge
fan characterization and air-flow control throughout the test. (0.053 to 0.060 in.) steel sheet placed on the specimen
5.1.11 Thermocouples: mounting ledge in front of and nnder the leading edge of the
5.1.11.1 ANo. IS Awg (1.02-mm) thermocouple, with 'Is :': specimen.
y, in. (9.5 :': 3.2 mm) of the jnnction exposed in the air, shall 6.3 The test specimen shall be conditioned to a constant
be inserted through the floor of the test chamber so that the tip weight at a temperature of 73.4 :': 5°F (23 :': 2.S0C) and at a
is 1 :': Y"in. (25.4 :': O.S mm) below the top surface of the
relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %.
gasketing tape and 23 ft :': Y, in. (7.0 m :': 13 mm) from the
centerline of the burner ports at the center of its width.
7. Calibration
5.1.11.2 Two No. IS Awg (1.02 mm) thermocouples are
embedded below the floor surface of the test chamber. These 7.1 Place a Y4-in. (6.3-mm) inorganic reinforced cement
thermocouples shall be mounted at distances of 13 ft :!: Jh in. board on the ledge of the furnace chamber, then place the
(3.96 m :': 13 mm) and 23 14 ft :': Y,in. (7.09 m :': 13 mm) removable lid of the test chamber in position.
measW"ed from the centerline of the burner ports. The thermo- 7.2 With the lA_in. (6.3-mm) inorganic reinforced cement
couples shall be inserted from below the fire test chamber board in position on top of the ledge of the furnace chamber
tln'ough the firebrick until the tip of the thermocouple is 1/8 ± and with the removable lid in place, establish a draft to produce
'h,in. (3.2 ± O.S mm) below the floor surface. The tip of the a 0.15-in. (3.S-mm) water-colnnm reading on the draft manom-
thermocouples shall be covered with refractory or portland eter, with the fire-end shutter open 3 ± V16 in. (76 ± 1.5 rum),
cement, carefully <hied to avoid cracking. by manually setting the damper as a characterization of fan
performance. Then close and seal the fire-end shutter, without
6. Test Specimens changing the damper position. The manometer reading shall
6.1 The test specimen shall be at least 2 in. (51 mm) wider increase to at least 0.375 in. (9.53 mm), indicating that no
(nominally 2014 :': % in. (514 :': 19 mm) than the interior excessive all' leakage exists.
width of the tmmel. The length of the specimen shall be a total 7.2.1 In addition, conduct a supplemental leakage test peri~
of24 ft:': Y, in. (7.32 m :': 13 mm) and shall be butted against odically with the tmmel sealed from the inlet end to beyond the
the vent end of the fire test chamber. The specimen consists of photometer system, by placing a smoke bomb in the chamber.
a continuous, lIDbroken len~ or of sections joined end-to- Ignite the bomb and pressurize the chamber to 0.375 :': 0.125
end. Specimens shall be truly representative of the materials in. (9.53 :': 3.1S mm) water co1nnm. Seal all points ofleakage
for which test results are desired. Properties adequate for observed in the fOlm of escaping smoke particles.

6
 NOTICE: TWs standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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e E84-01
7.3 Establish a draft reading within the range 0.055 to 0.100 ± 2.8°C). During the preheat test, record the temperatures
in. (lAO to .2.54 mm) water column. The required draft gage indicated by the thetmocouple at the vent end of the test
reading will be maintained throughout the test by the automati- chamber at intervals not longer than 15 s and compare these
cally controlled damper. Record the air velocity at seven readings to the preheat temperature shown in the time-
points, 23 ft from the centerline of the burner ports, 6 ± 1/4 in. temperature curve in Fig. 3. This preheating is for the porpose
(168 ± 7 mm) below the plane of the specimen mounting of establishiog the conditions that will exist following succes-
ledge. Determine these seven points by dividing the width of sive tests and for indicating the control of the heat input into
the tunnel into seven equal sections and recording the velocity the test chamber. If appreciable variation from the temperatures
at the geometrical center of each section. During the measure- sho'Wll in the representative preheat curve is observed, suitable
ment of velocity, remove the turbulence bricks (see 4.3) and the adjustments in the fuel supply may be necessary based on red
exposed 23-ft thennocouple and place 24-in. (670-mm) long oak calibration tests.
straightening vanes between 16 and 18 ft (4.88 and 5049 m) 7.7 Allow the furnace to cool after each test. When the floor
from the bumer. The straightening vanes shall divide the thermocouple at 13 ft (3.96 m) shows a temperature of 105 ±
furnace cross section into nine unifonn sections. Detennine the 5°F (40.5 ± 2.8°C), place the next specimen in position for
velocity with furnace air temperature at 7304 ± 5'F (23 ± test.
2.8°C), using a velocity transducer. The velocity, detennined as
7.8 With the test equipment adjusted and conditioned as
the arithmetic average of the seven readings, shall be 240 ± 5
described in 7.2,7.3,7.4, and 7.6, make a test or series of tests,
ft (73.2 ± 1.4 m)/min.
using nominal "h,-in. (18.3-mm) select-grade red oak flooring
7.3.1 The following alternative to the velocity transducer as a sample. The red oak decks are to be constructed and
equipment and method of determining the tunnel air velocity conditioned as specified in Annex Al and Annex A2. Make
has been found suitable: A 4-in.diameter low-speed rotery observations at distance intervals not in excess of 2 ft (0.6 m)
vane anemometer, having a resolution of 1 ft.lmin. with an and time intervals not in excess of 30 s, and record the time
accuracy of ± 2 %, is attached to the steel stand and placed in when the flame reaches the end of the specimen 19V:z ft (5.94
the tunnel 22.5 ft downstream of the bumers. Three trials shall m) from the end of the igoition fire. The end of the igoition fire
be conducted and their values averaged The average is
shall be considered as being 4V:z ft (1.37 m) from the bumers.
rounded to the nearest unit. The centerline of the vane
The flame sha1l reach the end point in 5V2urin± 15 s.
anemometer sha1l be aligned with the vertical centerline of the
Automatically record the temperatures measured by the ther-
tunnel by placing it on the steel stand. Trial 1 is run with the
mocouple near the vent end at least every 15 s. Automatically
vane edge 1 in. from the non-window wall; Trial 2 is with the
record the photoelectric cell outPut immediately prior to the
center axis at the twmel center point; and Trial 3 is run with the
test and at least every 15 s during the test.
vane edge 1 in. from the window wall.
7.8.1 Another means of judging when the flame has reached
7.4 The room in which the test chamber is located shall have
the end point is when the exposed thermocouple at 23 ft
provision for a free inflow of air during test to maintain the
registers a temperature of 980°F (527°C).
room at atmospheric pressure during the entire test run.
Maintain the air supply at a temperature of73.4 ± 5°F (23 ± 7.9 Plot the flame spread distance, temperature, and change
2.8°C) and a relative humidity of 50 ± 5 %. in photoelectric cell readings separately on suitable coordinate
paper. Figs. 4-6 are representative curves for red oak flame
7.5 Supply the fire test chamber with natural (city) or
spread distance, time-temperature development, and smoke
methane (bottled) gas fuel of uniform quality with a heating
density, respectively. Flame spread distance shall be deter-
value ofnourinally 1000 Btulft" (37.3 MJ/m'). Adjust the gas
mined as the observed distance minus 4V, ft (1.37 m).
supply initially at approximately 5000 Btu (5.3 MJ)/min.
Record the gas pressure, the pressure differential across the 7.10 Following the calibration tests for red oak, conduct a
orifice plate, and the volume of gas used in each test. If a similar test or tests on samples of V4-in. (6.3-mm) inorganic
temperature- and pressure-compensating mass flowmeter is reinforced cement board These results shall be considered as
utilized, record only the volume of gas used Unless otherwise representing an index of O. Plot the temperature readings
corrected for, when bottled methane is employed, insert a separately on suitable coordinate paper. Fig. 7 is a representa-
length of coiled copper tubing into the gas line between the tive curve for time-temperature development for inorganic
supply and metering connection to compensate for possible reinforced cement board
errors in the flow indicated due to reductions in gas tempera-
ture associated with the pressure drop and expansion across the
regulator. With the draft and gas supply adjusted as indicated in
7.3 and 704, the test flame shall extend downstream to a
distance of 4V:z ft (1.37 m) over the specimen surface, with
negligible upstream coverage.
7.6 Preheat the test chamber with the V.-in. (6.3-mm)
inorganic reinforced cement board and the removable lid in
place and with the fuel supply adjusted to the required flow.
Continue the preheating until the temperature indicated by the FIG. 6 Representative Time-Absorption Curve for Smoke Density
floor thermocouple at 23V, ft (7.09 m) reaches 150 ± 5°F (66 of Red Oak

7
 NOTICE: This standard bas either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.

OE84-01
600 L-J........!---.!.-.--I- -l-..i.~,..j.·-t_.j.·.j.._~ ~ -I-~ -I. 1--1...-1 316

~ 550 2"

••
~ i
u

!
-!!
500 260
t
,;
~
t 232
<;

E
~
450
!
301111111111111111111111111111111111111111t4.
o 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 C
Time. minutes
FIG. 7 Representative Time-Temperature Curve for Fuel Contribution of Inorganic Reinforced Cement Board

8. Procedure 9.1.1 In plotting the flame spread distaoce-time relationship,

8.1 With the furnace draft operating, place the test specimen all progressive flaming as previously recorded shall be in~
on the test chamber ledges that have been completely covered cluded at the time of occurrence. A straight line shall be used
with nominal I/S-in. (3.2-nnn) thick by 1 Y2-in. (38-nnn) wide to connect successive points. The total area (AT) under the
woven gasketing tape. Place the specimen as quickly as is flame spread distaoce-time plot shall be determined by ignor-
practical. Place the removable top in position over the speci- ing any flame front recession. For example, in Fig. 8 the flame
men. spreads 10 ft (3.05 m) in 2Vz mio aod then recedes. The area is
8.2 Keep the completely mounted specimen in position in calculated as if the flame had spread to 10ft in 2 Y2 min aod
the chamber with the thrnace draft operating for 120 :': 15 s then remained at 10 ft for the remainder of the test or until the
prior to the application of the test flame. flame front again passed 10ft. This is shown by the deshed line
8.3 Ignite the bmner gas. Observe and record the distance io Fig. 8. The area (AT) used for calculating the flame spread
and time of maximum flame front travel with the room index is the sum of areas Al and A2 in Fig. 8.
darkened Continue the test for a lO-min period. Termination of 9.1.2 If this total area (AT) is less thao or equal to 97.5
the test prior to 10 min is permitted if the specimen is ft·min, the flame spread index shall be 0.515 times the total
completely consumed in the fire area and no further progres- area (pSI ~ 0.515 AT).
sive burning is evident and the photoelectric cell reading has 9.1.3 If the total area (AT) is greater than 97.5 ft·min, the
retmned to the baseline. flame spread index shall be 4900, divided by the difference of
804 Record the photoelectric cell output inunediately prior 195 minus the total area (AT). (pSI ~ 4900/(195 - AT)).
to the test and at least every 15 s duriog the test. 9.2 The test results for smoke shall be plotted, using the
8.5 Record the gas pressure, the pressure differential across same coordinates as in 7.9. The area under the curve shall be
the orifice plate. and the volume of gas used in each test. If a divided by the area under the curve for red oak, multiplied by
temperature- and pressure-compensating mass flowmeter de- 100, aod rounded to the nearest multiple of five to establish a
vice is used to monitor the gas flow, record only the volume of numerical smoke-developed index. The performance of the
gas. material is compared -with that of inorganic reinforced cement
8.6 When the test is ended, shut off the gas supply, observe board and select grade red oak flooring. which have been
smoldering aod other conditions withio the test duct, aod arbitrarily established as 0 and 100, respectively. For smoke-
remove the specimen for fmther examination. developed indexes 200 or more, the calculated value shall be
8.7 Plot the flame spread distaoce, temperature, aod change rounded to the nearest 50 points.
in photoelectric cell readings separately on the same type of NOTE I-Allowance should be made for accwn-wation of soot and dust
coordinate paper as used in 7.9 for use in detennining the on the photoelectric cell during the test by establishing a revised base line.
flame~spread and smoke-developed indexes as outlined in The revised base line shall be a straight line drawn from the zero point
Section 9. Flame front advancement shall be recorded at the (point on base line where incipient light attenuation occurs) to the point
established after the sample has been removed.
time of occurrence or at least every 30 s if no advancement is
noted. Flame spread distance shall be determined as the 10. Analysis of Products of Combustion
observed distaoce minus 4Y, ft (1.37 m). 10.1 Samples for combustion product analysis, when analy-
sis is requested, shall be taken downstream from the photom-
9. Interpretation of Results eter. or shall consist of not more than 1 % of the total flow.
9.1 The flame spread index (PSI) shall be the valve, Analysis of the products of combustion is not required in this
detennined as follows, rounded to the nearest multiple of five. test method.

8
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information •

• EB4-01
20

18

16

1~

~12
w
w
'710
~
%

t; 8
;:;
6

0
1 2 3 ~5 10
TIME - MJ NUTE~
FIG. 8 Example of Time-Distance Relationship with Flame Front Recession
(Total Area, AT = A1 + A 2 )

11. Report 12.2 Even though Test Method E 84 provides measuremeul

11.1 Report the following information: of a Flame Spread Index and a Smoke Developed Index, only
11.1.1 Description of the material being tested, including its the Flame Spread Index is considered in this precision state~
composition or generic identification, thickness, and any rel- ment because the test series utilized a smoke measurement
evant additional details, system that was a variation from that described in the test
11.1.2 Test results as calculated in Section 9, method. Data on precision of the smoke developed index is
11.1.3 Details of the method used in placing the specimeu in being worked on by Task Group No.1 of Subcommittee E5.22
the chamber, to include the following: and will be included in a future revision of tbis test method.
11.1.3.1 A statement whether a continuous or sectioned 12.3 Within-laboratory (repeatability) data is giveu in Table
specimen is used, 1.
11.1.3.2 A description of the number of sections and their 12.4 Betweeu-laboratory (reproducibility) data is giveu in
sizes, when the specimen consists of sections joined end-to- Table 2.
end, 12.5 Bias-No information is presented on the bias of the
11.1.3.3 The mounting method employed, procedure in this test method because correct values for
11.1.3.4 The method of placement of the cement board fire-test-response characteristics of building materials can only
protecting the furnace lid assembly. be defined in terms of a test method. Within tbis limitation, this
11.1.4 Observations of the burning characteristics of the test method has no known bias and can be accepted as a
specimen dlning test exposme, such as delamination, sagging, refereuce method.
shrinkage, fallout, etc., and 13. Keywords
11.1.5 Graphical plots of flame spread and smoke developed
data. ·13.1 flame spread; flame spread index; smoke developed;
smoke developed index; Steiner tunnel; surface burning char-
12. Precision and Bias U acteristics; 25 ft tunnel; tunnel test
12.1 Precision-A series of interlaboratory tests for this test
TABLE 1 Within-Laboratory (Repeatability) Precision Data
method was run using eleven laboratories and six materials.
Parameter. Flame Spread Index
Four replicates of each material were tested The complete
results have been placed on file at ASTM Headquarters as a Materlal Repeatability Relative
Standard Standard
Research Project eutitled "Interlaboratory Test Study onASTM Mean Value DevIation, Sr Devlatlon.%
E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics
Douglas Ar Plyv.IOod 91 15 16
of Building Materials." Data was calculated in accordance with Fire Retardant Treated 17 3 17
Practice E 691 and ISO 5725. Douglas FIr Plywood
Type X Gypsum Board
RigId Polystyrene Foam
•
7
2
1
,.
18
Rigid Polyurethane Foam 2. 3 13
12 Supporting data have been. filed at ASTM Headquarters and may be obtained Composite Panel 17 2 12
by requesting PCN 33000014-31.

9
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and reillaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (\\'ww.astm.org) for the latest information.

OE84-01
TABLE 2 Betvw'een~Laboratory (Reproducibility) Precision Data
Parameter-Flame Spread Index
Material Reproducibility Relative
Standard Standard
Mean value Deviation, SR Deviatlon,%
Douglas Fir Plywood 91 23 25
Fire Retardant Treated 17 6 33
Douglas Fir Plywood
Type X Gypsum Board 9 3 36
Rigid Polystyrene Foam
Rigid Polyurethane Foam
7
2'
•
5
60
23
Composite Panel 17
• 21

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

AI. CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES OF RED OAK DECKS

AI.I Introduction
Al.l.1 General construction outline of the red oak decks is
shown in Fig. Al.l.

10
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM Internationnl (\\'ww.astm.org) for the latest information.

<0 E84-01
IFTHERE IS AN OlITSIDE JOIN')
I minimum
61n. I
·· ·, r'J ·· ··
· I' .1 ··· ···
·, ·· "-f
I
,·
·, ·,
1
·,
···,
,
. ·, , ,·
·, ,
·
·· ,
·
, ···, ···
···
I' .1 ,
I' .1 . ,
· ·,
12 In. 24 In. 24 in. 24 In. 12 in.
rl----------------96In.---------------1

• Use 9 rows of red oak per deck.

• Ballen strips are nominal 1 in. by 2 in. or 1 in. by 3 in.
• Use 4d cement coated nails or equivalent, two per red oak strip per batten.
• For outside edges, use longest red oak strips available. If shorter than 96 in., use 6 in. long batten strips.
• Do not use red oak strips less than 24 in. long on outside edge.
• Allow 6 in. minimum distance between other joints on adjacent red oak strips.
• While nailing, use cabinet clamps or other sUitable means to ensure there are no cracks or gaps between the
red oak strips in the deck surface.

Inch-POllnd Uoils ~
1 in. 25.4mm
2in. 50.Smm
6 in. 152.4 mm
12 in. 304.8mrn
24 in. 609.6mm
96 in. 2.44m
FIG. A1.1 Red Oak Calibration Deck Construction

A2. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING MOISTURE CONTENT IN RED OAK

A2.1 Introduction tioning atmosphere that will result in an average moisture

A2.1.l This procedure shall be used for the detennination of content of? ± 0.5 %. Using either a conductance or dielectricR
moisture content of the selectRgrade red oak calibration mate- type meter (calibrated per Test Methods D 4444), monitor
rial. From trimmed sections of the calibration decks, prepare a moisture content until the desired level is reached. Subject the
minimum of six specimens 4 + '/,6 -0 inches (100 + 2 -0 nnn) trimmed sections only to the secondary oven-drying method
long. The specimens shall be free from visible irregularities of (Method B) in Test Methods D 4442 for the final determination
knots, decay, reaction wood. and resin concentration. Place the of moisture content.
trimmed sections adjacent to the calibration decks in a condi-

1l
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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• E84-01
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

Xl. GUIDE TO MOUNTING METHODS

Xl.! Introduction or installation. A nonhomogenous product containing underly-

X1.1.1 Discussion: ing core (Note Xl.l) material that may adversely aJfect the test
X1.1.l.l This guide has been compiled as an aid in selecting results should be tested with a joint. This joint should be
a method for mounting various building materials in the fire located longitudinally between the burners.
test chamber. These mountings are suggested for test method NOTE X1.1-Core is defined as: a central and often foundational pru.t
uniformity and convenience; they are not meant to imply usually distinct from the enveloping part by a difference in nature
restriction in the specific details of field installation. (Webster's Nelli Collegiate Dictionary).
X1.1.1.2 For some building materials none of the methods (b) The surface burning behavior should be detOlmined using
described may be applicable. In such cases, other means of the manufacturer's recommended joint detail.
support may have to be devised. (c)Jf a joint detail is not recommended by the manufacturer,
X1.1.1.3 These suggested mounting methods are grouped the product should be tested both with a separation oPA, ± \,\,
according to building materials to be tested whicb are broadly in. (4.2 ± 1.5 mm) and with the edges in direct contact.
described either by usage or by form of the material.
X1.1.2 Support Pieces: Xl.2 Acoustical and Other Similar Panel Products Less
X1.1.2.1 Whenever inorganic reinforced cement board is Tban 20 in. (508 mm)
specified as a backing in this appendix, the material shall be X12.1 For acoustical materials and other sinrilar panel
nominal ';." (6.3 mm) thick, higb density (110 ± 5 Ib/ft') and products whose maximum dimension is less than 20 in. (508
uncoated. mm), metal splines or wood fwring strips and metal fasteners
X1.1.2.2 Whenever metal rods or bars are specified in this shall be used.
appendix as supports they should be: X1.2.2 Steel tee splines for mounting kerfed-acoustical tile
Steel rods, 14 in. (6.3 mm) diameter shall be nominal 'h-in. (13-rum) web by 'I.-in. (19-rum) flange,
Steel bars, ¥ia by 2 In. (5 by 51 mm)
formed No. 24 MS gage sheet metal.
(a) The rods or bars should span the width of the tunnel. X1.2.3 Wood furring frames for mounting acoustical mate-
Rods should be placed approximately 2 in. (51 mm) from eacb rials and other sinrilar panel products less than 20 in. (508 mm)
end of each panel and at approxinlately 2-ft (0.6-m) intervals shall be nominal I by 2-in. (20 by 41-rum) wood furring joined
starting with the fire end of each panel. with com-.gated-metal fasteners. Use two frames as shown in
(b) Bars are used instead of rods ouly when they are required Fig. XLI.
to support the sample. The bars should be placed approxi-
mately 2 in. (51 rum) from eacb end of eacb panel and at X1.3 Adhesives
approxinlately 2-ft (0.6-m) intervals starting with the fire end X1.3.l To determine the surface bmuing cbaracteristics of
of each panel. adhesives, they shall be mixed as specified in the manufactur-
X1.1.2.3 Whenever netting is specified as a support in this er's instructions and shall be applied to inorganic reinforced
appendix, the material shall be 20-gage, 2-in. (51-mm) hex- cement board in the thickness or at the coverage rate recom-
agonal galvanized steel netting conforming to Specification mended by the manufacturer. The adhesive application shall be
A 390. cured prior to testing.
Xl.1.3 Joints:
Xl.1.3.1 Products that are normally installed adjoining Xl.4 Batt or Blanket-Type Insulating Materials
themselves longitudinally are evaluated under this paragraph. XI.4.! Batt or blanket materials that do not have sufficient
(a) Mounting methods should be considered for building rigidity or strength to support themselves shall be supported by
products that normally incorporate joint details either in design metal rods inserted through the material and positioned such

Nom
Woo turring S.triPS:~

-,- /
12"
<1m
,;
O.5m
•.
.....L- - - ! 1.-1
1t--4'·2"~1.21m ~ 1_ ",. -,.21mj
12'-'-'12."-- 3.U m
2 Requ·ired
FIG. X1.1 Wood Frame for Acoustical Materials and Other Similar Panel Products Less Than 20 in. (508 mm)

12
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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• ES4-01
that the bottom of the rod is approximately l4 in. (6.3 mm) Xl. 7.2 When any plastic will remain in position in the
from the surface to be exposed to the flame. It is recommended tunnel doring a TIre test, no additional support will be required.
that batt or blaoket materials less than 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick noi Thermoplastic and other plastics that will not remain in place
be mounted fur testing in this marmer. are to be supported in accordance with Xl. 1.2.2 and Xl.l.2.3.

Xl.5 Coating Materials, Cementitious Mixtures, and Xl.S Thin Membranes

Sprayed Fibers Xl.S.l Single-layer membranes or thin laminates consistiog
X1.5.1 Coating materials, cementitious mixtures. and of a limited number of similar or dissimilar layers not intended
sprayed fibers sball be mixed and applied to the substrate as for adherence to another surface may be supported on poultry
specified in the manufacturer's instructions at the thickness, netting placed on steel rods in accordance with Xl.l.2.2 and
coverage rate, or density recommended by the manufacturer. Xl.l.2.3. Netting sball be 20-gage, 2-in. (51-mm) hexagonal
X1.5.2 Materials intended for application to wood surfaces galvanized steel poultry netting couforming to Specification
shall be applied to a substrate made of nominal 2%2 in. A 390. If so tested, the specimen sball be additionally tested,
(IS-mm) select grade, red oak flooring which is also used as bonded to a substrate representative of a field installation.
the calibration material. Test decks placed eod to end shall be
used. Construct and condition in accordance with Annex Al Xl.9 Wall Coverings
and Annex A2. X1.9.1 Whenever an adhesive is used to attach a wall
Xl.5.3 Materials inteoded for application to particular com- covering, adhesive specified by the manufacturer shall be used
bustible surfaces shall be applied to the specific surfaces for in the test in a manner consistent with field practice.
which they are intended. Xl.9.2 Mount wall coverings inteoded for application di-
X1.5.4 Materials inteoded for only field application to rectly to a noncombustible wall surface to 1/4 in. (6.3 mm)
noncombustible surfaces shall be applied to V4-in. (6.3-mm) inorganic-reinforced cement board.
inorganic reinforced cement board. Xl.9.3 Mount wall coverings intended to be applied over
Xl.5.5 Since the nature of the substrate may significantly gypsum wallboard to 'Is in. (15.9 mm) Type X gypsum
affect the performance of the fire retardant coating, an indica R
wallboard complying with specification Specification C 36.
tion of the performance of a fire retardant coating can be There is no need to mount the gypsum wallboard on studs.
detennined by comparing the surface flammability of the Xl.9.4 Mount wall coverings intended for application over
coated substrate with that of the uncoated, specific substrate. a combustible substrate to one representative of that substrate.
X1.9.5 Mount wall coverings not intended to be adhered
Xl.6 Loose-Fill Insulation
directly to a wall surface, but hung or otherwise supported by
Xl.6.1 Loose-fill insulation sball be placed on galvanized- framing or a track system, in a manner that is representative of
steel screening!3 with approximate 3/64-in. (1.2-mm) openings their installation. Where this is not practical, support the
supported on a test frame 20 in. (50S mm) wide by 2 in. (51 sample on netting piacedon metalrods as provided in Xl. 1.2.2
mm) deep, made from 2 by 3 by 'flO-in. (51 by 76 by 5-mm) and Xl.1.2.3.
steel angles. Three frames are required. See Fig. Xl.2. The
insulation sball be packed to the deosity specified by the Xl.iO Mounting Method for Heavy Textile Materials
manufacturer. Xl.l0.1 When the surilice burning characteristics of the
material itself are required, specimens shall be mounted on
Xl. 7 Plastics
inorganic reinforced cement board with high temperature
Xl. 7.1 The term plastics includes foams, reinforced panels, bonding mortar. In the event the specimen cannot be adhered
laminates, grids, and transparent or translucent sheets. using high temperature bonding mortar, a two-part epoxy
adhesive has been found to be a suitable alternative. The
application shall be determined by a 'h2-in. (2.4-mm) notched
13 The use of galvanized steel screening nonnally lowers the flame spread index trowel held at an SO to 900 angle using a random pattem. The
values obtained for some materials that are tested in this manner and, therefore, the adhesive sball be applied only to the specimen back. The
Iesults do not necessarily relate directly to values obtahted for other materials
mounted without galvanized steel screening. specimen shall then be placed on the smooth side of the

tli" Steel AngleS 7;! It 191;."2 It ,...

1 I" 1& SI I B 5
5.1 x O.~ em
l 3.8 ~ ~9.5 It 0.5 em " "
_.

~--.I~,.
I 20"
.

Screening
D.5m

L i I'" (I.6om)

1+--(:'l~{-1.2'm~I<--'··I'I'" 1.2Im :1 !i.1om)

8:'3 1/2" 2.51 m

3 ReqUired
FIG. X1.2 Steel Frame for Loose Fill Materials

13
 NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTl\i International (www.astm.org)forthelatestinformation.

<4It E 84 -01
inorganic reinforced·cement board aod rolled using a 100·lb should be transferred to separate storage racks until tested.
(45.4.kg) roller (nominal 5·in. (127·nrm) diameter, three 5·in. Each sample shall be vacuumed prior to test.
long sections placed end to end for a total length of 15 in. (381 X1.10.2 Textile materials intended for application to walls
nrm). The prepared samples can be dead stacked overnight but or ceilings should be mouoted in accordaoce with X1.9.

Xl. DERIVATION OF FLAME SPREAD AREA FORMULAS APPEARING IN 8.1

Xl.1 Introduction 550

FSI=-I-~KA (Xl.2)
X2.1.1 This appendix contains an abbreviated discussion of
the delivations of the flame spread area fonnulas used to where:
calculate the flame spread index in this test method. This K proportionality constant for equations of the
appendix will show not ouly the derivations of the fonnulas, current fonnula's type, and
but will illustrate the relationship between this method of flame AT total area under area ORA.
spread calculation and a previous method. If AT 97.5 ft'min at t = 10 min, then
X2.1.2 In these calculations, it is asswned that the flame 550
front never recedes. Hence, in Fig. 8 there is an imaginary line FSJ ~ 100 ~ K X 97.5. and (X2.3)
bouoding the upper edge of area A,.

X2.2 Formula l-Constant K ~ 550

10 X 97.5 ~ 0.564 (X2.4)
X2.2.1 In Fig. X2.1, an idealized straight·line flame spread
distance·time plot is drawn. Lines OA. OA', and OA" produce X2.3 Formula 2-Constant
a family of areas ORA having a maximwnpossible area of97.5
ft'min (V2 by 10 min by 19.5 ft). These represent a steady X2.3.1 In the idealized straight·line flame spread distance-
progression of the flame front to a maximum distance at the time curve of Fig. X2.2, lines OJ, 01', and 01' produce a
end of the 10·min test. family of trapezoidal areas ORBI ranging from 97.5 to 195
X2.2.2 When the :flame front spreads its maximum distance ft·min (VZ by 10 min by 19.5 ft to 10 min by 19.5 ft). This
(19.5 ft) in 10 min, a formula used in Test MethodE 84 would represents a flame front progression to the end of the specimen
yield the following: within the 10 min of the test. The area (AT) of ORBI may be
550 550 expressed as follows:
FSJ~-I-~lO~ 55 (X2.J)
GbYI9.5byOR) + GbY19.5bY(IO-AlJ) (X2.5)
X2.2.3 Also, when the flame frOllt is maximized at 19.5 ft in
10 min, the area in Fig. X2.1 ORA is maximized to 97.5 ft·min. which is equal to:
X2.2.4 To relate the current formula, which is of the straight
195 - 9.75Al (X2.6)
line, origin intercept form, to the previous (Test Method E 84)
fonnula, it is necessary to equate the two as follows: since OR is always 10 min.

-~

't:J
W 19.5
0
z
~
f
Ci
0
A"
<t
W
0::
a..
rn
w A'
:a
<t
-'
I.L

-'
<t
:::l
t-
o
<t
TIME,t,MINUTES
FIG. X2.1 Idealized Straight-Line Flame Spread Distance-Time Curve for Total Areas Less than or Equal to 97.5 mln·ft

14
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-'
"
u
.

z
~
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<l TIME, t, MINUTES
FIG. X2.2ldealized Straight-Line Flame Spread Distance-Time Curve for Total Areas Greater than 97.5 rnln·ft

X2.3.2 The triangular area OIA divided into a proportional- X2.4.2 In order to establish a relationship betweeo the
ity constant K will determine a relationship between flame constants (10 in X2.2 and X2.3, it is necessary to consider the
spread indexes and the rate and distance of flame propagation. form of the basic formulae, which are as follows:
The total area available is 195 ft·min, hence area OIA is equal K,
to 195 - ORB!. FSI ~ 195 _ A/A> K,) (X2.10)
Thus, a new flame spread index formula may be derived as
FSI ~ K,AT(A< K,)
follows:
K K K
FSI~ OIA ~ 195 ORBI 195 AT (X2.7) where:
Kl 100 (195 - R),
X2.3.3 To establish K, a relationship betweeo the current the area associated 1.ill.der the curve that is to be
R
and the previous Test MethodE 84 fonnulas will be established associated with an index of 100,
at the red oak calibration point of19.5 ftprogressionat5.5min K;. an arbitrary choice within the lirults of 0 and 195, and
as follows: K, ~ K/(K2 [195 - K,]).
550 K X2.4.3 Choosing K2 ~ 19512 produces a minimum value of
FSI = -,- = 195 - AT (X2.8)
K 3 , that is, any other K2 value will result in a higher K3 value,
and choosing R, the area under a red oak: calibration plot, as a
where: median value of 146, implies the following:
AT 195 - (9.75 (5.5» ~ 141.38 ft·min, and K, ~ 100 (195 - 146) ~ 4900 (X2.11)
t 5.5 min.
Thus:
X2.4.4 Then using 97.5 as the value for K 2 , K, would be:
550 K
FSI = 53 = 195 141.38> or (X2.9) K, ~ 4900/(97.5 X 97.5) ~ 0.515 (X2.12)

550 X (53.63) X2.4.5 Thus, the funnula fur flame spread index in 8.1.2 is
K 5.5 5363 as follows:
FSI = 0.515 AT (X2.13)
X2.4 Formulas 1 and 2
X2.4.1 To account for the disproportionate increase which X2.4.6 Thus, the formula for flame spread index in 8.1.3 is
can occur in FSI values at the lower end of the index scale, for as follows:
K = 0.564 in Fonnula 1 and 5363 in Fonnula 2, a tbrther 4900
mathematical modification is made. FSI~ 195 -AT (X2.14)

15
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• E84-01

Xl. COMMENTARY

X3.1 Introduction It was during this time that red oak flooring was selected as a
X3.1.1 This commentary has been prepared to provide the control to calibrate the furnace. The sample formed the top of
user of Test Method E 84 with background information, the tunnel. The fuel and draft were also controlled.
including literahrre references, on the development and use of X3.2.3 In the early 1940's, a desire to reduce flannnability
this test method. It also provides the reader and user with the of wood-based products, and the introduction of new building
basis for the methods that have been used for deriving materials and combinations of materials brought about the need
nwnerical flame spread indexes; an appreciation of the vari- to further improve the tunnel. The developrneot of the third
ability of the test; and comments on its application and tunnel furnace is explained fully in Underwriters Laboratories
limitations for testing selected types of materials. Bulletin of Research No. 32 (2). Subsequent refinements were
X3.1.2 On Nov. 28, 1942, 490 people died In a fire in the incorporated, and the first fOlmai test method was published as
Boston Coconut Grove Nightclub. On June 5, 1946, 61 persons Standsrd U.L. 723 by Underwriters Laboratories in August
died in the La Salle Street Hotel fire. On Dec. 7, 1946, a fire in 1950. Revised editions were published in 1958, 1960, 1971,
the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, Ga., c1ahned the lives of 119 1977, and 1979. The National Fire Protection Association
persons. These fires had one thing in common. In all three fues, adopted the method as NFPA No. 255 in 1955 with revisions in
rapid flame spread along the surfaces of interior finish was 1958, 1961, 1966, 1970, 1972, and 1979. The test was adopted
judged to be a major factor in the spread of fire. 1\vo had burlap by the American Society for Testing and Materials as a
wall coverings, and the other an early type of plywood which tentative standsrd in 1950 and formally adopted in 1961 with
seriously delaminated. The fire protection authorities investi- revisions made in 1967, 1968, 1970, and from 1975 through
gated several test methods with the objective of providing one 1980.
that could be used to regulate interior finish materials and X3.2.4 The tunnel has been designated the I'Steiner Tunnel"
minimize repetition of such fires. These tests included: The by Uoderwriters Laboratories in honor of Albert J. Steiner (3)
Forest Products Laboratory Fire Tube Test (now Test Method who had spent much time developing this and many other fire
E 69); Federal SpeciJication SS A1l8b (acoustical tilelbunseo test methods.
bl101er test) (replaced by SS-A-1l8a-7/63-referencing Test X3.2.5 Since 1950 the flame spread properties of materials,
Method E 84); New York City Timber Test and Shavings Test as measured by this method have been reported as ratings,
(now obsolete); Crib Test-SpeciJication C 160 - 41 T (now classifications, or indices. The last is considered more indica-
Test Method E 160); and The Swedish Schlyter Test. (1)14 All tive of the nature of the results and is the present terminology
of these were relatively small laboratory tests. Test Method used in the standard. The original method of determining
E 84 was developed on the prentise that a large test would "flame spread index" was based on either the ratio of the time
provide a more realistic and comprehensive test, and it has at which flames traveled the full tunnel length or the partial
since been widely adopted for use by the building code flame travel distance relative to that of red oak. In 1968, a
authorities to regulate the use of interior finish materials. change was made in the FSI calculation to account for an
Subsequently during this same period, two other test methods anomaly between results for flame spread greater than or less
were developed for use in research and development of new than 13V2ft. In 1976, the flame spread index was changed to an
materials, the NBS Radiant Panel (Test MethodE 162) and the area basis (4). Here the total area under the distance-time
FPL 8-ft tunnel (Test Method E 286). These test methods have curve, ignoring any flame-front recession, was compared to a
been widely used for research and development purposes. prescribed area typical of red oak flooring. The current
calculation method (see Appendix X2) uses a formula that
X3.2 History of Test Method E 84 takes the rate of flame travel into aCCOllllt.
X3.2.1 The first ''tunnel-type'' furnace was built at Under- X3.2.6 The sensitivity study by Endicott and Bowhay (5) in
writers Laboratories around 1922 when "fue-proofing" paints 1970 has led to a concmted effort by the "ASTM tunnel
and specifically "white wash" were actively promoted. The operators group" to address concerns identified by the repOlt.
equipment consisted of a long bench with a noncombustible Since 1975 a series of changes have been specified in the
top. The sample consisted of a wood trough about 16 ft long, standsrd. These include defining duration of furnace prabeat-
18 in. wide, and 18 in. deep (5.568 m long, 0.522 m wide, and ing, the incorporation of a floor thennocouple, as well as more
0.522 m deep), placed upside down on the bench. The inside of closely specifying details of furnace construction and standsrd-
the trough was coated with the paint. A known quantity of ization.
wood at one end furnished the ignition source. X3.2.7 Particular attention is being paid to the refinemeot of
X3.22 In 1927 and 1928, chentically impregnated wood the apparatus and procedure involved in the measurement of
was being developed, and Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., the smoke generated dwing testing. Round-robin tests that
used a tunnel 36 in. wide, 23 ft long, and 13 in. deep (1.044 m have been conducted to date have indicated large differences in
wide, 8 m long, and 0.377 m deep) to evaluate its performance. smoke developed values for interlaboratory tests on replicate
specimens.
14 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end
X3.2.8 Some of these revisions include standardization of
of this test method. the smoke-density measming equipment, its location in the

16
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• E84-01
exhaust duct, and its orientation. The measurement of smoke tunnel in 5.5 :!: 0.25 min, for a specimen of red oak flooring.
'. density is reported in tenns of ihe area under the light Tests are run with an inorganic reinforced cement board (ACB)
absorption time curve related to a similar curve for red oak. specimen to establish the distance of the exposing flame at 4.5
Since the quality of vision obscuring particles in the smoke ft. It sbould be noted that the calibration specifies ouly the time
colunm is not linearly related to light absorption, this proce- at which the flame passes over the end of the specimen. The
dure has been criticized by some parties. The method does FSI depends on the area under the flame spread versns the time
however provide a basis for comparisons. cw:ve. Therefore, theFSI of red oak is no longer exactly 100 as
X3.2.9 In 1970, a revision to the scope was adopted to originally specified.
emphasize that there was no direct relationship between the X3.4.3 Recogoition of the importance oftnrbulence, includ-
flame spread index (FSI) and the fuel contributed or smoke ing the role of fire bricks and of window recesses, resulted in
density index eSDI). This revision was deemed necessary a revision in the method in 1976 (see 3.1 and section 3.3 ).
because some enforcement officials were assigning equal
significance to the values. X3.S Repeatability and Reproducibility
X3.2.10 Prior to 1978, the report of tests included an X3.5.1 Four round-robin tests have been conducted: the first
evaluation of the fuel contribution as well as the FSI aod SDI. in 1958 between Underwriters Laboratories and Southwest
However. it is now recognized that the rise in temperature of Research Institute; the second in 1959 sponsored by the fonner
the thermocouple located near the end of the tunnel, on vvhich Acoustic Tile Assn. among four laboratories using four differ~
it is based, does not provide a valid measure of fuel distribu- ent tiles (6); the third in 1973 on floor coveriogs by the
tion. Therefore, although the data are recorded during the test, National Bureau of Standards with eleven cooperatiog labora-
this information is no longer normally reported. tories (7); the fourth in 1978 on loose-fill cellulosic insulation
X3.2.11 Appendix Xl adopted in 1968 is intended as a by the Consumer Product Safety Commission with six labora-
guide for the mountiog of specimens. It is not a mandstory part tories (8); others are now in process under the auspices of
of the method, since the intent of the method is that the AS1M Committee E-5. A precision and bias statement is being
specimen be tested as closely as possible to the manner in prepared. In the interim, the reader is directed to the round-
which it will be applied in general use. In 1978, revisions were robin reports if information on precision and bias is needed.
made that dealt with the testiog of adhesives, the description of X3.5.2 An AS1M task group of Subcommittee E05.22
a wood substrate for testiog coatiogs, and the definition of the composed of tunnel operators is now working on comprehen-
properties of the inorganic reinforced cement board used as a sive design and on operational and procedural revisions to
standard backing and the metal rods used as supports. improve urdformity among facilities (9).
X3.3 Fire Exposnre Conditions X3.6 Advantages and Problems
X3.3.1 The tunnel test fire exposure is provided by a 4'h-ft X3.6.1 Test Method E 84 results have generally sbowed
(1.35-m) long test flame, covering approximately 7 ft' (0.63 performance similar to that observed during accidental bnlld-
2
m ) of the 36 ft' (325 m2) of the exposed specimen surface ing fires for some materials and exposure. It should be
during the 10-min test period. It releases heat at a rate of emphruized however that it is the intent of this test method to
approximately 5000 Btu/min (88 kW) and creates gas tempera- provide only comparative classifications.
tnres near the specimen surface of up to 1600°F (900°C). X3.6.1.1 It provides a large flantiog fire exposure, with
X3.3.2 The size and heat release rate of the exposing flame, specimen thermal exposure and area coverage sufficient to
developed after repeated experiment tests, although not opti- briog about progressive surface burning and combustible
mum fire conditions, were selected to produce a flame spread volatile generation characteristic of the materials under evalu-
over the entire length of the calibration material in about ation resulting in a moving, wind-aided flame front.
5V2min (1). It was found that conditions could be chaoged so X3.6.1.2 It involves a large specimen, nominally 36 ft' (3.25
that flames would spread faster, but these conditions caused the m2 ) of exposed area, allowing for realistic fire involvement of
flame to spread too fast to make the necessary observations of material surfaces and the development of physical and struc-
the flame spread, smoke density, and temperature rise of the tnral failures (collapse, buckling, large roptnres or cracks, etc.)
thermocouple. that may influence flannnability performance during the test
period.
X3.4 Furnace Calibration X3.6.1.3 It may be applied to a wide range of materials,
X3.4.1 Select red oak was chosen as a control matelial including composite constructions of faced or laminated
because this term denoted a fahly urdform grade of lumber boards, panels, units, or sections in actual field-installed
nationally, whereas many other designations have a purely thicknesses.
local significance. It is readily available, usually uniform in X3.6.1.4 It may he used to measure the effects of density,
thickness and moisture content, and generally gives repetitive thickness, surface contour, surface finish, delamination,
results. In recent years, experiments have been run using strength, and joint design on the surface flannnability of the
man-made materials such as particleboard in the hope of specimen.
further refining the repeatability, however, red oak is still used X3.6.1.5 It does characterize most ldgh-flame spread mate-
as a calibratiog material. rials identified as haviog been involved in rapidly developing
X3.4.2 The operatiog conditions of the tunnel are adjusted if field fires (for example, ldghly combustile coatiogs on wood
necessary to ensure that the flame spreads to the end of the products, certain cellulosic acoustical materials, insulation

17
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• E84-01
facings applied with combustible adhesives, etc.), as well as X3. 7.7 Some materials, such as cellular plastics, and ther-
providing an accurate characterization of the performance of moplastic and tbermosetting materials, may be difficult to
some low fiame-spread materials in actual fires (for example, evaluate. Thermoplastic and thermosetting materials not me-
gypsum and mineral products). cbanica1iy fastened will often fali to tbe fioor of tbe tunnel and
X3.6.1.6 Although this is a test to measure "surface burning also usually receive relatively low FSr (10). If supported 00
characteristics," the visual observation of flame travel is based wire screen, rods or other supports, these materials may be
on maximum flame extension anywhere within the tunnel completely engulfed io fiarue, and a questionable comparison
vohune, not necessarily directly on the specimen surface that is beiog made between tbe surface fiarue-spread of nomioal
may not be clearly visible. Surface fiammability measurements I-in. (0.039-mm) thick red oak witb tbe burniog rate oftbese
of building materials do not yield a unique material property. materials. Where the entire specimen is consumed, as com-
Ratber, tbe measurement is influenced by tbe metbod of test to pared to the surface burning of red oak, much more oxygen is
a very considerable degree. used and higher smoke developed iodexes are usua1iy obtaioed
for these materials.
X3.7 Uses and Limitations
X3.7.8 The materials described above, tbat is, tbose !bat
X3.7.1 The orientation of the specimen in this method is in drip, melt, delaminate, draw away from the fire, or require
a horizontal ceiling position. Ibis orientation places some artificial support present unique problems and require careful
limitations on tbe type of material !bat can be realisticaliy interpretation of the test results. Some of these materials that
mounted during testing. Prior to 1960, the tunnel was used are assigned a low FSI based on this method may exhibit an
primarily for tbe iovestigation of tbe surface burning charac- increasing propensity for generating flame-over conditions
teristics of homogeneous compositions of ceiling and wall during room fire test with increasing area of exposure of the
finishes, such as acoustical tiles, wall coverings, coatings, and material and increasing intensity of the fire exposw·e. The
various types of decorative panel, all being able to support result, therefore, may not be indicative of their performance if
themselves in the ceiling position throughout the test. evaluated under large-scale test procedures. Alternative means
X3.7.2 Through adaptation (Appendix Xl on Guide to of testing may be necessary to fully evaluate some of these
Mounting Metbods added io 1968), tbe procedure was ex- materials.
panded to include the evaluation of composites and assemblies. X3.7.9 In order to provide needed technical data, fiamma-
The guide contains mounting suggestions for a number of bility evaluations of cellular plastics for building construction
individual categories of product classifications, including: nsiog tbe Steiner twmel began with tbe testing and classifica-
acoustical and similar panel products; composite building tion of a flame-retardant fonnulation of polystyrene foam
units; adhesiv~:s, batt- and blanket-insulating materials; fu·e- board in 1960, witb subsequent evaluation of po1yuretbane-
retardant and general-purpose coatings; loose-fill thermal in- type boards incmporating fiame-retardant resin systems (first
sulations; treated and untreated plywoods; lwnber and wood geoeration) beginoing io 1964, polymericaliy and chemicaliy
composition boards; foamed, molded, reinforced, and lami- modified fiame retardant polyuretbane type formulations (sec-
nated plastics; and sheet-type wall coverings. ond genenation) in 1965, polyisocyanurate-type foams initiated
X3.7.3 The difficulty of defining materials tbat contribute io 1968 and, most recently, urea-formaldehyde type, cavity-fiJi
little or no fuel to a fire has io tbe past led to tbe use of Test foams. Spray-applied and poured-io-place celiular foam sys-
Metbod E 84 to provide information about tbe combustibility tems were first subjected to tbe test io 1968 and 1972,
of materials. ASTM Committee ES does not and has not ever respectively.
recommended that the results of these tests be used alone to
X3.7.10 From 1960 through 1973, io excess of 2000 tunnel
describe material combustibility.
tests have been conducted on flame retardant and general-
X3.7.4 Composite assemblies or panels using metal or
purpose polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanurate and urea-
mineral facings and combustible interior cores, and which
fOlmaidehyde cellular plastics, io board-stock, spray-applied or
remaio essentialiy impermeable to fiame throughout tbe test
pour-io-place forms, yielding fiarue spread values rangiog from
period, may not be completely evaluated for surface burning
less !ban 5 to over 2000. See Ref (11) for full report on one test
behavior by this method, since the interior cores are not fully
series.
chalieuged.
X3. 7.5 Some materials require support to remain in place X3. 7.11 The fiarue spread index of some materials may vary
during tbe test period, such as loose-fill iosulation supported by depending upon environmental conditions. The prescribed
a metal screen. The supporting screen tends to provide low limits on the temperature and relative humidity for specimen
conditioning aod tunnel air supply (both 73.4 ± 5'F, 50 ± 5 %
fiarue spread indices (FSl) relative to tbose obtaioed for
materials that are not so supported Conversely, materials that relative hwnidity) were selected to minimize these effects.
are supported on rods, such as batt insulation may produce
higher Fsr if retaioed on tbe ceiling ratber tban aliowed to bum X3.8 Correlation with Other Fire Conditions
on the floor. X3.8.1 Several studies have been made to examine tbe
X3. 7.6 Some materials, such as composites may delaminate relationship of tbe FSr test results on materials witb tbair
during the test. This may cause two possible responses, the performance in large scale fire growth experiments and with
material may expose two or more surfaces to the flame their perfonnance in other laboratory test methods. Some
increasing the FSI; the material may sag or drop one end into comparisons with large scale experiments are given in the
tbe fire chamber impeding further fiame spread. references. Comparisons have also been made between Test

18
 NOllC!!:: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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<0 E84...,01
Methods E 84, E 162, E 286, the "2-ft tunnel test," the "comer
test" (12) and other tests.

REFERENCES

(1) Steiner, A. J., "Burning Characteristics of Building Materials," Fire and Evaluation, Vol 3, No.1, ASTM, 1975.
Engineering, May 2, 1951. (S) Williamson, R B. and Baron, F. M., "A Comer Test to Simulate
(2) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.," Fire Hazard Classification of Build- Residential Fires," Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 4, April
ing Materials," Bulletin of Research, No. 32, Chicago, IL, September 1973, pp. 99-105.
1947. (9) Waterman, T. E., "Relation of the Building Occupancy and Design to
(3) Steiner, A. J., Bllilding OffiCials Conference of America Yearbook, Use of Combustible Materials on Construction," llTRI Report, Society
1949-1950, pp. 115-116. of Plastics Industry, Inc., llT Research Institute, Chicago, IL, October
(4) Fang, J. B., "Fire Buildup in a Room and the Role of Interior Finish 1968.
Materials," NBS Technical Note 879, JlDle 1975.
(10) D'Souza, M. V. and McGuire, G. H., "ASTME84 and the Flamma-
(5) Endicott, L. E. and Bowhay, R B., "A Statistical Evaluation of the Fire
bility of Thermosetting Plastics," Fire Technology, Vol 13, No.2,
Hazard Classification Furnace (ASTM E84 - 68)," ASTM Molerials
May 1977, pp. 83-94.
Research and Standards, May 1970, pp. 19-21, 50-52.
(6) "ROLUld Robin Tests on Tunnel Type Flame Spread Furnaces" for (11) Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Flammability Studies of Cellular
ASTM Project No. 1--811-2, Final Report, Southwest Research Plastics and Other Building Materials Used for Interior Finish,
Institute, San Antonio, TX, April 16, 1959. Subject 723, u.L., Inc., Northbrook, IL, JlDle 13, 1975.
(7) Lee, T, G. and Huggett, C., ''Interlaboratory Evaluation of theASTM (12) McGuire, J. H., "'The Spread of Fire in Corridors," Fire Technology,
E84 - 70 Tunnel Test Applied to Floor Coverings," Journal of Testing Vo14, No.2, May 1968, pp. 103-108.

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